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PARTS—A 2D Self-Reconfigurable Programmable Mechanical Structure
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Porcospino Flex: A Bio-Inspired Single-Track Robot with a 3D-Printed, Flexible, Compliant Vertebral Column
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Comparative Analysis of Generic and Fine-Tuned Large Language Models for Conversational Agent Systems
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Multi-Robot Task Planning for Efficient Battery Disassembly in Electric Vehicles
Journal Description
Robotics
Robotics
is an international, peer-reviewed, open access journal on robotics published monthly online by MDPI. The IFToMM is affiliated with Robotics and its members receive a discount on the article processing charges.
- Open Access— free for readers, with article processing charges (APC) paid by authors or their institutions.
- High Visibility: indexed within Scopus, ESCI (Web of Science), dblp, Inspec, and other databases.
- Journal Rank: JCR - Q2 (Robotics) / CiteScore - Q1 (Control and Optimization)
- Rapid Publication: manuscripts are peer-reviewed and a first decision is provided to authors approximately 17.3 days after submission; acceptance to publication is undertaken in 2.8 days (median values for papers published in this journal in the second half of 2023).
- Recognition of Reviewers: reviewers who provide timely, thorough peer-review reports receive vouchers entitling them to a discount on the APC of their next publication in any MDPI journal, in appreciation of the work done.
Impact Factor:
2.9 (2023);
5-Year Impact Factor:
3.1 (2023)
Latest Articles
A Digital Twin Infrastructure for NGC of ROV during Inspection
Robotics 2024, 13(7), 96; https://doi.org/10.3390/robotics13070096 - 26 Jun 2024
Abstract
Remotely operated vehicles (ROVs) provide practical solutions for a wide range of activities in a particularly challenging domain, despite their dependence on support ships and operators. Recent advancements in AI, machine learning, predictive analytics, control theories, and sensor technologies offer opportunities to make
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Remotely operated vehicles (ROVs) provide practical solutions for a wide range of activities in a particularly challenging domain, despite their dependence on support ships and operators. Recent advancements in AI, machine learning, predictive analytics, control theories, and sensor technologies offer opportunities to make ROVs (semi) autonomous in their operations and to remotely test and monitor their dynamics. This study moves towards that goal by formulating a complete navigation, guidance, and control (NGC) system for a six DoF BlueROV2, offering a solution to the current challenges in the field of marine robotics, particularly in the areas of power supply, communication, stability, operational autonomy, localization, and trajectory planning. The vehicle can operate (semi) autonomously, relying on a sensor acoustic USBL localization system, tethered communication with the surface vessel for power, and a line of sight (LOS) guidance system. This strategy transforms the path control problem into a heading control problem, aligning the vehicle’s movement with a dynamically calculated reference point along the desired path. The control system uses PID controllers implemented in the navigator flight controller board. Additionally, an infrastructure has been developed that synchronizes and communicates between the real ROV and its digital twin within the Unity environment. The digital twin acts as a visual representation of the ROV’s movements and considers hydrodynamic behaviors. This approach combines the physical properties of the ROV with the advanced simulation and analysis capabilities of its digital counterpart. All findings were validated at the Point Rouge port located in Marseille and at the port of Ancona. The NGC implemented has proven positive vehicle stability and trajectory tracking in time despite external interferences. Additionally, the digital part has proven to be a reliable infrastructure for a future bidirectional communication system.
Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Digital Twin-Based Human–Robot Collaborative Systems)
Open AccessArticle
Temporal Progression of Four Older Adults through Technology Acceptance Phases for a Mobile Telepresence Robot in Domestic Environments
by
Rune Baggett, Martin Simecek, Katherine M. Tsui and Marlena R. Fraune
Robotics 2024, 13(7), 95; https://doi.org/10.3390/robotics13070095 - 22 Jun 2024
Abstract
Loneliness is increasingly common, especially among older adults. Technology like mobile telepresence robots can help people feel less lonely. However, such technology has challenges, and even if people use it in the short term, they may not accept it in the long term.
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Loneliness is increasingly common, especially among older adults. Technology like mobile telepresence robots can help people feel less lonely. However, such technology has challenges, and even if people use it in the short term, they may not accept it in the long term. Prior work shows that it can take up to six months for people to fully accept technology. This study focuses on exploring the nuances and fluidity of acceptance phases. This paper reports a case study of four older adult participants living with a mobile telepresence robot for seven months. In monthly interviews, we explore their progress through the acceptance phases. Results reveal the complexity and fluidity of the acceptance phases. We discuss what this means for technology acceptance. In this paper, we also make coding guidelines for interviews on acceptance phases more concrete. We take early steps in moving toward a more standard interview and coding method to improve our understanding of acceptance phases and how to help potential users progress through them.
Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Social Robots for the Human Well-Being)
Open AccessArticle
Physically Motivated Model of a Painting Brush for Robotic Painting and Calligraphy
by
Artur Karimov, Maksim Strelnikov, Sergei Mazin, Dmitriy Goryunov, Sergey Leonov and Denis Butusov
Robotics 2024, 13(6), 94; https://doi.org/10.3390/robotics13060094 - 20 Jun 2024
Abstract
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Robot artistic painting and robot calligraphy do require brush models for brushstroke simulation and painting robot control. One of the main features of the brush is its compliance, which describes the relationship between the brush footprint shape and the pressure applied to the
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Robot artistic painting and robot calligraphy do require brush models for brushstroke simulation and painting robot control. One of the main features of the brush is its compliance, which describes the relationship between the brush footprint shape and the pressure applied to the brush. In addition, during motion, the brush footprint position lags from the brush handle position in a complicated manner. To date, the question of creating a physically correct model of these effects and choosing the best method for the model parameter calibration has not been presented in the literature. In the current paper, we derive equations of the brush contact patch motion, give their closed-form solutions, and investigate three methods for the brush model calibration: capturing brush footprints on a matte glass with a camera, painting calibration brushstrokes, and capturing a brush shape side projection with a camera. As we show, calibration brushstrokes give us primary information on brush contact patch displacement during painting, and capturing the brush side projection allows the accurate estimation of the gap from the brush tip to the center of the contact patch. Capturing brush footprints is useful for creating a brushstroke executable model. As an example, a model for a round artistic brush was created and verified in three tests, including measuring the coordinates of an angular brushstroke center line, simulating an angular brushstroke, and writing a signature using a robotic setup.
Full article
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Open AccessArticle
Three-Degree-of-Freedom Cable-Driven Parallel Manipulator with Self-Sensing Nitinol Actuators
by
Francesco Durante, Terenziano Raparelli and Pierluigi Beomonte Zobel
Robotics 2024, 13(6), 93; https://doi.org/10.3390/robotics13060093 - 20 Jun 2024
Abstract
This paper presents the design and analysis of a novel 3-degree-of-freedom (3-DOF) parallel manipulator equipped with self-sensing Ni-Ti (Nitinol) actuators. The manipulator’s architecture and mechanical design are elucidated, emphasizing the integration of Nitinol actuators. The self-sensing technique implemented in a previous work was
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This paper presents the design and analysis of a novel 3-degree-of-freedom (3-DOF) parallel manipulator equipped with self-sensing Ni-Ti (Nitinol) actuators. The manipulator’s architecture and mechanical design are elucidated, emphasizing the integration of Nitinol actuators. The self-sensing technique implemented in a previous work was extended to a 20 mm actuator length, and the actuator was used to design the 3-DOF manipulator. Kinematic analyses were conducted to evaluate the manipulator’s performance under various operating conditions. A dynamic model was implemented for the dynamic dimensioning of the actuators, which work synergistically with a bias spring. The manipulator was realized, and a control strategy was implemented. Experimental tests, although documenting some positioning accuracy issues, show the efficacy and potential applications of the proposed manipulator in robotics and automation systems, highlighting the advantages of self-sensing Nitinol actuators in small parallel manipulator designs.
Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Robotics and Parallel Kinematic Machines)
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Open AccessReview
Robotic Animal Use among Older Adults Enrolled in Palliative or Hospice Care: A Scoping Review and Framework for Future Research
by
Allyson Miles, Noelle L. Fields, Michael Bennett, Ling Xu, Karen Magruder, Mary Kris Stringfellow, Benjamin J. Sesay and Swasati Handique
Robotics 2024, 13(6), 92; https://doi.org/10.3390/robotics13060092 - 14 Jun 2024
Abstract
As the population of older adults increases, there is an anticipated rise in the utilization of hospice and palliative care. Many significant advancements in technology have been used to address the unique needs of this demographic; however, an unexplored area of research is
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As the population of older adults increases, there is an anticipated rise in the utilization of hospice and palliative care. Many significant advancements in technology have been used to address the unique needs of this demographic; however, an unexplored area of research is the use of robotic animals as part of end-of-life care. The purpose of this scoping review was to examine the state of the literature on robotic animal use among older adults enrolled in palliative or hospice care and to offer a framework for future research. Following a guide for scoping reviews, we identified relevant studies and then charted, collated, summarized, and reported the data. Two articles were selected for final review. The results found that decreased medication use, behavior change, and emotional benefits were potential outcomes of robotic animal use in hospice and palliative care. Perceptions of the robot and ethical considerations were also discussed. Overall, the study findings point toward the potential uses of robotic animals as part of end-of-life care, however, more empirical research is critically needed.
Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Robots and Artificial Intelligence for a Better Future of Health Care)
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Open AccessArticle
Geometric Approach for Inverse Kinematics of the FANUC CRX Collaborative Robot
by
Manel Abbes and Gérard Poisson
Robotics 2024, 13(6), 91; https://doi.org/10.3390/robotics13060091 - 14 Jun 2024
Abstract
Because they are safe and easy to use, collaborative robots are revolutionizing many sectors, including industry, medicine, and agriculture. Controlling their dynamics, movements, and postures are key points in this evolution. Inverse kinematics is then crucial for robot motion planning. In 6R serial
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Because they are safe and easy to use, collaborative robots are revolutionizing many sectors, including industry, medicine, and agriculture. Controlling their dynamics, movements, and postures are key points in this evolution. Inverse kinematics is then crucial for robot motion planning. In 6R serial robots, achieving a desired pose is possible with different joint combinations. In this paper, our focus lies in studying forward and, mainly, inverse kinematics of the FANUC CRX-10iA cobot, a 6R cobotic arm with a non-spherical wrist. Its specific structural parameters implies that no analytical solutions exist except for some particular situations. FANUC does not provide the complete set of inverse kinematic solutions, even when 16 solutions are possible, only 8 of them are provided in Roboguide software. Furthermore, the existing literature on joints-to-workspace mapping for CRX cobots is currently very limited. It either lacks or provides partial or inconsistent inverse kinematics analysis. We present and detail a novel fully geometric method for numerically solving inverse kinematics meeting the requirement of high precision and a fast response. This approach provides both the exact number of inverse kinematics solutions and the sets of joint angles even for singular configuration. Its effectiveness was verified through simulations using the Roboguide Software and experimentation on the actual CRX-10iA cobot. Several examples (8, 12, or 16 inverse kinematic solutions) have enabled us to validate and prove the robustness and reliability of this geometric approach.
Full article
(This article belongs to the Section Humanoid and Human Robotics)
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Open AccessArticle
Pose Estimation of a Container with Contact Sensing Based on Discrete State Discrimination
by
Daisuke Kato, Yuichi Kobayashi, Daiki Takamori, Noritsugu Miyazawa, Kosuke Hara and Dotaro Usui
Robotics 2024, 13(6), 90; https://doi.org/10.3390/robotics13060090 - 13 Jun 2024
Abstract
In cases where vision is not sufficiently reliable for robots to recognize an object, tactile sensing can be a promising alternative for estimating the object’s pose. In this paper, we consider the task of a robot estimating the pose of a container aperture
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In cases where vision is not sufficiently reliable for robots to recognize an object, tactile sensing can be a promising alternative for estimating the object’s pose. In this paper, we consider the task of a robot estimating the pose of a container aperture in order to select an object. In such a task, if the robot can determine whether its hand with equipped contact sensor is inside or outside the container, estimation of the object’s pose can be improved by reflecting the discrimination to the robotic hand’s exploration strategy. We propose an exploration strategy and an estimation method using discrete state recognition on the basis of a particle filter. The proposed method achieves superior estimation in terms of the number of contact actions, operation time, and stability of estimation efficiency. The pose is estimated with sufficient accuracy that the hand can be inserted into the container.
