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Pathogens
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Canine Distemper Virus Infection
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Canine Distemper Virus Infection

A special issue of Pathogens (ISSN 2076-0817). This special issue belongs to the section "Viral Pathogens".

Deadline for manuscript submissions: closed (30 November 2023) | Viewed by 40136

Special Issue Editor

Dr. Rebecca P. Wilkes

E-Mail Website
Guest Editor
1. Animal Disease Diagnostic Laboratory, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN, USA
2. Biomedical and Diagnostic Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Tennessee, Knoxville, TN, USA
3. Dept. of Infectious Diseases, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Georgia, Athens, GA, USA
Interests: veterinary diagnostic and investigation; canine distemper virus

Special Issue Information

Dear Colleagues,

Recent publications suggested canine distemper virus (CDV) is an emerging disease, with recent outbreaks reported worldwide in both domestic dogs and wild carnivores. Phylogenetic studies have shown the virus is evolving, with genetic differences from the strains used in vaccines generated decades ago. Limited studies have shown contemporary strains to also be antigenically variant from vaccine strains, but questions remain with regard to CDV vaccine failures reported in the literature. There is no doubt that these genetically variant strains are being moved between different countries, likely a result of intercontinental movement of animals that are incubating the virus. These new strains can then become endemic in new regions through spillover into susceptible wildlife populations. The broad host range of the virus makes it difficult to control and this host range is ever expanding, with new reports of the virus infecting non-human primates and two-toed sloths. The vast host range also makes this virus a threat to endangered species, most recently causing an epizootic in the Asiatic lion population in India. Lack of an effective, safe CDV only vaccine for use in wildlife populations makes control even more difficult in these populations.

We are inviting submissions to a Pathogens special issue “Canine Distemper Virus Infection”.

Dr. Rebecca P. Wilkes
Guest Editor

Manuscript Submission Information

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Keywords

  • Canine distemper virus
  • genetic analysis
  • genome evolution
  • wildlife
  • vaccination
  • serology
  • epizootic

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Published Papers (9 papers)

