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Ground Based Imaging of Active Volcanic Phenomena

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A special issue of Remote Sensing (ISSN 2072-4292). This special issue belongs to the section "Remote Sensing Image Processing".

Deadline for manuscript submissions: closed (30 June 2021) | Viewed by 15480

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Special Issue Editors

Dr. Philipson Bani

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Guest Editor

Laboratoire Magmas et Volcans, Campus Universitaires des Cézeaux, 63178 Aubière, France
Interests: assess the connection between volcanic emissions, magmatic processes and impacts; volcano monitoring, ground-based remote sensing

Dr. Giancarlo Tamburello

E-Mail Website
Guest Editor

National Institution of Geopphysics and Volcanology, 40100 Bologna, Italy
Interests: volcanic gas geochemistry, volcanic gas-based monitoring and forecasting of volcanic eruptions using real-time in situ and remote techniques

Dr. Tom Pering

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Guest Editor

Department of Geography, University of Sheffield, Western Bank, Sheffield S10 2T, UK
Interests: measurement of sulphur dioxide, using ultra violet cameras; modeling via computational fluid dynamics and laboratory analogues of a variety of degassing modes from basaltic magmas; applying low-cost alternatives to previously expensive methods, particularly by using low-cost computing platforms such as the Raspberry Pi

Special Issue Information

Dear Colleagues,

Thanks to the emerging new technologies and ongoing developments in miniaturization, imaging active and highly dynamic phenomena has pushed ground based remote sensing studies a step further, given the range of the electromagnetic spectrum where images can be recorded in the present days at higher rate and spectral resolution. Resulting images can be interpreted to yield detail and useful information about scenes. The ability of imaging target scenes beyond visible spectral range, with high spectral resolution and at high acquisition rate is a powerful remote sensing technique with numerous applications in volcanology. The properties of thermal radiation to penetrate gases, aerosols dusts and mists combined with high rate imaging cameras, offers not only the possibility to distinctively map the temperature distribution across an observed area but it also captures the temperature variations, heat fluxes, cooling rates of any active phenomena. Such approach has proven useful in capturing rapid gas and mass flux trends associated with explosions, puffing and passive degassing on volcanoes, as well as to constrain dynamic effusive processes. Ultraviolet light interacts with materials in a unique way enabling surface features and characteristics to be observed that are difficult to detect by other methods. Ultraviolet radiation arising from sunlight scattered by atmospheric molecules is often used in the detection SO2 in gas emissions. Multispectral and hyperspectral imaging are becoming available with growing interest to provide further details and characteristics of different objects and processes present in an observed scene. In the visible imaging area, the combination of visible imagery with modern photogrammetric approaches have demonstrated a strong capacity to detect and monitor morphological changes, quantifying volumes, mapping deposits or rocks. This special issue welcomes original papers that explore ground-based ultraviolet, visible and thermal imaging of active volcanic phenomena. Innovative multispectral and hyperspectral imaging on volcanoes are strongly encouraged.

Dr. Philipson Bani
Dr. Giancarlo Tamburello
Dr. Tom Pering
Guest Editors

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Keywords

Ground-based Ultraviolet Imaging
Ground-based Thermal Infrared Imaging
Ground-based Visible Imaging
multi-spectral and hyper-spectral imaging
photogrammetry
lava dome
lava flow
lava lake
pyroclastic flow
lahar
eruption column
eruption plume
volcanic gas
volcanic ash
crater lake
hydrothermal system

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19 pages, 4329 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Dual-Wavelength Polarimetric Lidar Observations of the Volcanic Ash Cloud Produced during the 2016 Etna Eruption

by Luigi Mereu, Simona Scollo, Antonella Boselli, Giuseppe Leto, Ricardo Zanmar Sanchez, Costanza Bonadonna and Frank Silvio Marzano