Full article
(This article belongs to the Section Sensors and Control in Robotics)
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Open AccessArticle
Robust Adaptive-Sliding-Mode Control for Teleoperation Systems with Time-Varying Delays and Uncertainties
by
Yeong-Hwa Chang, Cheng-Yuan Yang and Hung-Wei Lin
Robotics 2024, 13(6), 89; https://doi.org/10.3390/robotics13060089 - 13 Jun 2024
Abstract
Master–slave teleoperation systems with haptic feedback enable human operators to interact with objects or perform tasks in remote environments. This paper presents a sliding-mode control scheme tailored for bilateral teleoperation systems operating in the presence of unknown uncertainties and time-varying delays. To address
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Master–slave teleoperation systems with haptic feedback enable human operators to interact with objects or perform tasks in remote environments. This paper presents a sliding-mode control scheme tailored for bilateral teleoperation systems operating in the presence of unknown uncertainties and time-varying delays. To address unknown but bounded uncertainties, adaptive laws are derived alongside controller design. Additionally, a linear matrix inequality is solved to determine the allowable bound of delays. Stability of the closed-loop system is ensured through Lyapunov–Krasovskii functional analysis. Two-degree-of-freedom mechanisms are self-built as haptic devices. Free-motion and force-perception scenarios are examined, with experimental results validating and comparing performances. The proposed adaptive-sliding-control method increases the position performance from 58.48% to 82.55% and the force performance from 83.48% to 99.77%. The proposed control scheme demonstrates enhanced position tracking and force perception in bilateral teleoperation systems.
Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Adaptive and Nonlinear Control of Robotics)
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Open AccessTechnical Note
Image-to-Image Translation-Based Deep Learning Application for Object Identification in Industrial Robot Systems
by
Timotei István Erdei, Tibor Péter Kapusi, András Hajdu and Géza Husi
Robotics 2024, 13(6), 88; https://doi.org/10.3390/robotics13060088 - 2 Jun 2024
Abstract
Industry 4.0 has become one of the most dominant research areas in industrial science today. Many industrial machinery units do not have modern standards that allow for the use of image analysis techniques in their commissioning. Intelligent material handling, sorting, and object recognition
[...] Read more.
Industry 4.0 has become one of the most dominant research areas in industrial science today. Many industrial machinery units do not have modern standards that allow for the use of image analysis techniques in their commissioning. Intelligent material handling, sorting, and object recognition are not possible with the machinery we have. We therefore propose a novel deep learning approach for existing robotic devices that can be applied to future robots without modification. In the implementation, 3D CAD models of the PCB relay modules to be recognized are also designed for the implantation machine. Alternatively, we developed and manufactured parts for the assembly of aluminum profiles using FDM 3D printing technology, specifically for sorting purposes. We also apply deep learning algorithms based on the 3D CAD models to generate a dataset of objects for categorization using CGI rendering. We generate two datasets and apply image-to-image translation techniques to train deep learning algorithms. The synthesis achieved sufficient information content and quality in the synthesized images to train deep learning algorithms efficiently with them. As a result, we propose a dataset translation method that is suitable for situations in which regenerating the original dataset can be challenging. The results obtained are analyzed and evaluated for the dataset.
Full article
(This article belongs to the Topic Smart Production in Terms of Industry 4.0 and 5.0)
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Open AccessArticle
Design of a Spherical Rover Driven by Pendulum and Control Moment Gyroscope for Planetary Exploration
by
Matteo Melchiorre, Tommaso Colamartino, Martina Ferrauto, Mario Troise, Laura Salamina and Stefano Mauro
Robotics 2024, 13(6), 87; https://doi.org/10.3390/robotics13060087 - 28 May 2024
Abstract
The spherical shape is an interesting approach to develop exploration robots, or rovers, thanks to its capability of ensuring omnidirectional motion and of being basically unsensitive to possible rollovers. This works intends to propose a novel detailed design for such a kind of
[...] Read more.
The spherical shape is an interesting approach to develop exploration robots, or rovers, thanks to its capability of ensuring omnidirectional motion and of being basically unsensitive to possible rollovers. This works intends to propose a novel detailed design for such a kind of robot and to discuss the performance that can be reached by adopting this solution. The work hence introduces the requirements assumed for the design of the robot and discloses the general layout that was selected, which includes a pendulum for motion transmission and two coupled gyroscopes to overcome high, steep obstacles, such as steps. The paper then summarizes the functional design computation carried out to size and selects the components of the system. Eventually, a control algorithm is described and tested on a complete multibody model of the robot. The results in the execution of standard maneuvers such as motion on a horizontal plane, as well as in the overcome of a step, are shown. The energetic balance of the rover is described, and some preliminary consideration about mission planning are reported in the final discussion.
Full article
(This article belongs to the Section Aerospace Robotics and Autonomous Systems)
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Open AccessArticle
Learning Advanced Locomotion for Quadrupedal Robots: A Distributed Multi-Agent Reinforcement Learning Framework with Riemannian Motion Policies
by
Yuliu Wang, Ryusuke Sagawa and Yusuke Yoshiyasu
Robotics 2024, 13(6), 86; https://doi.org/10.3390/robotics13060086 - 28 May 2024
Abstract
Recent advancements in quadrupedal robotics have explored the motor potential of these machines beyond simple walking, enabling highly dynamic skills such as jumping, backflips, and even bipedal locomotion. While reinforcement learning has demonstrated excellent performance in this domain, it often relies on complex
[...] Read more.
