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Photonics
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Integrated Waveguide-Based Photonic Devices
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Integrated Waveguide-Based Photonic Devices

A special issue of Photonics (ISSN 2304-6732).

Deadline for manuscript submissions: 31 December 2024 | Viewed by 12641

Special Issue Editors

Dr. Qiancheng Zhao

E-Mail Website
Guest Editor
School of Microelectronics, Southern University of Science and Technology, Shenzhen, China
Interests: low-loss planar lightwave technology; nonlinear integrated photonic devices; micro-/nano-fabrication
Special Issues, Collections and Topics in MDPI journals
Dr. Li Shen

E-Mail Website
Guest Editor
Wuhan National Laboratory for Optoelectronics, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
Interests: mid-infrared photonics; silicon photonics; semiconductor fibers
Special Issues, Collections and Topics in MDPI journals

Special Issue Information

Dear Colleagues,

Planar lightwave circuits have materialized into one of the leading platforms for information acquisition, processing, and transmission with unparalleled advantages of high bandwidth, small footprint, and mass volume scalability. Integrated optical waveguides, enabled by index contrast between the core and cladding materials, confine and guide light at the micro- and nano-scale. Their versatile structures and functions have energized a variety of photonic devices and architectures such as light sources, modulators, amplifiers, detectors, resonators, optical I/O, which are enabling factors for the on-chip implementation of optical communications, metrology, quantum computing, health monitoring, and so on. Great achievements in integrated waveguides have been made in both academia and industry where new material, design methodology, architecture, and manufacture standards constantly emerge. Waveguide-based devices also have extended into cutting-edge territories including quantum technology, artificial intelligence, virtual reality, 6G and millimeter-wave communications, etc. As long as there is a need for higher bandwidth, smaller footprint, low-energy consumption, stronger light-matter interaction, and large scalability, the research into integrated waveguide-based photonic devices will continue to thrive.

This Special Issue focuses on the state-of-the-art achievements in integrated waveguide-based photonic devices, with a broader aim to present novel material, design methodology, and fabrication techniques as well as cutting-edge applications. We welcome work in any form, including reviews, articles, letters, and viewpoints. Topics of interest include (but are not limited to):

  • Low-loss waveguides and high-Q resonators;
  • Passive wavelength/mode/power-controlling devices;
  • Waveguide-grating couplers and optical I/Os;
  • Waveguide-based modulators and detectors;
  • On-chip light sources;
  • Optoelectronic hybrid and heterogeneous integration;
  • Novel waveguide materials and platforms;
  • Optical phased arrays and chip-based LiDAR;
  • Integrated photonic neural network and parallel computing;
  • Integrated quantum photonic devices;
  • Integrated mid-infrared photonic devices;
  • Optofluidic devices and lab-on-chip systems.

Dr. Qiancheng Zhao
Dr. Li Shen
Guest Editors

Manuscript Submission Information

Manuscripts should be submitted online at www.mdpi.com by registering and logging in to this website. Once you are registered, click here to go to the submission form. Manuscripts can be submitted until the deadline. All submissions that pass pre-check are peer-reviewed. Accepted papers will be published continuously in the journal (as soon as accepted) and will be listed together on the special issue website. Research articles, review articles as well as short communications are invited. For planned papers, a title and short abstract (about 100 words) can be sent to the Editorial Office for announcement on this website.

Submitted manuscripts should not have been published previously, nor be under consideration for publication elsewhere (except conference proceedings papers). All manuscripts are thoroughly refereed through a single-blind peer-review process. A guide for authors and other relevant information for submission of manuscripts is available on the Instructions for Authors page. Photonics is an international peer-reviewed open access monthly journal published by MDPI.

Please visit the Instructions for Authors page before submitting a manuscript. The Article Processing Charge (APC) for publication in this open access journal is 2400 CHF (Swiss Francs). Submitted papers should be well formatted and use good English. Authors may use MDPI's English editing service prior to publication or during author revisions.

