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Polymers
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Condensation Polymers and their Applications
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Condensation Polymers and their Applications

A special issue of Polymers (ISSN 2073-4360). This special issue belongs to the section "Polymer Applications".

Deadline for manuscript submissions: closed (31 August 2019) | Viewed by 29649

Special Issue Editors

Prof. Dr. Stoyko Fakirov

E-Mail Website
Guest Editor
Centre for Advanced Composite Materials, Department of Mechanical Engineering, The University of Auckland, Private Bag 92019, Auckland, New Zealand
Interests: condensation polymers; micro/nanofibrillar polymer-polymer and single polymer composites; microhardness of polymers; biodegradable polymers
Dr. Velram Mohan

E-Mail Website
Guest Editor
Plastics Centre of Excellence and Centre for Advanced Composite Materials, Department of Mechanical Engineering, the University of Auckland, 1010 Auckland, New Zealand
Interests: graphene-polymer compsoites; conducting polymer based composites; bioderived polymers; polymer rheology; natrual fibre reinforced polymer composites

Special Issue Information

Dear Colleagues,

Condensation polymers contrast the other types of polymers through their chemical activity. Due to the fact that they preserve functional groups at the ends of macromolecules, they can undergo additional condensation. On the other hand, the atoms of the main chain can be involved in exchange reactions. Since the condensation reactions are reversible, the condensation polymers easily undergo degradation reactions in the presence of low molecular weight compounds, which affect negatively their mechanical performance. All these chemical reactions are possible if the respective conditions are available (mostly high temperature).

This Special Issue intends to demonstrate how these chemical peculiarities of condensation polymers can be used (or avoided) to create new materials or improve existing ones.

Some examples of the topics covered by this Special Issue are given below:

  1. Additional condensation and transreactions in condensation polymers
  2. Solid state condensation
  3. Compatibilization phenomenon in condensation polymers
  4. Micro- and nanofibrillar polymer-polymer composites involving condensation polymers
  5. Single polymer composites based on condensation polymers
  6. Condensation polymers in science and technology of polymer composites
  7. Electrospinning of condensation polymers
  8. Biodegradable condensation polymers in medicine
  9. Recycling and life cycle assessment of condensation polymers and their composites
  10. Polymer composites involving condensation polymers
  11. Condensation polymers in packaging and medical applications
  12. Any other study involving condensation polymers
Prof. Stoyko Fakirov
Dr. Velram Mohan
Guest Editors

Manuscript Submission Information

Manuscripts should be submitted online at www.mdpi.com by registering and logging in to this website. Once you are registered, click here to go to the submission form. Manuscripts can be submitted until the deadline. All submissions that pass pre-check are peer-reviewed. Accepted papers will be published continuously in the journal (as soon as accepted) and will be listed together on the special issue website. Research articles, review articles as well as short communications are invited. For planned papers, a title and short abstract (about 100 words) can be sent to the Editorial Office for announcement on this website.

Submitted manuscripts should not have been published previously, nor be under consideration for publication elsewhere (except conference proceedings papers). All manuscripts are thoroughly refereed through a single-blind peer-review process. A guide for authors and other relevant information for submission of manuscripts is available on the Instructions for Authors page. Polymers is an international peer-reviewed open access semimonthly journal published by MDPI.

Please visit the Instructions for Authors page before submitting a manuscript. The Article Processing Charge (APC) for publication in this open access journal is 2700 CHF (Swiss Francs). Submitted papers should be well formatted and use good English. Authors may use MDPI's English editing service prior to publication or during author revisions.

Keywords

  • condensation polymers
  • transreactions
  • additional condensation
  • biodegradability
  • lifecycle assessment
  • melt-processing
  • recycling
  • packaging
  • medical application
  • composites

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Further information on MDPI's Special Issue policies can be found here.

