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Nanoencapsulation and Nanocoating of Bioactives of Application Interest in Food, Nutraceuticals and Pharma

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A special issue of Nanomaterials (ISSN 2079-4991). This special issue belongs to the section "Biology and Medicines".

Deadline for manuscript submissions: closed (30 June 2023) | Viewed by 28389

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Prof. Dr. Jose M. Lagaron

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Novel Materials and Nanotechnology Group, Institute of Agrochemistry and Food Technology (IATA), Spanish Council for Scientific Research (CSIC), Calle Catedrático Agustín Escardino Benlloch 7, 46980 Paterna, Spain
Interests: nanoencapsulation; biopolymers; barrier packaging; coatings; antimicrobials
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Dr. Cristina Prieto

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Novel Materials and Nanotechnology Group, Institute of Agrochemistry and Food Technology (IATA), Spanish Council for Scientific Research (CSIC), Calle Catedrático Agustín Escardino Benlloch 7, Paterna, 46980 Valencia, Spain
Interests: encapsulation; biopolymers; bioactive compounds; nanotechnology; supercritical fluids
Special Issues, Collections and Topics in MDPI journals

Special Issue Information

Dear Colleagues,

Nanoencapsulation and Nanocoating are emerging technologies, and this Issue focuses on their application to the protection, processing, masking, controlled release, phase morphology control, increased solubility and enhanced bioavailability of bioactive ingredients of application interest in food, nutraceuticals and pharma sectors. This Special Issue aims to present the latest research activities carried out in these developing fields that span from the nanostructuring of active pharmaceutical ingredients (APIs) to the protection and controlled release of antioxidants, probiotics, minerals, peptides and oils. Processing technologies that allow nanoencapsulation and nanocoating for these purposes, make use of (among others) electrospraying, deep eutectic solvents, electrospinning, solution blow spinning, coacervation, supercritical fluid encapsulation, inclusion complexes and nanoliposomes. As a result, this Issue welcomes recent research that deals with innovative aspects in micro, submicro and nanoencapsulation and nanocoating with these and other techniques, for which relevant aspects include the advantages brought forward by the controlled size reduction of bioactives, encapsulates or protective layers applied.

Prof. Dr. Jose M. Lagaron
Dr. Cristina Prieto
Guest Editors

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Keywords

Nanonization of APIs
Nanoencapsulation of bioactives
Omega 3
Probiotics
Antioxidants
Polyphenols
Minerals
Functional foods
Active pharmaceutical ingredients (APIs)
Enhanced bioavailability
Coacervation
Electrospraying
Deep eutectic solvents and natural deep eutectic solvents
Inclusion complexes
Nanoliposomes
Supercritical fluid encapsulation

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Published Papers (11 papers)

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Editorial

Jump to: Research, Review

4 pages, 179 KiB

Open AccessEditorial

Nanoencapsulation and Nanocoating of Bioactives of Application Interest in Food, Nutraceuticals and Pharma

by Cristina Prieto and Jose M. Lagaron

Nanomaterials 2024, 14(3), 313; https://doi.org/10.3390/nano14030313 - 4 Feb 2024

Viewed by 1004

Abstract

Bioactives are functional molecules that pose several challenges, including poor solubility, low permeability, and low chemical, biochemical, or process stability, resulting in reduced functionality and bioavailability [...] Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Nanoencapsulation and Nanocoating of Bioactives of Application Interest in Food, Nutraceuticals and Pharma)

Research

Jump to: Editorial, Review

26 pages, 5480 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Development and Characterization of Electrospun Poly(3-hydroxybutyrate-co-3-hydroxyvalerate) Biopapers Containing Cerium Oxide Nanoparticles for Active Food Packaging Applications

by Kelly J. Figueroa-Lopez, Cristina Prieto, Maria Pardo-Figuerez, Luis Cabedo and Jose M. Lagaron

Nanomaterials 2023, 13(5), 823; https://doi.org/10.3390/nano13050823 - 23 Feb 2023

