Safety

18 pages, 2533 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Assessing Micromobility Users’ Knowledge of Regulations: Valencia (Spain) Case Study

by Alejandra Sofía Fonseca-Cabrera, David Llopis-Castelló, Ana María Pérez-Zuriaga and Alfredo García

Safety 2025, 11(2), 36; https://doi.org/10.3390/safety11020036 - 14 Apr 2025

Micromobility is a current and growing integrated transport mode that has its own regulations and requirements for riding. In this context, bicycle usage has been regulated years before. However, the coexistence with new micromobility vehicles, such as e-scooters, has generated the necessity of [...] Read more.

Micromobility is a current and growing integrated transport mode that has its own regulations and requirements for riding. In this context, bicycle usage has been regulated years before. However, the coexistence with new micromobility vehicles, such as e-scooters, has generated the necessity of the development of additional regulatory frameworks. Administrators and technicians have been working for the last 7 years on this aspect. However, a proper evaluation from the user perspective has not been carried out. Thus, there is a need to identify whether micromobility users are aware of the regulations that they must comply with. This research has analyzed the users’ knowledge through a survey, a transport-typical data collection method, but used implicitly as an evaluation, where a score was obtained per user. As a result, the average score obtained was 4.5, reflecting an insufficient qualification. Additionally, statistically significant differences were found between the average score obtained between cyclists and personal mobility vehicle (PMV) users, as well as mean differences between age, micromobility vehicle, ownership, and holding a driver’s license. In conclusion, a new gap has been found in relation to micromobility users’ behavior that has to be addressed. Full article

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15 pages, 640 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Effectiveness of Toolbox Talks as a Workplace Safety Intervention in the United States: A Scoping Review

by Gregory D. Kearney, Jamie Hisel and John A. Staley

Safety 2025, 11(2), 35; https://doi.org/10.3390/safety11020035 - 14 Apr 2025

Abstract

Toolbox Talks are widely adopted and valued by supervisors and safety managers as a core component of occupational safety and health training, yet their effectiveness as an intervention has not been systematically evaluated in the peer-reviewed literature. Persistently high rates of occupational fatalities [...] Read more.

Toolbox Talks are widely adopted and valued by supervisors and safety managers as a core component of occupational safety and health training, yet their effectiveness as an intervention has not been systematically evaluated in the peer-reviewed literature. Persistently high rates of occupational fatalities and injuries, particularly among high-risk industries, compounded by an increasingly diverse workforce, involving linguistic diversity, high turnover, and mobile job sites, highlight the urgent need for evidence-based approaches to safety training. This scoping review addresses this gap by examining the effectiveness of Toolbox Talks as an occupational safety intervention through three guiding questions focused on their reported impact, implementation challenges, and the best practices and delivery methods that enhance their effectiveness. The Adult Learning Theory served as the framework to assess evidence-based studies. Four bibliographic databases were used to search for studies published between 2000 and 2024. Data were charted based on effectiveness, measured as outcomes, and categorized as any combination of safety knowledge, attitudes, beliefs, behavior, or health outcomes. Unforeseen challenges and recommended best practices were gleaned from each study to provide additional insight. A total of fourteen (14) studies met our inclusion criteria, with the majority centered on construction workplaces (n = 10). Reported effectiveness outcome measures were positive across all studies, with notable improvements in workers’ safety knowledge. Training challenges encountered included worker disengagement, language diversity, and production pressures. Recommended best practices for increasing Toolbox Talk training effectiveness included conducting regularly scheduled training, engaging workers, training supervisors, and providing culturally appropriate and tailored materials. While Toolbox Talks demonstrate significant potential to enhance workplace safety, their effectiveness is hinged on the quality of content and delivery methods, particularly when aligned with adult learning principles that emphasize relevance, engagement, and experimental learning. Future research should explore how emerging technologies, such as e-learning platforms, combined with cultural inclusive approaches and long-term impact assessments, can optimize the design and implementation of Toolbox Talks across diverse occupational settings. Full article

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22 pages, 5036 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Occupational Health and Safety Management System of a South African University Setting

by Ntombenhle Mtikitiki, Benett Siyabonga Madonsela, Thabang Maphanga, Karabo Shale, Xolisiwe Sinalo Grangxabe and Tshidi Mokgatsane Baloyi

Safety 2025, 11(2), 34; https://doi.org/10.3390/safety11020034 - 10 Apr 2025

Abstract

The quality of education is significantly influenced by occupational health and safety (OHS) measures. To this end, a safety incident at a university could have far-reaching negative effects on facilitating teaching and learning for both lecturers and students. Although OHS standards are widely [...] Read more.