Published Papers (5 papers)

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Research

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27 pages, 10928 KiB  
Article
Synthesis, Thermal Properties and Decomposition Mechanism of Poly(Ethylene Vanillate) Polyester
by Alexandra Zamboulis, Lazaros Papadopoulos, Zoi Terzopoulou, Dimitrios N. Bikiaris, Dimitra Patsiaoura, Konstantinos Chrissafis, Massimo Gazzano, Nadia Lotti and George Z. Papageorgiou
Polymers 2019, 11(10), 1672; https://doi.org/10.3390/polym11101672 - 14 Oct 2019
Cited by 32 | Viewed by 5488
Abstract
Plastics are perceived as modern and versatile materials, but their use is linked to numerous environmental issues as their production is based on finite raw materials (petroleum or natural gas). Additionally, their low biodegradability results in the accumulation of microplastics. As a result, [...] Read more.
Plastics are perceived as modern and versatile materials, but their use is linked to numerous environmental issues as their production is based on finite raw materials (petroleum or natural gas). Additionally, their low biodegradability results in the accumulation of microplastics. As a result, there is extensive interest in the production of new, environmentally friendly, bio-based and biodegradable polymers. In this context, poly(ethylene vanillate) (PEV) has a great potential as a potentially bio-based alternative to poly(ethylene terephthalate); however, it has not yet been extensively studied. In the present work, the preparation of PEV is reported. The enthalpy and the entropy of fusion of the pure crystalline PEV have been estimated for the first time. Additionally, the equilibrium melting temperature has also been calculated. Furthermore, the isothermal and non-isothermal crystallization behavior are reported in detail, and new insights on the thermal stability and degradation mechanism of PEV are given. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Condensation Polymers and their Applications)
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15 pages, 5490 KiB  
Article
Toughened Poly(lactic acid)/BEP Composites with Good Biodegradability and Cytocompatibility
by Qingguo Wang, Yongxuan Li, Xue Zhou, Tongyao Wang, Liyan Qiu, Yuanchun Gu and Jiabing Chang
Polymers 2019, 11(9), 1413; https://doi.org/10.3390/polym11091413 - 28 Aug 2019
Cited by 8 | Viewed by 3967
Abstract
Using novel biodegradable elastomer particles (BEP) prepared by the technologies of melt polycondensation, emulsification, and irradiation vulcanization, we successfully prepared advanced poly(lactic acid) (PLA)/BEP composites with higher toughness, higher biodegradability, and better cytocompatibility than neat PLA by means of the melt blending technology. [...] Read more.
Using novel biodegradable elastomer particles (BEP) prepared by the technologies of melt polycondensation, emulsification, and irradiation vulcanization, we successfully prepared advanced poly(lactic acid) (PLA)/BEP composites with higher toughness, higher biodegradability, and better cytocompatibility than neat PLA by means of the melt blending technology. The experimental results revealed that the elongation at break of the PLA/BEP composites containing 8 parts per hundred rubber (phr) by weight BEP increased dramatically from 2.9% of neat PLA to 67.1%, and the notched impact strength increased from 3.01 to 7.24 kJ/m2. Meanwhile, the biodegradation rate of the PLA/BEP composites increased dramatically in both soil environment and lipase solution, and the crystallization rate and crystallinity of the PLA/BEP composites increased significantly compared to those of neat PLA. The methyl thiazolyl tetrazolium (MTT) assay also showed that the viability of L929 cells in the presence of extracts of PLA/BEP composites was more than 75%, indicating that the PLA/BEP composites were not cytotoxic and had better cytocompatibility than neat PLA. Research on advanced PLA/BEP composites opens up new potential avenues for preparing advanced PLA products, especially for advanced biomedical materials. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Condensation Polymers and their Applications)
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13 pages, 2329 KiB  
Article
Fabrication and Properties of a Bio-Based Biodegradable Thermoplastic Polyurethane Elastomer
by Zhaoshan Wang, Jieqiong Yan, Tongyao Wang, Yingying Zai, Liyan Qiu and Qingguo Wang
Polymers 2019, 11(7), 1121; https://doi.org/10.3390/polym11071121 - 2 Jul 2019
Cited by 24 | Viewed by 6598
Abstract
Using the melt polycondensation of five bio-based aliphatic monomers (succinic acid, sebacic acid, fumaric acid, 1,3-propanediol, and 1,4-butanediol), we first synthesized the more flexible and biodegradable polyester diols (BPD) with an average molecular weight of 3825. Then, the BPD was polymerized with excessive [...] Read more.
Using the melt polycondensation of five bio-based aliphatic monomers (succinic acid, sebacic acid, fumaric acid, 1,3-propanediol, and 1,4-butanediol), we first synthesized the more flexible and biodegradable polyester diols (BPD) with an average molecular weight of 3825. Then, the BPD was polymerized with excessive 4,4′-diphenylmethane diisocyanate (MDI). Finally, the molecular chain extender of 1,4-butanediol (BDO) was used to fabricate the biodegradable thermoplastic polyurethane elastomer (BTPU), comprising the soft segment of BPD and the hard segment polymerized by MDI and BDO. Atomic force microscope (AFM) images showed the two-phase structure of the BTPU. The tensile strength of the BTPU containing 60% BPD was about 30 MPa and elongation at break of the BTPU was over 800%. Notably, the BTPU had superior biodegradability in lipase solution and the biodegradation weight loss ratio of the BTPU containing 80% BPD reached 36.7% within 14 days in the lipase solution. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Condensation Polymers and their Applications)
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14 pages, 12381 KiB  
Article
New Condensation Polymer Precursors Containing Consecutive Silicon Atoms—Decaisopropoxycyclopentasilane and Dodecaethoxyneopentasilane—And Their Sol–Gel Polymerization
by Sung Jin Park, Myong Euy Lee, Hyeon Mo Cho and Sangdeok Shim
Polymers 2019, 11(5), 841; https://doi.org/10.3390/polym11050841 - 9 May 2019
Cited by 1 | Viewed by 3502
Abstract
The sol–gel polymerization of alkoxysilanes is a convenient and widely used method for the synthesis of silicon polymers and silicon–organic composites. The development of new sol–gel precursors is very important for obtaining new types of sol–gel products. New condensation polymer precursors containing consecutive [...] Read more.
The sol–gel polymerization of alkoxysilanes is a convenient and widely used method for the synthesis of silicon polymers and silicon–organic composites. The development of new sol–gel precursors is very important for obtaining new types of sol–gel products. New condensation polymer precursors containing consecutive silicon atoms—decaisopropoxycyclopentasilane (CPS) and dodecaethoxyneopentasilane (NPS)—were synthesized for the preparation of polysilane–polysiloxane material. The CPS and NPS xerogels were prepared by the sol–gel polymerization of CPS and NPS under three reaction conditions (acidic, basic and neutral). The CPS and NPS xerogels were characterized using N2 physisorption measurements (Brunauer–Emmett–Teller; BET and Brunauer-Joyner-Halenda; BJH), solid-state CP/MAS (cross-polarization/magic angle spinning) NMRs (nuclear magnetic resonances), TEM, and SEM. Their porosity and morphology were strongly affected by the structure of the precursors, and partial oxidative cleavage of Si-Si bonds occurred during the sol–gel process. The new condensation polymer precursors are expected to expand the choice of approaches for new polysilane–polysiloxane. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Condensation Polymers and their Applications)
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Review