Cited by 6 | Viewed by 2143

Abstract

Food quality is mainly affected by oxygen through oxidative reactions and the proliferation of microorganisms, generating changes in its taste, odor, and color. The work presented here describes the generation and further characterization of films with active oxygen scavenging properties made of poly(3-hydroxybutyrate-co-3-hydroxyvalerate) (PHBV) loaded with cerium oxide nanoparticles (CeO₂NPs) obtained by electrospinning coupled to a subsequent annealing process, which could be used as coating or interlayer in a multilayer concept for food packaging applications. The aim of this work is to explore the capacities of these novel biopolymeric composites in terms of O₂ scavenging capacity, as well as antioxidant, antimicrobial, barrier, thermal, and mechanical properties. To obtain such biopapers, different ratios of CeO₂NPs were incorporated into a PHBV solution with hexadecyltrimethylammonium bromide (CTAB) as a surfactant. The produced films were analyzed in terms of antioxidant, thermal, antioxidant, antimicrobial, optical, morphological and barrier properties, and oxygen scavenging activity. According to the results, the nanofiller showed some reduction of the thermal stability of the biopolyester but exhibited antimicrobial and antioxidant properties. In terms of passive barrier properties, the CeO₂NPs decreased the permeability to water vapor but increased the limonene and oxygen permeability of the biopolymer matrix slightly. Nevertheless, the oxygen scavenging activity of the nanocomposites showed significant results and improved further by incorporating the surfactant CTAB. The PHBV nanocomposite biopapers developed in this study appear as very interesting constituents for the potential design of new active organic recyclable packaging materials. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Nanoencapsulation and Nanocoating of Bioactives of Application Interest in Food, Nutraceuticals and Pharma)

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12 pages, 1916 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Effect of Chitosan Coating for Efficient Encapsulation and Improved Stability under Loading Preparation and Storage Conditions of Bacillus Lipopeptides

by Beom Ryong Kang, Joon Seong Park, Gwang Rok Ryu, Woo-Jin Jung, Jun-Seok Choi and Hye-Min Shin

Nanomaterials 2022, 12(23), 4189; https://doi.org/10.3390/nano12234189 - 25 Nov 2022

Cited by 6 | Viewed by 1422

Abstract

This study aims to evaluate the effect of chitosan coating on the formation and properties of Bacillus cyclic lipopeptide (CLP)-loaded liposomes. A nanoencapsulation strategy for a chitosan-coated liposomal system using lecithin phospholipids for the entrapment of antibiotic CLP prepared from Bacillus subtilis KB21 was developed. The produced chitosan-coated CLP liposome had mean size in the range of 118.47–121.67 nm. Transmission electron microscopy showed the spherical-shaped vesicles. Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy findings indicated the successful coating of the produced CLP-loaded liposomes by the used chitosan. Liposomes coated with 0.2% and 0.5% chitosan concentration decreased the surface tension by 7.3–12.1%, respectively, and increased the CLP content by 15.1–27.0%, respectively, compared to the uncoating liposomes. The coated concentration of chitosan influenced their CLP loading encapsulation efficiency and release kinetics. The physicochemical results of the dynamic light scattering, CLP capture efficiency and long-term storage capacity of nanocapsules increased with chitosan coating concentration. Furthermore, the chitosan-coated liposomes exhibited a significant enhancement in the stability of CLP loading liposomes. These results may suggest the potential application of chitosan-coated liposomes as a carrier of antibiotics in the development of the functional platform. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Nanoencapsulation and Nanocoating of Bioactives of Application Interest in Food, Nutraceuticals and Pharma)

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18 pages, 23723 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Effect of Whey Protein Purity on the Characteristics of Algae Oil-Loaded Encapsulates Obtained by Electrospraying Assisted by Pressurized Gas

by Cristina Prieto, Emma Talón, Caciano Zapata Noreña and Jose M. Lagaron

Nanomaterials 2022, 12(18), 3096; https://doi.org/10.3390/nano12183096 - 7 Sep 2022

Cited by 3 | Viewed by 1430

Abstract

In this paper, the effect of protein purity in three different whey protein grades on the characteristics of algae oil encapsulates obtained via room-temperature electrospraying assisted by pressurized gas (EAPG) encapsulation process was studied. Three different commercial grades of whey protein purity were evaluated, namely 35, 80, and 90 wt.%. Oil nanodroplets with an average size of 600 nm were homogeneously entrapped into whey protein microparticles 3 µm in size. However, the sphericity and the surface smoothness of the microparticles increased by increasing the protein purity in the grades of whey protein studied. The porosity of the microparticles was also dependent on protein purity as determined by nitrogen adsorption–desorption isotherms, being smaller for larger contents of protein. Interestingly, the lowest extractable oil was obtained with WP35, probably due to the high content of lactose. The peroxide values confirmed the superior protective effect of the protein, obtaining the smallest peroxide value for WP90, a result that is consistent with its reduced porosity and with its lower permeability to oxygen, as confirmed by the fluorescence decay–oxygen consumption method. The accelerated stability assay against oxidation confirmed the higher protection of the WP80 and WP90. In addition, the increased content in protein implied a higher thermal stability according to the thermogravimetric analysis. These results further confirm the importance of the adequate selection of the composition of wall materials together with the encapsulation method. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Nanoencapsulation and Nanocoating of Bioactives of Application Interest in Food, Nutraceuticals and Pharma)