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Research

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13 pages, 1917 KiB  
Article
Canine Distemper Virus in Tigers (Panthera tigris) and Leopards (P. pardus) in Nepal
by Jessica Bodgener, Amir Sadaula, Parbat Jung Thapa, Bhijay Kumar Shrestha, Kamal Prasad Gairhe, Suraj Subedi, Kiran Raj Rijal, Purushotam Pandey, Janardan Dev Joshi, Prakriti Kandel, Babu Ram Lamichane, Chiranjibi Prasad Pokheral, Naresh Subedi, Ram Chandra Kandel, Himal Luitel, Navapon Techakriengkrai and Martin Gilbert
Pathogens 2023, 12(2), 203; https://doi.org/10.3390/pathogens12020203 - 28 Jan 2023
Cited by 9 | Viewed by 7021
Abstract
From wild dogs (Lycaon pictus) in the Serengeti to tigers (Panthera tigris altaica) in the Russian Far East, canine distemper virus (CDV) has been repeatedly identified as a threat to wild carnivores. Between 2020 and 2022, six Indian leopards (P. pardus fusca [...] Read more.
From wild dogs (Lycaon pictus) in the Serengeti to tigers (Panthera tigris altaica) in the Russian Far East, canine distemper virus (CDV) has been repeatedly identified as a threat to wild carnivores. Between 2020 and 2022, six Indian leopards (P. pardus fusca) presented to Nepali authorities with fatal neurological disease, consistent with CDV. Here, we report the findings of a serosurvey of wild felids from Nepal. A total of 48 serum samples were tested, comprising 28 Bengal tigers (P. t. tigris) and 20 Indian leopards. Neutralizing antibodies were identified in three tigers and six leopards, equating to seroprevalences of 11% (CI: 2.8–29.3%, n = 28) and 30% (CI: 12.8–54.3%, n = 20), respectively. More than one-third of seropositive animals were symptomatic, and three died within a week of being sampled. The predation of domestic dogs (Canis lupus familiaris) has been posited as a potential route of infection. A comparison of existing diet studies revealed that while leopards in Nepal frequently predate on dogs, tigers do not, potentially supporting this hypothesis. However, further work, including molecular analyses, would be needed to confirm this. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Canine Distemper Virus Infection)
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11 pages, 4797 KiB  
Article
Detection and Molecular Characterization of Canine Distemper Virus in Wildlife from Northern Italy
by Tiziana Trogu, Anna Castelli, Sabrina Canziani, Clara Tolini, Maya Carrera, Enrica Sozzi, Davide Lelli, Giovanni Tosi, Laura Fiorentini, Alessandra Di Donato, Gianluca Rugna, Danilo Lanci, Antonio Lavazza and Ana Moreno
Pathogens 2022, 11(12), 1557; https://doi.org/10.3390/pathogens11121557 - 19 Dec 2022
Cited by 6 | Viewed by 2408
Abstract
Canine distemper virus (CDV) is a fatal, highly contagious disease found in wild and domestic carnivores. Several outbreaks have occurred in wildlife in Italy in recent years. This study aims to detect CDV in wildlife following the increasing mortality of foxes (Vulpes [...] Read more.
Canine distemper virus (CDV) is a fatal, highly contagious disease found in wild and domestic carnivores. Several outbreaks have occurred in wildlife in Italy in recent years. This study aims to detect CDV in wildlife following the increasing mortality of foxes (Vulpes vulpes) in the Emilia-Romagna region (northern Italy) observed in 2021. Sixty-seven foxes and one badger (Meles meles) were subjected to necropsy followed by histological examination and were analyzed with molecular techniques to detect the presence of CDV. Of the tested animals, 16% (nine foxes and one badger) were positive for CDV. Phylogenetic analysis showed two different lineages based on complete H gene sequences. The Europe/South America-1 lineage was detected in one fox from Modena, which resembled the CDV variant associated with a previous outbreak in northern Italy in 2018, while the European Wildlife lineage was detected in animals from the Rimini province. Amino acid analysis highlighted a Y549H mutation in all sequences collected, which is commonly associated with increased virulence. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Canine Distemper Virus Infection)
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17 pages, 1651 KiB  
Article
RETRACTED: Canine Morbillivirus from Colombian Lineage Exhibits In Silico and In Vitro Potential to Infect Human Cells
by Santiago Rendon-Marin, Carolina Quintero-Gil, Diego Guerra, Carlos Muskus and Julian Ruiz-Saenz
Pathogens 2021, 10(9), 1199; https://doi.org/10.3390/pathogens10091199 - 15 Sep 2021
Cited by 5 | Viewed by 3465 | Retraction
Abstract
Canine morbillivirus (CDV) is a viral agent that infects domestic dogs and a vast array of wildlife species. It belongs to the Paramyxoviridae family, genus Morbillivirus, which is shared with the Measles virus (MeV). Both viruses employ orthologous cellular receptors, SLAM in mononuclear [...] Read more.
Canine morbillivirus (CDV) is a viral agent that infects domestic dogs and a vast array of wildlife species. It belongs to the Paramyxoviridae family, genus Morbillivirus, which is shared with the Measles virus (MeV). Both viruses employ orthologous cellular receptors, SLAM in mononuclear cells and Nectin-4 in epithelial cells, to enter the cells. Although CDV and MeV hemagglutinin (H) have similar functions in viral pathogenesis and cell tropism, the potential interaction of CDV-H protein with human cellular receptors is still uncertain. Considering that CDV is classified as a multi-host pathogen, the potential risk of CDV transmission to humans has not been fully discarded. In this study, we aimed to evaluate both in silico and in vitro, whether there is a cross-species transmission potential from CDV to humans. To accomplish this, the CDV-H protein belonging to the Colombian lineage was modelled. After model validations, molecular docking and molecular dynamics simulations were carried out between Colombian CDV-H protein and canine and human cellular receptors to determine different aspects of the protein–protein interactions. Moreover, cell lines expressing orthologous cellular receptors, with both reference and wild-type CDV strains, were conducted to determine the CDV cross-species transmission potential from an in vitro model. This in silico and in vitro approach suggests the possibility that CDV interacts with ortholog human SLAM (hSLAM) and human Nectin-4 receptors to infect human cell lines, which could imply a potential cross-species transmission of CDV from dogs to humans. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Canine Distemper Virus Infection)
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8 pages, 610 KiB  
Article
Canine Distemper Outbreak by Natural Infection in a Group of Vaccinated Maned Wolves in Captivity
by Vicente Vergara-Wilson, Ezequiel Hidalgo-Hermoso, Carlos R. Sanchez, María J. Abarca, Carlos Navarro, Sebastian Celis-Diez, Pilar Soto-Guerrero, Nataly Diaz-Ayala, Martin Zordan, Federico Cifuentes-Ramos and Javier Cabello-Stom
Pathogens 2021, 10(1), 51; https://doi.org/10.3390/pathogens10010051 - 8 Jan 2021
Cited by 11 | Viewed by 3958
Abstract
Canine distemper virus (CDV) is one of the most significant infectious disease threats to the health and conservation of free-ranging and captive wild carnivores. CDV vaccination using recombinant canarypox-based vaccines has been recommended for maned wolf (Chrysocyon brachyurus) after the failure [...] Read more.