Keywords

  • integrated photonics
  • photonic integrated devices
  • planar lightwave circuits
  • ultra-low-loss waveguides
  • microresonators
  • silicon photonics
  • silicon nitride integrated photonics
  • lithium niobate integrated photonics
  • nonlinear integrated photonics
  • mid-infrared integrated photonics

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Published Papers (8 papers)

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Research

7 pages, 2123 KiB  
Article
Prediction through Simulation-Based Corrective Models of Contra-Directional Couplers’ Experimental Results
by Inês Venâncio, Joana Tátá, Maria João Carvalhais, João Santos and António Teixeira
Photonics 2024, 11(8), 774; https://doi.org/10.3390/photonics11080774 - 20 Aug 2024
Viewed by 683
Abstract
Lithography variation presents one of the biggest challenges for photonic component optimization, especially for fabless designers. Lithography prediction models are a crucial tool for minimizing the necessary number of fabrication iterations for a device’s optimization. This paper presents one of these models specifically [...] Read more.
Lithography variation presents one of the biggest challenges for photonic component optimization, especially for fabless designers. Lithography prediction models are a crucial tool for minimizing the necessary number of fabrication iterations for a device’s optimization. This paper presents one of these models specifically adapted for the contra-directional coupler structure. Through the experimental characterization of devices with a specific range of design parameters, it was possible to observe how the lithography process impacts their performance. A correction model based on effective refractive index variation and its impact on the Bragg condition of the structure was developed to predict the performance variation of a device based on the expected design variation induced by fabrication. The contra-directional couplers fabricated at CORNERSTONE foundry show a tendency to be redshifted as the gap decreases, due to an increase in waveguide width as a result of a diffraction-limited lithography process. Based on these and other findings, it was possible to correlate the design parameters to the posterior fabricated structure and ultimately predict the expected experimental response. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Integrated Waveguide-Based Photonic Devices)
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7 pages, 1117 KiB  
Communication
Efficient Optical Coupling between Dielectric Strip Waveguides and a Plasmonic Trench Waveguide
by Jia-Ren Wu, Anjali Chandel, Chiashain Chuang and Sheng Hsiung Chang
Photonics 2024, 11(7), 608; https://doi.org/10.3390/photonics11070608 - 27 Jun 2024
Viewed by 766
Abstract
Buttcoupling is the most efficient way to excite surface plasmon polariton (SPP) waves at dielectric/metal interfaces in order to realize applications in broadband and ultra-compact integrated circuits (IOCs). We propose a reasonable waveguide structure to efficiently excite and collect the SPP waves supported [...] Read more.
Buttcoupling is the most efficient way to excite surface plasmon polariton (SPP) waves at dielectric/metal interfaces in order to realize applications in broadband and ultra-compact integrated circuits (IOCs). We propose a reasonable waveguide structure to efficiently excite and collect the SPP waves supported in a plasmonic trench waveguide in the long-haul telecommunication wavelength range. Our simulation results show that the coupling efficiency between the dielectric strip waveguides and a plasmonic trench waveguide can be optimized, which is dominated by the zigzag propagation path length in the dielectric strip loaded on the metal substrate. It is noted that nearly a 100% coupling efficiency can be achieved when the distance between the excitation source and the plasmonic waveguide is about 6.76 μm. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Integrated Waveguide-Based Photonic Devices)
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9 pages, 2262 KiB  
Article
Air Core ARROW Waveguides Fabricated in a Membrane-Covered Trench
by Seth Walker, Holger Schmidt and Aaron R. Hawkins
Photonics 2024, 11(6), 502; https://doi.org/10.3390/photonics11060502 - 25 May 2024
Viewed by 618
Abstract
We report the design, fabrication, and characterization of hollow-core anti-resonant reflecting optical waveguides (ARROWs) fabricated in a membrane-covered trench. These structures are built on silicon wafers using standard microfabrication techniques, including plasma etching, to form trenches. Four waveguide designs are demonstrated, which have [...] Read more.