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11 pages, 2522 KiB

Open AccessFeature PaperArticle

Study of Physico-Chemical Properties and Morphology of Phospholipid Composition of Indomethacin

by Elena G. Tikhonova, Yulia A. Tereshkina, Lyubov V. Kostryukova, Yulia Yu. Khudoklinova, Maxim A. Sanzhakov, Anna O. Tamarovskaya, Oleksandr I. Ivankov and Mikhail A. Kiselev

Nanomaterials 2022, 12(15), 2553; https://doi.org/10.3390/nano12152553 - 25 Jul 2022

Cited by 2 | Viewed by 1399

Abstract

Nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs), inhibitors of cyclooxygenase-2, an enzyme involved in the formation of anti-inflammatory prostaglandin PGE2, are the most common treatment for chronic inflammatory diseases, such as, for example, arthritis. One of the most commonly used drugs of this class is indomethacin, a derivative of indolylacetic acid. In this work, we studied the physicochemical properties of the phospholipid composition of indomethacin obtained earlier (codenamed “Indolip”) and the effect of freeze drying on its parameters. It was shown that the properties such as particle size, light transmission, phospholipid oxidation index did not change significantly, which indicated the stability of the drug after lyophilization. Measurement of the spectra of small-angle neutron scattering has shown that morphologically, Indolip is a vesicle whose radius is five times greater than the value of the bilayer thickness. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Nanoencapsulation and Nanocoating of Bioactives of Application Interest in Food, Nutraceuticals and Pharma)

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20 pages, 4344 KiB

Open AccessFeature PaperArticle

Stable Dried Catalase Particles Prepared by Electrospraying

by Corinna S. Schlosser, Steve Brocchini and Gareth R. Williams

Nanomaterials 2022, 12(14), 2484; https://doi.org/10.3390/nano12142484 - 20 Jul 2022

Cited by 1 | Viewed by 1985

Abstract

Therapeutic proteins and peptides are clinically important, offering potency while reducing the potential for off-target effects. Research interest in developing therapeutic polypeptides has grown significantly during the last four decades. However, despite the growing research effort, maintaining the stability of polypeptides throughout their life cycle remains a challenge. Electrohydrodynamic (EHD) techniques have been widely explored for encapsulation and delivery of many biopharmaceuticals. In this work, we explored monoaxial electrospraying for encapsulation of bovine liver catalase, investigating the effects of the different components of the electrospraying solution on the integrity and bioactivity of the enzyme. The catalase was successfully encapsulated within polymeric particles made of polyvinylpyrrolidone (PVP), dextran, and polysucrose. The polysorbate 20 content within the electrospraying solution (50 mM citrate buffer, pH 5.4) affected the catalase loading—increasing the polysorbate 20 concentration to 500 μg/mL resulted in full protein encapsulation but did not prevent loss in activity. The addition of ethanol (20% v/v) to a fully aqueous solution improves the electrospraying process by reducing surface tension, without loss of catalase activity. The polymer type was shown to have the greatest impact on preserving catalase activity within the electrosprayed particles. When PVP was the carrier there was no loss in activity compared with fresh aqueous solutions of catalase. The optimum particles were obtained from a 20% w/v PVP or 30% w/v PVP-trehalose (1:1 w/w) solution. The addition of trehalose confers stability advantages to the catalase particles. When trehalose-PVP particles were stored at 5 °C, enzymatic activity was maintained over 3 months, whereas for the PVP-only analogue a 50% reduction in activity was seen. This demonstrates that processing catalase by monoaxial electrospraying can, under optimised conditions, result in stable polymeric particles with no loss of activity. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Nanoencapsulation and Nanocoating of Bioactives of Application Interest in Food, Nutraceuticals and Pharma)

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15 pages, 5055 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Preparation and Characterization of Electrospun Polysaccharide FucoPol-Based Nanofiber Systems

by Yuliana Vázquez-González, Cristina Prieto, Milan Stojanovic, Cristiana A. V. Torres, Filomena Freitas, Juan Arturo Ragazzo-Sánchez, Montserrat Calderón-Santoyo and Jose M. Lagaron