Remote Sens. 2021, 13(9), 1728; https://doi.org/10.3390/rs13091728 - 29 Apr 2021

Cited by 5 | Viewed by 2019

Abstract

Lidar observations are very useful to analyse dispersed volcanic clouds in the troposphere mainly because of their high range resolution, providing morphological as well as microphysical (size and mass) properties. In this work, we analyse the volcanic cloud of 18 May 2016 at Mt. Etna, in Italy, retrieved by polarimetric dual-wavelength Lidar measurements. We use the AMPLE (Aerosol Multi-Wavelength Polarization Lidar Experiment) system, located in Catania, about 25 km from the Etna summit craters, pointing at a thin volcanic cloud layer, clearly visible and dispersed from the summit craters at the altitude between 2 and 4 km and 6 and 7 km above the sea level. Both the backscattering and linear depolarization profiles at 355 nm (UV, ultraviolet) and 532 nm (VIS, visible) wavelengths, respectively, were obtained using different angles at 20°, 30°, 40° and 90°. The proposed approach inverts the Lidar measurements with a physically based inversion methodology named Volcanic Ash Lidar Retrieval (VALR), based on Maximum-Likelihood (ML). VALRML can provide estimates of volcanic ash mean size and mass concentration at a resolution of few tens of meters. We also compared those results with two methods: Single-variate Regression (SR) and Multi-variate Regression (MR). SR uses the backscattering coefficient or backscattering and depolarization coefficients of one wavelength (UV or VIS in our cases). The MR method uses the backscattering coefficient of both wavelengths (UV and VIS). In absence of in situ airborne validation data, the discrepancy among the different retrieval techniques is estimated with respect to the VALR ML algorithm. The VALR ML analysis provides ash concentrations between about 0.1 μg/m³ and 1 mg/m³ and particle mean sizes of 0.1 μm and 6 μm, respectively. Results show that, for the SR method differences are less than <10%, using the backscattering coefficient only and backscattering and depolarization coefficients. Moreover, we find differences of 20–30% respect to VALR ML, considering well-known parametric retrieval methods. VALR algorithms show how a physics-based inversion approaches can effectively exploit the spectral-polarimetric Lidar AMPLE capability. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Ground Based Imaging of Active Volcanic Phenomena)

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20 pages, 6439 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Two Independent Light Dilution Corrections for the SO₂ Camera Retrieve Comparable Emission Rates at Masaya Volcano, Nicaragua

by Matthew Varnam, Mike Burton, Ben Esse, Giuseppe Salerno, Ryunosuke Kazahaya and Martha Ibarra

Remote Sens. 2021, 13(5), 935; https://doi.org/10.3390/rs13050935 - 3 Mar 2021

Cited by 11 | Viewed by 2208

Abstract

SO₂ cameras are able to measure rapid changes in volcanic emission rate but require accurate calibrations and corrections to convert optical depth images into slant column densities. We conducted a test at Masaya volcano of two SO₂ camera calibration approaches, calibration cells and co-located spectrometer, and corrected both calibrations for light dilution, a process caused by light scattering between the plume and camera. We demonstrate an advancement on the image-based correction that allows the retrieval of the scattering efficiency across a 2D area of an SO₂ camera image. When appropriately corrected for the dilution, we show that our two calibration approaches produce final calculated emission rates that agree with simultaneously measured traverse flux data and each other but highlight that the observed distribution of gas within the image is different. We demonstrate that traverses and SO₂ camera techniques, when used together, generate better plume speed estimates for traverses and improved knowledge of wind direction for the camera, producing more reliable emission rates. We suggest combining traverses and the SO₂ camera should be adopted where possible. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Ground Based Imaging of Active Volcanic Phenomena)

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17 pages, 12698 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Multi-Sensor Analysis of a Weak and Long-Lasting Volcanic Plume Emission

by Simona Scollo, Antonella Boselli, Stefano Corradini, Giuseppe Leto, Lorenzo Guerrieri, Luca Merucci, Michele Prestifilippo, Ricardo Zanmar Sanchez, Alessia Sannino and Dario Stelitano

Remote Sens. 2020, 12(23), 3866; https://doi.org/10.3390/rs12233866 - 25 Nov 2020

Cited by 6 | Viewed by 2477

Abstract

Volcanic emissions are a well-known hazard that can have serious impacts on local populations and aviation operations. Whereas several remote sensing observations detect high-intensity explosive eruptions, few studies focus on low intensity and long-lasting volcanic emissions. In this work, we have managed to fully characterize those events by analyzing the volcanic plume produced on the last day of the 2018 Christmas eruption at Mt. Etna, in Italy. We combined data from a visible calibrated camera, a multi-wavelength elastic/Raman Lidar system, from SEVIRI (EUMETSAT-MSG) and MODIS (NASA-Terra/Aqua) satellites and, for the first time, data from an automatic sun-photometer of the aerosol robotic network (AERONET). Results show that the volcanic plume height, ranging between 4.5 and 6 km at the source, decreased by about 0.5 km after 25 km. Moreover, the volcanic plume was detectable by the satellites up to a distance of about 400 km and contained very fine particles with a mean effective radius of about 7 µm. In some time intervals, volcanic ash mass concentration values were around the aviation safety thresholds of 2 × 10⁻³ g m⁻³. Of note, Lidar observations show two main stratifications of about 0.25 km, which were not observed at the volcanic source. The presence of the double stratification could have important implications on satellite retrievals, which usually consider only one plume layer. This work gives new details on the main features of volcanic plumes produced during low intensity and long-lasting volcanic plume emissions. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Ground Based Imaging of Active Volcanic Phenomena)