We report the design, fabrication, and characterization of hollow-core anti-resonant reflecting optical waveguides (ARROWs) fabricated in a membrane-covered trench. These structures are built on silicon wafers using standard microfabrication techniques, including plasma etching, to form trenches. Four waveguide designs are demonstrated, which have different numbers of thin-film reflecting layers. We demonstrate that optical loss decreases with additional reflecting layers, with measured loss coefficients as low as 1 cm−1. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Integrated Waveguide-Based Photonic Devices)
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8 pages, 3254 KiB  
Article
Fano Resonance Thermo-Optic Modulator Based on Double T-Bus Waveguides-Coupled Micro-Ring Resonator
by Hongpeng Li, Lidan Lu, Guang Chen, Shuai Wang, Jianzhen Ou and Lianqing Zhu
Photonics 2024, 11(3), 255; https://doi.org/10.3390/photonics11030255 - 12 Mar 2024
Viewed by 1425
Abstract
For the silicon optical computing chip, the optical convolution unit based on the micro-ring modulator has been demonstrated to have high integration and large computing density. To further reduce power consumption, a novel, simple Fano resonant thermo-optic modulator is presented with numerical simulation [...] Read more.
For the silicon optical computing chip, the optical convolution unit based on the micro-ring modulator has been demonstrated to have high integration and large computing density. To further reduce power consumption, a novel, simple Fano resonant thermo-optic modulator is presented with numerical simulation and experimental demonstration. This designed Fano resonator comprises double T-shaped waveguides and a micro-ring with a radius of 10 μm. Compared with the free use of bus waveguides, our double T-shaped waveguides generate a phase shift, along with a Fano-like line shape. The experimental results show that the resonant wavelength shift of the designed modulator is 2.4 nm with a driven power of 20 mW. In addition, the maximum spectral resolution and the extinction ratio are 70.30 dB/nm and 12.69 dB, respectively. For our thermo-optic modulator, the optical intensity power consumption sensitivity of 7.60 dB/mW is three times as large as that of the micro-ring modulator. This work has broad potential to provide a low-power-consumption essential component for large-scale on-chip modulation for optical computing with compatible metal oxygen semiconductor processes. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Integrated Waveguide-Based Photonic Devices)
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11 pages, 4800 KiB  
Article
Designing an Optical Router Based on a Multimode-Interference Silicon-On-Insulator Coupler with Tunable Power Transmittance
by Dana S. Akil, Muhammad A. Othman, Sherif M. Sherif and Mohamed A. Swillam
Photonics 2024, 11(3), 221; https://doi.org/10.3390/photonics11030221 - 29 Feb 2024
Viewed by 1253
Abstract
The demand on fast and high-bandwidth data transmission is in continuous increase. These demands are highly dependent on optical signal manipulation, including switching, modulation, and routing. We demonstrate a two-port silicon optical router based on the multimode interferometer (MMI) configuration. The same MMI [...] Read more.
The demand on fast and high-bandwidth data transmission is in continuous increase. These demands are highly dependent on optical signal manipulation, including switching, modulation, and routing. We demonstrate a two-port silicon optical router based on the multimode interferometer (MMI) configuration. The same MMI structure was used for both inward and backward waveguiding to reduce the total length of the device. A phase shifter consisting of two ring-like waveguides made of silicon p-n junctions was used to introduce the phase shift needed for optical routing upon voltage application. Two designs for the MMI optical router were studied: Firstly, a conventional MMI with a crosstalk ratio of 15.1 dB was investigated. Finally, an angled MMI reaching a crosstalk ratio of 18.2 dB at a wavelength of 1.55 μm was investigated. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Integrated Waveguide-Based Photonic Devices)
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19 pages, 5594 KiB  
Article
A Theoretical Study on Mid-Infrared Difference Frequency Generation Based on Periodically Poled Thin-Film LiNbO3
by Runze Jia, Meihong Liu, Jiamin Liu, Pingrang Hua and Delong Zhang
Photonics 2023, 10(4), 478; https://doi.org/10.3390/photonics10040478 - 21 Apr 2023
Cited by 2 | Viewed by 1897
Abstract
A mid-infrared difference frequency generator (DFG) based on a periodically poled thin-film lithium niobate rib waveguide on a sapphire substrate is theoretically studied. A mode analysis is carried out at the mid-infrared region, and the analysis focuses on the effects of waveguide geometry [...] Read more.