Recent advancements in quadrupedal robotics have explored the motor potential of these machines beyond simple walking, enabling highly dynamic skills such as jumping, backflips, and even bipedal locomotion. While reinforcement learning has demonstrated excellent performance in this domain, it often relies on complex reward function tuning and prolonged training times, and the interpretability is not satisfactory. Riemannian motion policies, a reactive control method, excel in handling highly dynamic systems but are generally limited to fully actuated systems, making their application to underactuated quadrupedal robots challenging. To address these limitations, we propose a novel framework that treats each leg of a quadrupedal robot as an intelligent agent and employs multi-agent reinforcement learning to coordinate the motion of all four legs. This decomposition satisfies the conditions for utilizing Riemannian motion policies and eliminates the need for complex reward functions, simplifying the learning process for high-level motion modalities. Our simulation experiments demonstrate that the proposed method enables quadrupedal robots to learn stable locomotion using three, two, or even a single leg, offering advantages in training speed, success rate, and stability compared to traditional approaches, and better interpretability. This research explores the possibility of developing more efficient and adaptable control policies for quadrupedal robots.
Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Applications of Neural Networks in Robot Control)
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Open AccessArticle
Multiple-Object Grasping Using a Multiple-Suction-Cup Vacuum Gripper in Cluttered Scenes
by
Ping Jiang, Junji Oaki, Yoshiyuki Ishihara and Junichiro Ooga
Robotics 2024, 13(6), 85; https://doi.org/10.3390/robotics13060085 - 27 May 2024
Abstract
Multiple-suction-cup grasping can improve the efficiency of bin picking in cluttered scenes. In this paper, we propose a grasp planner for a vacuum gripper to use multiple suction cups to simultaneously grasp multiple objects or an object with a large surface. To take
[...] Read more.
Multiple-suction-cup grasping can improve the efficiency of bin picking in cluttered scenes. In this paper, we propose a grasp planner for a vacuum gripper to use multiple suction cups to simultaneously grasp multiple objects or an object with a large surface. To take on the challenge of determining where to grasp and which cups to activate when grasping, we used 3D convolution to convolve the affordable areas inferred by a neural network with the gripper kernel in order to find graspable positions of sampled gripper orientations. The kernel used for 3D convolution in this work was encoded, including cup ID information, which helps to directly determine which cups to activate by decoding the convolution results. Furthermore, a sorting algorithm is proposed to determine the optimal grasp among the candidates. Our planner exhibited good generality and successfully found multiple-cup grasps in previous affordance map datasets. Our planner also exhibited improved picking efficiency using multiple suction cups in physical robot-picking experiments. Compared with single-object (single-cup) grasping, multiple-cup grasping contributed to , , and increases in efficiency for picking boxes, fruits, and daily necessities, respectively.
Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Advanced Grasping and Motion Control Solutions, Edition II)
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Open AccessArticle
Optimization of Q and R Matrices with Genetic Algorithms to Reduce Oscillations in a Rotary Flexible Link System
by
Carlos Alberto Saldaña Enderica, José Ramon Llata and Carlos Torre-Ferrero
Robotics 2024, 13(6), 84; https://doi.org/10.3390/robotics13060084 - 26 May 2024
Abstract
Automatic control of robots with flexible links has been a pivotal subject in control engineering and robotics due to the challenges posed by vibrations during repetitive movements. These vibrations affect the system’s performance and accuracy, potentially causing errors, wear, and failures. LQR control
[...] Read more.
Automatic control of robots with flexible links has been a pivotal subject in control engineering and robotics due to the challenges posed by vibrations during repetitive movements. These vibrations affect the system’s performance and accuracy, potentially causing errors, wear, and failures. LQR control is a common technique for vibration control, but determining the optimal weight matrices [Q] and [R] is a complex and crucial task. This paper proposes a methodology based on genetic algorithms to define the [Q] and [R] matrices according to design requirements. MATLAB and Simulink, along with data provided by Quanser, will be used to model and evaluate the performance of the proposed approach. The process will include testing and iterative adjustments to optimize performance. The work aims to improve the control of robots with flexible links, offering a methodology that allows for the design of LQR control under the design requirements of controllers used in classical control through the use of genetic algorithms.