Canine distemper virus (CDV) is one of the most significant infectious disease threats to the health and conservation of free-ranging and captive wild carnivores. CDV vaccination using recombinant canarypox-based vaccines has been recommended for maned wolf (Chrysocyon brachyurus) after the failure of modified live vaccines that induced disease in vaccinated animals. Here, we report a CDV outbreak in a captive population of maned wolves that were previously vaccinated. Five juveniles and one adult from a group of seven maned wolves housed in an outdoor exhibit died in April–May 2013 in a zoo in the Metropolitan Region, Chile. Clinical signs ranged from lethargy to digestive and respiratory signs. Diagnosis of CDV was confirmed by histopathology, antibody assays, and viral molecular detection and characterization. The phylogenetic analyses of the nucleotide sequence of the H gene of the CDV genome identified in the two positive samples suggest a close relation with the lineage Europe 1, commonly found in South America and Chile. CDV infections in maned wolves have not been previously characterized. To the authors’ best knowledge, this is the first report of the clinical presentation of CDV in a canine species previously immunized with a recombinant vaccine. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Canine Distemper Virus Infection)
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23 pages, 1175 KiB  
Article
Identifying Candidate Genetic Markers of CDV Cross-Species Pathogenicity in African Lions
by Julie K. Weckworth, Brian W. Davis, Melody E. Roelke-Parker, Rebecca P. Wilkes, Craig Packer, Ernest Eblate, Michael K. Schwartz and L. Scott Mills
Pathogens 2020, 9(11), 872; https://doi.org/10.3390/pathogens9110872 - 23 Oct 2020
Cited by 14 | Viewed by 3896
Abstract
Canine distemper virus (CDV) is a multi-host pathogen with variable clinical outcomes of infection across and within species. We used whole-genome sequencing (WGS) to search for viral markers correlated with clinical distemper in African lions. To identify candidate markers, we first documented single-nucleotide [...] Read more.
Canine distemper virus (CDV) is a multi-host pathogen with variable clinical outcomes of infection across and within species. We used whole-genome sequencing (WGS) to search for viral markers correlated with clinical distemper in African lions. To identify candidate markers, we first documented single-nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) differentiating CDV strains associated with different clinical outcomes in lions in East Africa. We then conducted evolutionary analyses on WGS from all global CDV lineages to identify loci subject to selection. SNPs that both differentiated East African strains and were under selection were mapped to a phylogenetic tree representing global CDV diversity to assess if candidate markers correlated with documented outbreaks of clinical distemper in lions (n = 3). Of 54 SNPs differentiating East African strains, ten were under positive or episodic diversifying selection and 20 occurred in the clinical strain despite strong purifying selection at those loci. Candidate markers were in functional domains of the RNP complex (n = 19), the matrix protein (n = 4), on CDV glycoproteins (n = 5), and on the V protein (n = 1). We found mutations at two loci in common between sequences from three CDV outbreaks of clinical distemper in African lions; one in the signaling lymphocytic activation molecule receptor (SLAM)-binding region of the hemagglutinin protein and another in the catalytic center of phosphodiester bond formation on the large polymerase protein. These results suggest convergent evolution at these sites may have a functional role in clinical distemper outbreaks in African lions and uncover potential novel barriers to pathogenicity in this species. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Canine Distemper Virus Infection)
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10 pages, 1466 KiB  
Article
Characterization and Comparison of SLAM/CD150 in Free-Ranging Coyotes, Raccoons, and Skunks in Illinois for Elucidation of Canine Distemper Virus Disease
by Caitlin E. Burrell, Chris Anchor, Nadia Ahmed, Jennifer Landolfi, Keith W. Jarosinski and Karen A. Terio
Pathogens 2020, 9(6), 510; https://doi.org/10.3390/pathogens9060510 - 24 Jun 2020
Cited by 5 | Viewed by 3273
Abstract
Canine distemper virus (CDV) is a cause of significant disease in canids and increasingly recognized as a multi-host pathogen, particularly of non-canid families within Carnivora. CDV outbreaks in sympatric mesocarnivores are routinely diagnosed in the Forest Preserve District of Cook County, Illinois. CDV [...] Read more.
Canine distemper virus (CDV) is a cause of significant disease in canids and increasingly recognized as a multi-host pathogen, particularly of non-canid families within Carnivora. CDV outbreaks in sympatric mesocarnivores are routinely diagnosed in the Forest Preserve District of Cook County, Illinois. CDV is diagnosed more commonly and the disease more severe in raccoons and striped skunks than in coyotes. Research in other species suggests host cell receptors may play a role in variable disease outcome, particularly, the signaling lymphocyte activation molecule (SLAM) located on lymphoid cells. To evaluate receptor differences, partial SLAM genes were sequenced, and predicted amino acid (AA) sequences and structural models of the proposed viral interface assessed. Of 263 aligned nucleotide base pairs, 36 differed between species with 24/36 differences between canid and non-canids. Raccoon and skunk predicted AA sequences had higher homology than coyote and raccoon/skunk sequences and 8/11 residue differences were between coyote and raccoons/skunks. Though protein structure was similar, few residue differences were associated with charge and electrostatic potential surface alterations between canids and non-canids. RNAScope®(Advanced Cell Diagnostics, Silicon Valley, USA) ISH revealed low levels of expression that did not differ significantly between species or tissue type. Results suggest that differences in host receptors may impact species-specific disease manifestation. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Canine Distemper Virus Infection)
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13 pages, 866 KiB  
Article
Phylogenomic Analysis of Two Co-Circulating Canine Distemper Virus Lineages in Colombia
by July Duque-Valencia, Francisco J. Diaz and Julian Ruiz-Saenz
Pathogens 2020, 9(1), 26; https://doi.org/10.3390/pathogens9010026 - 27 Dec 2019
Cited by 11 | Viewed by 3818
Abstract
Canine distemper virus (CDV) is considered a reemerging disease-causing agent in domestic dogs because it presents high divergence among circulating strains worldwide. In Colombia, the South America-3 and South America/North America-4 lineages co-circulate in domestic dogs, both in the Medellin metropolitan area. In [...] Read more.
Canine distemper virus (CDV) is considered a reemerging disease-causing agent in domestic dogs because it presents high divergence among circulating strains worldwide. In Colombia, the South America-3 and South America/North America-4 lineages co-circulate in domestic dogs, both in the Medellin metropolitan area. In this paper, two full CDV genomes from each viral lineage circulating in Medellin were sequenced; we explored the phylogenetic relationship with the available genome sequences; we described the presence of CDV mutations in the South America-3 and South America/North America-4 lineages associated with adaptation to human cells and a crossing of the species barrier and pathogenicity; and we established the evolutionary rates and time of the closest common ancestor for each gene and characterized the presentation of multiple genomic sites by positive selection. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Canine Distemper Virus Infection)
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Review