A mid-infrared difference frequency generator (DFG) based on a periodically poled thin-film lithium niobate rib waveguide on a sapphire substrate is theoretically studied. A mode analysis is carried out at the mid-infrared region, and the analysis focuses on the effects of waveguide geometry on effective refractive indices of a few lower-order modes. A complete theory suitable for modeling a DFG based on a waveguide structure is described. Its validity is confirmed by comparing the theoretical results with previously reported experimental data. Explicit expressions are presented for nonlinear conversion efficiency, thermal tunability and quasi-phase matching (QPM) bandwidth. The effects of waveguide geometry and mode hybridization on the effective mode field area and mode overlap factor, which are either inversely or linearly proportional to nonlinear conversion efficiency, are studied in detail. In this article, an optimized mid-infrared DFG with improved geometry that exhibits excellent performance, including a higher nonlinear conversion efficiency of 230–273% W−1cm−2 in the temperature range of 20–120 °C; a larger temperature tunability of 2.2 nm/°C; a larger QPM bandwidth of ~130 nm; and a higher idler wave output power, as much as −2 dBm when Pp = 20 dBm and Ps = 11.5 dBm, is suggested. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Integrated Waveguide-Based Photonic Devices)
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10 pages, 3914 KiB  
Communication
Dispersion Engineering of Waveguide Microresonators by the Design of Atomic Layer Deposition
by Pei-Hsun Wang, Nien-Lin Hou and Kung-Lin Ho
Photonics 2023, 10(4), 428; https://doi.org/10.3390/photonics10040428 - 10 Apr 2023
Cited by 1 | Viewed by 1891
Abstract
In this work, we demonstrate dispersion engineering of silicon nitride waveguide resonators with atomic layer deposition (ALD). We conducted theoretical and experimental analyses on the waveguide dispersion with air cladding, hafnium oxide (HfO2) cladding, and aluminum oxide (Al2O3 [...] Read more.
In this work, we demonstrate dispersion engineering of silicon nitride waveguide resonators with atomic layer deposition (ALD). We conducted theoretical and experimental analyses on the waveguide dispersion with air cladding, hafnium oxide (HfO2) cladding, and aluminum oxide (Al2O3) cladding. By employing ALD HfO2 as the cladding layer, the dispersion of waveguide can be tuned to a finer degree in the normal regime at a wavelength of 1550 nm. On the other hand, using ALD Al2O3 cladding provides the waveguide dispersion that spans regimes in normal, near-zero, and anomalous dispersion. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Integrated Waveguide-Based Photonic Devices)
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15 pages, 3084 KiB  
Article
Design and Optimization of Asymmetric Grating Assisted Slot Microring
by Chunjuan Liu, Jiawei Wang, Xiaosuo Wu, Xiaoli Sun, Ze Qiao, Yuqiang Xin and Jiangfeng Zhang
Photonics 2022, 9(12), 988; https://doi.org/10.3390/photonics9120988 - 15 Dec 2022
Cited by 1 | Viewed by 2627
Abstract
In this paper, a slot microring with an asymmetric grating structure is proposed. Through the coupling between the grating and the slot microring, a high free spectral range or EIT-like effects with a high quality factor can be achieved in the same device. [...] Read more.
In this paper, a slot microring with an asymmetric grating structure is proposed. Through the coupling between the grating and the slot microring, a high free spectral range or EIT-like effects with a high quality factor can be achieved in the same device. The grating is designed as an asymmetric structure to realize the modulation of the optical signal and the control of the resonance peak by changing the grid number, and the effect of different grating periods on the output spectrum is explored. The results show that changing the grating on slot sidewalls can increase or decrease the number of resonant peaks. By selecting a specific period of the gratings on both sides of the slot, the distance between adjacent resonance peaks can be increased to achieve modulation of the free spectral range. In this paper, depending on the grating period, we obtain a quality factor of 5016 and an FSR of 137 nm, or a quality factor of 10,730 and an FSR of 92 nm. The refractive index sensing simulation is carried out for one of the periods, which can achieve a sensitivity of 370 nm/RIU. Therefore, the proposed new structure has certain advantages in different sensing applications. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Integrated Waveguide-Based Photonic Devices)
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