The quality of education is significantly influenced by occupational health and safety (OHS) measures. To this end, a safety incident at a university could have far-reaching negative effects on facilitating teaching and learning for both lecturers and students. Although OHS standards are widely established in numerous industries, they are often overlooked in the academic setting. It is for this reason that, to date, research gap exists in OHS systems in academic settings. While universities primarily focus on education, they also pose significant health and safety risks to staff and students due to their design and setup. Effective implementation of an occupational health and safety management system (OHSMS) within universities can mitigate these risks. However, there is a notable lack of research focusing on the efficiency of OHSMS in South African universities. This study, therefore, aimed to fill this gap by assessing the efficiency of the OHSMS at a South African university. Data were collected using in-depth interviews, observations, and document analysis qualitative research methods. Data analysis was carried out using the thematic analysis approach. Inductive logic was used in the interpretation of the current study results. This study highlights that while there is strong awareness of the OHS Act 85 of 1993 (>90%) among university staff, significant gaps exist in the communication and enforcement (5%) of OHS policy, alongside the poor communication of hazards and risks (30%). Amongst other challenges are infrastructure maintenance (>35%), as well as the lack of standard operation procedures (>5%). To address some of these setbacks, the current study recommends enhancing policy communication, conducting regular hazard assessments, increasing training participation, and improving documentation practices. These steps aim to improve the efficiency and effectiveness of the university’s OHSMS, ensuring a safer environment for all stakeholders. Full article

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24 pages, 4556 KiB

Open AccessReview

Trends in Safety Culture Research: A Scopus Analysis

by Al-Baraa Abdulrahman Al-Mekhlafi, Noreen Kanwal, Mohammed Nasser Alhajj, Ahmad Shahrul Nizam Isha and Abdullah O. Baarimah

Safety 2025, 11(2), 33; https://doi.org/10.3390/safety11020033 - 7 Apr 2025

Abstract

Safety culture plays a vital role in creating safer work environments, making its understanding important. This paper comprehensively analyzes safety culture research trends through a bibliometric study using the Scopus database. This study provided a full insight by analyzing 7058 papers published between [...] Read more.

Safety culture plays a vital role in creating safer work environments, making its understanding important. This paper comprehensively analyzes safety culture research trends through a bibliometric study using the Scopus database. This study provided a full insight by analyzing 7058 papers published between 1978 and 2023, employing the PRISMA method and VOSviewer 1.6.19 for bibliometric mapping. The USA, England, China, and Australia are the leading contributors, with Johns Hopkins University being the most active institution. Approximately 75% of publications are co-authored, indicating strong collaboration in this field. Guldenmund (2000) is the most referenced work in safety culture research. Based on the results, this work identifies significant geographical gaps, particularly in Oceania, South America, the Middle East, Southeast Asia, and Africa, as well as underexplored sectors such as transportation, logistics, energy, sports, education, and construction. The COVID-19 pandemic has profoundly impacted research in this area, particularly healthcare, while potentially diverting attention from other critical sectors. This study contributes a fresh perspective on the trends of safety culture research, offering valuable insights for scholars and practitioners. Additionally, it highlights the importance of interdisciplinary collaboration in addressing the unique challenges faced by safety culture across diverse industries and regions. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Safety and Risk Management in Process Industries)

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12 pages, 1604 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Trends in Bicycle Accidents and Injury Analysis in Poland: Insights from 2016 to 2023

by Sebastian Glowinski, Szymon Rzepczyk and Maciej Obst

Safety 2025, 11(2), 32; https://doi.org/10.3390/safety11020032 - 2 Apr 2025

Abstract

Bicycle safety remains a critical concern as cycling gains popularity, especially in urban areas where traffic conditions pose significant risks. The increasing presence of bicycles and derivatives of them further complicates traffic dynamics, raising the potential for accidents and injuries. This study examines [...] Read more.