Nanomaterials 2022, 12(3), 498; https://doi.org/10.3390/nano12030498 - 31 Jan 2022

Cited by 10 | Viewed by 3126

Abstract

The electrospinnability of FucoPol, a bacterial exopolysaccharide, is presented for the first time, evaluated alone and in combination with other polymers, such as polyethylene oxide (PEO) and pullulan. The obtained fibers were characterized in terms of their morphological, structural and thermal properties. Pure FucoPol fibers could not be obtained due to FucoPol’s low water solubility and a lack of molecular entanglements. Nanofibers were obtained via blending with PEO and pullulan. FucoPol:PEO (1:3 w/w) showed fibers with well-defined cylindrical structure, since the higher molecular weight of PEO helps the continuity of the erupted jet towards the collector, forming stable fibers. WAXS, DSC and TGA showed that FucoPol is an amorphous biopolymer, stable until 220 °C, whereas FucoPol-PEO fibers were stable until 140 °C, and FucoPol:pullulan fibers were stable until 130 °C. Interestingly, blended components influenced one another in intermolecular order, since new peaks associated to intermolecular hierarchical assemblies were seen by WAXS. These results make FucoPol-based systems viable candidates for production of nanofibers for packaging, agriculture, biomedicine, pharmacy and cosmetic applications. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Nanoencapsulation and Nanocoating of Bioactives of Application Interest in Food, Nutraceuticals and Pharma)

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16 pages, 29201 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Development of an Electrospun Patch Platform Technology for the Delivery of Carvedilol in the Oral Mucosa

by Maria Pardo-Figuerez, Jorge Teno, Alvaro Lafraya, Cristina Prieto and Jose Maria Lagaron

Nanomaterials 2022, 12(3), 438; https://doi.org/10.3390/nano12030438 - 27 Jan 2022

Cited by 9 | Viewed by 2808

Abstract

The work herein presented aims to develop and characterize carvedilol (CVD) releasable non-water-soluble monolayers and a multilayer patch made of ultrathin micron and submicron fibers for drug delivery into the sublingual mucosa. Firstly, the developed formulations containing CVD within different biopolymers (PDLA, PCL, and PHB) were characterized by scanning electron microscopy (SEM), attenuated total reflectance Fourier transformed infrared spectroscopy (ATR-FTIR), differential scanning calorimetry (DSC), wide-angle X-ray scattering (WAXS), and for their in vitro drug release. SEM micrographs assessed the fiber morphology attained by adding carvedilol. ATR-FTIR spectra revealed good chemical compatibility between CVD and the tested biopolymers, whereas DSC and WAXS confirmed that CVD was in an amorphous state within the biopolymeric fibers. In vitro release studies showed enhanced CVD release kinetics from the electrospun biopolymer monolayers compared to the dissolution rate of the commercial form of the pure drug, except for the slow-releasing PDLA fibers. Finally, the selected CVD-loaded layer, i.e., electrospun PHB, was built into a three-layer patch to tackle mucosa adhesion and unidirectional release, while retaining the enhanced release kinetics. The patch design proposed here further demonstrates the potential of the electro-hydrodynamic processing technology to render unique mucoadhesive controlled delivery platforms for poorly water-soluble drugs. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Nanoencapsulation and Nanocoating of Bioactives of Application Interest in Food, Nutraceuticals and Pharma)

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19 pages, 17576 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Super-Repellent Paper Coated with Electrospun Biopolymers and Electrosprayed Silica of Interest in Food Packaging Applications

by Alvaro Lafraya, Cristina Prieto, Maria Pardo-Figuerez, Alberto Chiva and Jose M. Lagaron

Nanomaterials 2021, 11(12), 3354; https://doi.org/10.3390/nano11123354 - 10 Dec 2021