Full article
(This article belongs to the Section Industrial Robots and Automation)
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Open AccessArticle
Autonomous Full 3D Coverage Using an Aerial Vehicle, Performing Localization, Path Planning, and Navigation towards Indoors Inventorying for the Logistics Domain
by
Kosmas Tsiakas, Emmanouil Tsardoulias and Andreas L. Symeonidis
Robotics 2024, 13(6), 83; https://doi.org/10.3390/robotics13060083 - 23 May 2024
Abstract
Over the last years, a rapid evolution of unmanned aerial vehicle (UAV) usage in various applications has been observed. Their use in indoor environments requires a precise perception of the surrounding area, immediate response to its changes, and, consequently, a robust position estimation.
[...] Read more.
Over the last years, a rapid evolution of unmanned aerial vehicle (UAV) usage in various applications has been observed. Their use in indoor environments requires a precise perception of the surrounding area, immediate response to its changes, and, consequently, a robust position estimation. This paper provides an implementation of navigation algorithms for solving the problem of fast, reliable, and low-cost inventorying in the logistics industry. The drone localization is achieved with a particle filter algorithm that uses an array of distance sensors and an inertial measurement unit (IMU) sensor. Navigation is based on a proportional–integral–derivative (PID) position controller that ensures an obstacle-free path within the known 3D map. As for the full 3D coverage, an extraction of the targets and then their final succession towards optimal coverage is performed. Finally, a series of experiments are carried out to examine the robustness of the positioning system using different motion patterns and velocities. At the same time, various ways of traversing the environment are examined by using different configurations of the sensor that is used to perform the area coverage.
Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Autonomous Navigation of Mobile Robots in Unstructured Environments)
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Open AccessArticle
Reducing Hand Kinematics by Introducing Grasp-Oriented Intra-Finger Dependencies
by
Tomislav Bazina, Goran Mauša, Saša Zelenika and Ervin Kamenar
Robotics 2024, 13(6), 82; https://doi.org/10.3390/robotics13060082 - 21 May 2024
Abstract
Loss of hand functions, often manifesting in the form of weakness or spasticity from conditions like stroke or multiple sclerosis, poses challenges in performing activities of daily living (ADLs). The broad area of rehabilitation robotics provides the tools and knowledge necessary for implementing
[...] Read more.
Loss of hand functions, often manifesting in the form of weakness or spasticity from conditions like stroke or multiple sclerosis, poses challenges in performing activities of daily living (ADLs). The broad area of rehabilitation robotics provides the tools and knowledge necessary for implementing efficient restorative therapies. These therapies aim to improve hand functionality with minimal therapist intervention. However, the human hand evolved for various precision and power gripping tasks, with its intricate anatomy featuring a large number of degrees of freedom—up to 31—which hinder its modeling in many rehabilitation scenarios. In the process of designing prosthetic devices, instrumented gloves, and rehabilitation devices, there is a clear need to obtain simplified rehabilitation-oriented hand models without compromising their representativeness across the population. This is where the concept of kinematic reduction, focusing on specific grasps, becomes essential. Thus, the objective of this study is to uncover the intra-finger dependencies during finger flexion/extension by analyzing a comprehensive database containing recorded trajectories for 23 different functional movements related to ADLs, involving 77 test subjects. The initial phase involves data wrangling, followed by correlation analysis aimed at selecting 116 dependency-movement relationships across all grasps. A regularized generalized linear model is then applied to select uncorrelated predictors, while a linear mixed-effect model, with reductions based on both predictor significance and effect size, is used for modeling the dependencies. As a final step, agglomerative clustering of models is performed to further facilitate flexibility in tradeoffs in hand model accuracy/reduction, allowing the modeling of finger flexion extensions using 5–15 degrees of freedom only.
Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue AI for Robotic Exoskeletons and Prostheses)
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Open AccessArticle
Autonomous Alignment and Docking Control for a Self-Reconfigurable Modular Mobile Robotic System
by
Shumin Feng, Yujiong Liu, Isaac Pressgrove and Pinhas Ben-Tzvi
Robotics 2024, 13(5), 81; https://doi.org/10.3390/robotics13050081 - 20 May 2024
Abstract
This paper presents the path planning and motion control of a self-reconfigurable mobile robot system, focusing on module-to-module autonomous docking and alignment tasks. STORM, which stands for Self-configurable and Transformable Omni-Directional Robotic Modules, features a unique mode-switching ability and novel docking mechanism design.