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17 pages, 354 KiB  
Review
Canine Distemper Virus in Endangered Species: Species Jump, Clinical Variations, and Vaccination
by Rebecca P. Wilkes
Pathogens 2023, 12(1), 57; https://doi.org/10.3390/pathogens12010057 - 29 Dec 2022
Cited by 23 | Viewed by 5891
Abstract
Canine morbillivirus (Canine distemper virus, CDV) is the cause of distemper in a large number of different species, some of which are endangered. The clinical outcome associated with infection is variable and based on many factors, including the host species, the immune response [...] Read more.
Canine morbillivirus (Canine distemper virus, CDV) is the cause of distemper in a large number of different species, some of which are endangered. The clinical outcome associated with infection is variable and based on many factors, including the host species, the immune response of the individual animal to the infection, and variation in virus tropism and virulence. Unfortunately, the viral characteristics associated with virulence versus attenuation are not fully characterized, nor are the specific mutations that allow this virus to easily move and adapt from one species to another. Due to its wide host range, this virus is difficult to manage in ecosystems that are home to endangered species. Vaccination of the domestic dog, historically considered the reservoir species for this virus, at dog-wildlife interfaces has failed to control virus spread. CDV appears to be maintained by a metareservoir rather than a single species, requiring the need to vaccinate the wildlife species at risk. This is controversial, and there is a lack of a safe, effective vaccine for nondomestic species. This review focuses on topics that are paramount to protecting endangered species from a stochastic event, such as a CDV outbreak, that could lead to extinction. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Canine Distemper Virus Infection)