Cited by 10 | Viewed by 3130

Abstract

In the current work, a super-repellent biopaper suitable for food contact applications was developed. To do this, three different kinds of biopolymers, namely polylactide (PLA), poly(ε-caprolactone) (PCL), poly(3-hydroxybutyrate-co-3-hydroxyvalerate) (PHBV), and hydrophobic silica microparticles (SiO₂), were sequentially processed by electrohydrodynamic processing (EDHP). As a first step, the ultrathin biopolymer fibers were deposited onto a commercial food contact cellulose paper by electrospinning and, thereafter, the nanostructured silica was sequentially electrosprayed. The multilayer coated papers were annealed at different temperatures to promote adhesion between the layers and enhance the super-repellent properties. The developed coatings were characterized in terms of morphology, permeance to water vapor, adhesion, mechanical resistance, and contact and sliding angle. The resultant multilayer biopapers presented a hierarchical micro/nanostructured surface with an apparent water contact angle (WCA) higher than 155° and sliding angle (SA) lower than 10° for all the tested biopolymers used. Among the different multilayer approaches, it was observed that the paper/PHBV/SiO₂ showed the best performance, in terms of water vapor permeance; resistance after the tape peeling-off test; and food super-repelling properties to water, yogurt, and custard. Overall, this study presents the successful generation of super-repellent biopapers coated with PLA, PCL, or PHBV along with hydrophobic silica microparticles and its effectiveness for easy emptying food packaging applications to reduce food waste. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Nanoencapsulation and Nanocoating of Bioactives of Application Interest in Food, Nutraceuticals and Pharma)

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16 pages, 4041 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Room Temperature Nanoencapsulation of Bioactive Eicosapentaenoic Acid Rich Oil within Whey Protein Microparticles

by Juan David Escobar-García, Cristina Prieto, Maria Pardo-Figuerez and Jose M. Lagaron

Nanomaterials 2021, 11(3), 575; https://doi.org/10.3390/nano11030575 - 25 Feb 2021

Cited by 11 | Viewed by 2927

Abstract

In this study, emulsion electrospraying assisted by pressurized gas (EAPG) has been performed for the first time to entrap ca. 760 nm droplets of the bioactive eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA)-rich oil into whey protein concentrate (WPC) at room temperature. The submicron droplets of EPA oil were encapsulated within WPC spherical microparticles, with sizes around 5 µm. The EPA oil did not oxidize in the course of the encapsulation performed at 25 °C and in the presence of air, as corroborated by the peroxide value measurements. Attenuated Total Reflection—Fourier Transform Infrared spectroscopy and oxygen consumption tests confirmed that the encapsulated EPA-rich oil showed increased oxidative stability in comparison with the free oil during an accelerated oxidation test under ultraviolet light. Moreover, the encapsulated EPA-rich oil showed increased thermal stability in comparison with the free oil, as measured by oxidative thermogravimetric analysis. The encapsulated EPA-rich oil showed a somewhat reduced organoleptic impact in contrast with the neat EPA oil using rehydrated powdered milk as a reference. Finally, the oxidative stability by thermogravimetric analysis and organoleptic impact of mixtures of EPA and docosahexaenoic acid (DHA)-loaded microparticles was also studied, suggesting an overall reduced organoleptic impact compared to pure EPA. The results here suggest that it is possible to encapsulate 80% polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFAs)-enriched oils by emulsion EAPG technology at room temperature, which could be used to produce personalized nutraceuticals or pharmaceuticals alone or in combination with other microparticles encapsulating different PUFAs to obtain different targeted health and organoleptic benefits. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Nanoencapsulation and Nanocoating of Bioactives of Application Interest in Food, Nutraceuticals and Pharma)

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Review

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22 pages, 1659 KiB

Open AccessReview

Lipid Nanomaterials for Targeted Delivery of Dermocosmetic Ingredients: Advances in Photoprotection and Skin Anti-Aging

by Eliana B. Souto, Eliézer Jäger, Alessandro Jäger, Petr Štěpánek, Amanda Cano, Cesar Viseras, Raquel de Melo Barbosa, Marlus Chorilli, Aleksandra Zielińska, Patricia Severino and Beatriz C. Naveros

Nanomaterials 2022, 12(3), 377; https://doi.org/10.3390/nano12030377 - 24 Jan 2022

Cited by 19 | Viewed by 5392

Abstract

Despite the health benefits of the sun, overexposure to solar radiation without proper precautions can cause irreversible damage to exposed skin. In the search for balance between the risks and benefits of exposure to solar radiation in human health, a technological alternative was found, the incorporation of photoprotective products in lipid nanoparticulate systems for topical application. These nanometric systems have demonstrated several advantages when used as adjuvants in photoprotection compared to chemical and/or physical sunscreens alone. The increase in the sun protection factor (SPF), photostability and UV action spectrum are parameters that have benefited from the application of these systems in order to increase the effectiveness and safety of photoprotective formulations containing organic and/or inorganic sunscreens. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Nanoencapsulation and Nanocoating of Bioactives of Application Interest in Food, Nutraceuticals and Pharma)

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