[...] Read more.
This paper presents the path planning and motion control of a self-reconfigurable mobile robot system, focusing on module-to-module autonomous docking and alignment tasks. STORM, which stands for Self-configurable and Transformable Omni-Directional Robotic Modules, features a unique mode-switching ability and novel docking mechanism design. This enables the modules that make up STORM to dock with each other and form a variety configurations in or to perform a large array of tasks. The path planning and motion control presented here consists of two parallel schemes. A Lyapunov function-based precision controller is proposed to align the target docking mechanisms in a small range of the target position. Then, an optimization-based path planning algorithm is proposed to help find the fastest path and determine when to switch its locomotion mode in a much larger range. Both numerical simulations and real-world experiments were carried out to validate these proposed controllers.
Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Motion Trajectory Prediction for Mobile Robots)
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Open AccessArticle
CardioXplorer: An Open-Source Modular Teleoperative Robotic Catheter Ablation System
by
Zhouyang Xu, Aya Mutaz Zeidan, Yetao He, Lisa Leung, Calum Byrne, Sachin Sabu, Yuanwei Wu, Zhiyue Chen, Steven E. Williams, Lukas Lindenroth, Jonathan Behar, Christopher Aldo Rinaldi, John Whitaker, Aruna Arujuna, Richard Housden and Kawal Rhode
Robotics 2024, 13(5), 80; https://doi.org/10.3390/robotics13050080 - 19 May 2024
Abstract
Atrial fibrillation, the most prevalent cardiac arrhythmia, is treated by catheter ablation to isolate electrical triggers. Clinical trials on robotic catheter systems hold promise for improving the safety and efficacy of the procedure. However, expense and proprietary designs hinder accessibility to such systems.
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Atrial fibrillation, the most prevalent cardiac arrhythmia, is treated by catheter ablation to isolate electrical triggers. Clinical trials on robotic catheter systems hold promise for improving the safety and efficacy of the procedure. However, expense and proprietary designs hinder accessibility to such systems. This paper details an open-source, modular, three-degree-of-freedom robotic platform for teleoperating commercial ablation catheters through joystick navigation. We also demonstrate a catheter-agnostic handle interface permitting customization with commercial catheters. Collaborating clinicians performed benchtop targeting trials, comparing manual and robotic catheter navigation performance. The robot reduced task duration by 1.59 s across participants and five trials. Validation through mean motion jerk analysis revealed 35.2% smoother robotic navigation for experts (≥10 years experience) compared to the intermediate group. Yet, both groups achieved smoother robot motion relative to the manual approach, with the experts and intermediates exhibiting 42.2% and 13.6% improvements, respectively. These results highlight the potential of this system for enhancing catheter-based procedures. The source code and designs of CardioXplorer have been made publicly available to lower boundaries and drive innovations that enhance procedure efficacy beyond human capabilities.
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(This article belongs to the Section Medical Robotics and Service Robotics)
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Open AccessArticle
A Simulation-Based Framework to Determine the Kinematic Compatibility of an Augmentative Exoskeleton during Walking
by
S. Nagarajan, K. Mohanavelu and S. Sujatha
Robotics 2024, 13(5), 79; https://doi.org/10.3390/robotics13050079 - 17 May 2024
Abstract
Augmentative exoskeletons (AEs) are wearable orthotic devices that, when coupled with a healthy individual, can significantly enhance endurance, speed, and strength. Exoskeletons are function-specific and individual-specific, with a multitude of possible configurations and joint mechanisms. This complexity presents a challenging scenario to quantitatively
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Augmentative exoskeletons (AEs) are wearable orthotic devices that, when coupled with a healthy individual, can significantly enhance endurance, speed, and strength. Exoskeletons are function-specific and individual-specific, with a multitude of possible configurations and joint mechanisms. This complexity presents a challenging scenario to quantitatively determine the optimal choice of the kinematic configuration of the exoskeleton for the intended activity. A comprehensive simulation-based framework for obtaining an optimal configuration of a passive augmentative exoskeleton for backpack load carriage during walking is the theme of this research paper. A musculoskeletal-based simulation approach on 16 possible kinematic configurations with different Degrees of Freedom (DoF) at the exoskeleton structure’s hip, knee, and ankle joints was performed, and a configuration with three DoF at the hip, one DoF at the knee, three DoF at the ankle was quantitatively chosen. The Root Mean Square of Deviations (RMSD) and Maximum Deviations (MaxDev) between the kinematically coupled human–exoskeleton system were used as criteria along with the Cumulative Weight Score (CWS). The chosen configuration from the simulation was designed, realised, and experimentally validated. The error of the joint angles between the simulation and experiments with the chosen configuration was less than 3° at the hip and ankle joints and less than 6° at the knee joints.