Other

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12 pages, 1810 KiB  
Case Report
Concurrent Infection of Skunk Adenovirus-1, Listeria monocytogenes, and a Regionally Specific Clade of Canine Distemper Virus in One Gray Fox (Urocyon cinereoargenteus) and Concurrent Listeriosis and Canine Distemper in a Second Gray Fox
by David B. Needle, Jacqueline L. Marr, Cooper J. Park, Cheryl P. Andam, Annabel G. Wise, Roger K. Maes, Rebecca P. Wilkes, Eman A. Anis, Inga F. Sidor, Dalen Agnew, Julie C. Ellis, Patrick Tate, Abigail Mathewson, Christopher Benton and Robert Gibson
Pathogens 2020, 9(7), 591; https://doi.org/10.3390/pathogens9070591 - 21 Jul 2020
Cited by 12 | Viewed by 4118
Abstract
One free-ranging Gray fox (Urocyon cinereoargenteus) underwent autopsy following neurologic disease, with findings including morbilliviral inclusions and associated lesions in numerous tissues, adenoviral intranuclear inclusions in bronchial epithelial cells, and septic pleuropneumonia, hepatitis, splenitis, and meningoencephalitis. Molecular diagnostics on fresh lung [...] Read more.
One free-ranging Gray fox (Urocyon cinereoargenteus) underwent autopsy following neurologic disease, with findings including morbilliviral inclusions and associated lesions in numerous tissues, adenoviral intranuclear inclusions in bronchial epithelial cells, and septic pleuropneumonia, hepatitis, splenitis, and meningoencephalitis. Molecular diagnostics on fresh lung identified a strain within a distinct clade of canine distemper that is currently unique to wildlife in New England, as well as the emerging multi-host viral pathogen skunk adenovirus-1. Bacterial culture of fresh liver resulted in a pure growth of Listeria monocytogenes, with whole genome sequencing indicating that the isolate had a vast array of antimicrobial resistance and virulence-associated genes. One year later, a second fox was euthanized for inappropriate behavior in a residential area, and diagnostic workup revealed canine distemper and septic L. monocytogenes, with the former closely related to the distemper virus found in the previous fox and the latter divergent from the L. monocytogenes from the previous fox. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Canine Distemper Virus Infection)
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