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20 pages, 3239 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Ultraviolet Camera Measurements of Passive and Explosive (Strombolian) Sulphur Dioxide Emissions at Yasur Volcano, Vanuatu

by Tehnuka Ilanko, Tom D Pering, Thomas Charles Wilkes, Julia Woitischek, Roberto D’Aleo, Alessandro Aiuppa, Andrew J S McGonigle, Marie Edmonds and Esline Garaebiti

Remote Sens. 2020, 12(17), 2703; https://doi.org/10.3390/rs12172703 - 20 Aug 2020

Cited by 12 | Viewed by 4336

Abstract

Here, we present the first ultraviolet (UV) camera measurements of sulphur dioxide (SO₂) flux from Yasur volcano, Vanuatu, for the period 6–9 July 2018. These data yield the first direct gas-measurement-derived calculations of explosion gas masses at Yasur. Yasur typically exhibits persistent passive gas release interspersed with frequent Strombolian explosions. We used compact forms of the “PiCam” Raspberry Pi UV camera system powered through solar panels to collect images. Our daily median SO₂ fluxes ranged from 4 to 5.1 kg s⁻¹, with a measurement uncertainty of −12.2% to +14.7%, including errors from the gas cell calibration drift, uncertainties in plume direction and distance, and errors from the plume velocity. This work highlights the use of particle image velocimetry (PIV) for plume velocity determination, which was preferred over the typically used cross-correlation and optical flow methods because of the ability to function over a variety of plume conditions. We calculated SO₂ masses for Strombolian explosions ranging 8–81 kg (mean of 32 kg), which to our knowledge is the first budget of explosive gas masses from this target. Through the use of a simple statistical measure using the moving minimum, we estimated that passive degassing is the dominant mode of gas emission at Yasur, supplying an average of ~69% of the total gas released. Our work further highlights the utility of UV camera measurements in volcanology, and particularly the benefit of the multiple camera approach in error characterisation. This work also adds to our inventory of gas-based data, which can be used to characterise the spectrum of Strombolian activity across the globe. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Ground Based Imaging of Active Volcanic Phenomena)

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25 pages, 6724 KiB

Open AccessArticle

First Measurements of Gas Flux with a Low-Cost Smartphone Sensor-Based UV Camera on the Volcanoes of Northern Chile

by Felipe Aguilera, Susana Layana, Felipe Rojas, Pilar Arratia, Thomas C. Wilkes, Cristóbal González, Manuel Inostroza, Andrew J.S. McGonigle, Tom D. Pering and Gabriel Ureta

Remote Sens. 2020, 12(13), 2122; https://doi.org/10.3390/rs12132122 - 2 Jul 2020

Cited by 6 | Viewed by 3499

Abstract

UV cameras have been used for over a decade in order to remotely sense SO₂ emission rates from active volcanoes, and to thereby enhance our understanding of processes related to active and passive degassing. Whilst SO₂ column density retrievals can be more accurate/sophisticated using alternative techniques (e.g., Differential Optical Absorption Spectrometer (DOAS), Correlation Spectrometer (COSPEC)), due to their higher spectral resolutions, UV cameras provide the advantage of high time-resolution emission rates, a much greater spatial resolution, and the ability to simultaneously retrieve plume speeds. Nevertheless, the relatively high costs have limited their uptake to a limited number of research groups and volcanic observatories across the planet. One recent intervention in this regard has been the introduction of the PiCam UV camera, which has considerably lowered instrumental cost. Here we present the first data obtained with the PiCam system from seven persistently degassing volcanoes in northern Chile, demonstrating robust field operation in challenging conditions and over an extended period of time, hence adding credence to the potential of these units for more widespread dissemination to the international volcanic gas measurement community. Small and weak plumes, as well as strongly degassing plumes were measured at distances ranging 0.6–10.8 km from the sources, resulting in a wide range of SO₂ emission rates, varying from 3.8 ± 1.8 to 361 ± 31.6 td⁻¹. Our acquired data are discussed with reference to previously reported emission rates from other ground-based remotely sensed techniques at the same volcanoes, in particular considering: resolution of single plume emissions in multi-plume volcanoes, light dilution, plume geometry, seasonal effects, and the applied plume speed measurement methodology. The main internal/external factors that influence positive/negative PiCam measurements include camera shake, light dilution, and the performance of the OpenCV and control points post processing methods. A simple reprocessing method is presented in order to correct the camera shake. Finally, volcanoes were separated into two distinct groups: low and moderate SO₂ emission rates systems. These groups correlate positively with their volcanological characteristics, especially with the fluid compositions from fumaroles. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Ground Based Imaging of Active Volcanic Phenomena)

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