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(This article belongs to the Section Neurorobotics)
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Open AccessArticle
Modelling, Analysis and Comparison of Robot Energy Consumption for Three-Dimensional Concrete Printing Technology
by
Daniel Kajzr, Tomáš Myslivec and Josef Černohorský
Robotics 2024, 13(5), 78; https://doi.org/10.3390/robotics13050078 - 14 May 2024
Abstract
The technology used for the 3D printing of buildings from concrete is currently a very relevant and developing topic and appears to be especially advantageous in terms of sustainable production. An important aspect of the sustainability assessment is the energy efficiency of the
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The technology used for the 3D printing of buildings from concrete is currently a very relevant and developing topic and appears to be especially advantageous in terms of sustainable production. An important aspect of the sustainability assessment is the energy efficiency of the printing robots. Printing robots consume a significant amount of energy when printing. It is important to analyse this energy thoroughly and to be able to predict it in order to optimise the movement and control of printing robots to reduce energy consumption. In that paper, we analyse in detail the energy consumption of printing robots, which has not yet been thoroughly investigated in the context of 3D printing building applications. We present a methodology to develop an energy consumption model for a printing robot, specifically developed and optimized for this technology. Our methodology incorporates an innovative approach to determine reduced-efficiency maps, allowing for the inclusion of difficult-to-measure drive efficiency parameters in the model. This results in a comprehensive model of the energy consumption of the printing robot, reflecting its operating characteristics in a real-world environment. An open control system of the printing robot is used for the measurement of energy quantities, and specially developed software tools are introduced. We also present the first direct comparison of the energy consumption of different printing robots when following a uniform printing trajectory. The comparison is made based on the presented methodology to obtain and compare actual energy data from workplaces with printing robots. The methodology combines measured data with energy simulations from ABB RobotStudio, enabling energy comparisons between industrially articulated robots and real printing robots, including the ABB IRB4600, the gantry printing robot, and the printing robot. The experiments clearly demonstrate that the kinematic structure of printing robots significantly affects their energy consumption in 3D printing concrete. Based on the conducted methodologies and analyses, we identify key aspects of energy consumption of printing robots in 3D Construction Printing or 3D Concrete Printing (3DCP) technology. In doing so, we bring a new perspective and provide a basis for further research and development in this previously understudied area.
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(This article belongs to the Section Industrial Robots and Automation)
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Open AccessArticle
PARTS—A 2D Self-Reconfigurable Programmable Mechanical Structure
by
Michael Gerbl, Michael Pieber, Emanuel Ulrich and Johannes Gerstmayr
Robotics 2024, 13(5), 77; https://doi.org/10.3390/robotics13050077 - 14 May 2024
Abstract
Modular self-reconfigurable robots hold the promise of being capable of performing a wide variety of tasks. However, many systems fall short of either delivering this promised functionality due to constraints in system architecture or validating it on functional hardware prototypes. This paper demonstrates
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Modular self-reconfigurable robots hold the promise of being capable of performing a wide variety of tasks. However, many systems fall short of either delivering this promised functionality due to constraints in system architecture or validating it on functional hardware prototypes. This paper demonstrates the functional capabilities of the Planar Adaptive Robot with Triangular Structure (PARTS) and documents the versatility of this robot system using a holistic approach that combines simulations and hardware demonstrations on a prototype with nine fabricated modules. PARTS is a two-dimensional modular robot consisting of modules with a shape-shifting triangular geometry capable of forming adaptable space-covering structures. Meta-modules and mesh restructuring techniques are presented as methods for achieving topological self-reconfiguration. The feasibility of these methods is demonstrated by applying them on a simulated reconfiguration example of 62 modules. The paper showcases the versatility of PARTS on the hardware prototype using task-specific configurations, including locomotion using a meta-module and a walker configuration, module-module interaction by establishing a bridge between two separated module clusters, and interaction with the environment using a gripper and supporting structure configuration. The results validate the versatility and emphasize the potential of the system’s design concept, motivating the transfer of the hardware architecture to the third dimension.
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(This article belongs to the Section Intelligent Robots and Mechatronics)
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