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21 pages, 3079 KiB  
Review
Selectively Biodegradable Polyesters: Nature-Inspired Construction Materials for Future Biomedical Applications
by Tomáš Urbánek, Eliézer Jäger, Alessandro Jäger and Martin Hrubý
Polymers 2019, 11(6), 1061; https://doi.org/10.3390/polym11061061 - 19 Jun 2019
Cited by 51 | Viewed by 7418
Abstract
In the last half-century, the development of biodegradable polyesters for biomedical applications has advanced significantly. Biodegradable polyester materials containing external stimuli-sensitive linkages are favored in the development of therapeutic devices for pharmacological applications such as delivery vehicles for controlled/sustained drug release. These selectively [...] Read more.
In the last half-century, the development of biodegradable polyesters for biomedical applications has advanced significantly. Biodegradable polyester materials containing external stimuli-sensitive linkages are favored in the development of therapeutic devices for pharmacological applications such as delivery vehicles for controlled/sustained drug release. These selectively biodegradable polyesters degrade after particular external stimulus (e.g., pH or redox potential change or the presence of certain enzymes). This review outlines the current development of biodegradable synthetic polyesters materials able to undergo hydrolytic or enzymatic degradation for various biomedical applications, including tissue engineering, temporary implants, wound healing and drug delivery. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Condensation Polymers and their Applications)
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