Bicycle safety remains a critical concern as cycling gains popularity, especially in urban areas where traffic conditions pose significant risks. The increasing presence of bicycles and derivatives of them further complicates traffic dynamics, raising the potential for accidents and injuries. This study examines bicycle accident trends in Poland from 2016 to 2023 using data provided by the Polish Police, supplemented with medical insights on injury mechanisms. The analysis highlights key patterns, such as the higher incidence of accidents during summer, fewer accidents on weekends compared to weekdays, and the disproportionate fatality rate among cyclists over 60. Failure to yield the right of way emerges as a leading cause of accidents. These findings underscore the need for a multifaceted approach to improving cyclist safety, including infrastructural enhancements, public education, stricter enforcement of traffic laws, and advancements in medical response and protective gear. Addressing these factors can contribute to a safer environment that supports the continued growth of sustainable and active transportation. Full article

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30 pages, 3827 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Digital Approaches for Mitigating Occupational Vibration Exposure in the Context of Industry 4.0

by Doru Costin Darabont, Lucian-Ionel Cioca and Daniel Onut Badea

Safety 2025, 11(2), 31; https://doi.org/10.3390/safety11020031 - 1 Apr 2025

Abstract

Whole-body vibration (WBV) exposure presents occupational health risks across multiple industries, particularly in tasks involving heavy machinery and prolonged seating. This study examines WBV risk factors, intervention strategies, and the potential for digital monitoring solutions to strengthen workplace safety. A sector-wide analysis assessed [...] Read more.

Whole-body vibration (WBV) exposure presents occupational health risks across multiple industries, particularly in tasks involving heavy machinery and prolonged seating. This study examines WBV risk factors, intervention strategies, and the potential for digital monitoring solutions to strengthen workplace safety. A sector-wide analysis assessed vibration exposure levels, worker-reported discomfort, and the effectiveness of the existing control measures. The study introduces a conceptual framework for a mobile application designed to integrate real-time exposure tracking, structured worker feedback, and predictive risk assessment. The findings confirm that WBV exposure varies across industries, with the energy and maritime logistics sectors showing the highest levels of noncompliance. A tiered intervention strategy, classified by impact and effort, provides a structured method for prioritizing risk reduction measures. Immediate actions, such as real-time monitoring and preventive maintenance, require minimal effort but provide high-impact benefits, while long-term strategies, including ergonomic workstation redesign, demand greater investment but contribute to sustained exposure reduction. The proposed framework offers a scalable, data-driven approach to WBV risk management, transitioning workplace safety from compliance-based monitoring to proactive prevention. Future research should explore implementation feasibility, worker adoption, and the integration of AI-driven safety recommendations to support continuous improvements in workplace safety strategies. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Occupational Safety Challenges in the Context of Industry 4.0)

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19 pages, 1804 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Occupational Risks in a Brazilian Aluminum Forming Industry: Risk Analysis and Work Environment

by Maressa Fontana Mezoni, Antonio Augusto de Paula Xavier, Sheila Regina Oro, Sergio Luiz Ribas Pessa, Maiquiel Schmidt de Oliveira and Vilmar Steffen

Safety 2025, 11(2), 30; https://doi.org/10.3390/safety11020030 - 30 Mar 2025

Abstract

Data on work accidents reflect the incidence of harm to workers’ health and occupational diseases, supported by studies that indicate the influence of length of service on service, age, and dominant skills as contributing factors to occupational accidents. This study aimed to assess [...] Read more.

Data on work accidents reflect the incidence of harm to workers’ health and occupational diseases, supported by studies that indicate the influence of length of service on service, age, and dominant skills as contributing factors to occupational accidents. This study aimed to assess whether the working environment conditions were favorable to workers and to determine whether gender, age, and length of service influenced the occurrence of work-related accidents. The goal was to identify and mitigate risk factors to improve worker health. Descriptive statistics techniques, including Pearson correlation, Analysis of Variance, the Tukey’s test, and Cluster Analysis were applied. Additionally, a categorical variable analysis (survey) was conducted to assess the work environment, alongside postural analysis using the OWAS (Ovako Working Posture Analyzing System) method. The results revealed noise levels exceeding recommended limits in almost all investigated sectors, as well as inadequate illuminance and temperature conditions on the production line. The clustering analysis identified three distinct groups. Group 1: Individuals aged 18 to 27 with little experience in the activity, of whom 42% reported pain or discomfort. Group 2: Older operators with 62% experiencing pain or discomfort. Group 3: Young male workers with experience in the role, a higher incident of work accidents, and alcohol consumption up to three times a week, of whom 50% reported pain or discomfort. Statistical inference allowed the identification of process deficiencies and a detailed analysis of work-related pain through self-perceived diagnosis, enabling corrective actions to similar processes and contributing to existing research. Full article

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16 pages, 1572 KiB

Open AccessArticle

A Study on the Factors Affecting Safety Behaviors and Safety Performance in the Manufacturing Sector: Job Demands-Resources Approach

by Hyun Jeong Seo, Seung-Yoon Rhee and Nam Kyun Kim

Safety 2025, 11(2), 29; https://doi.org/10.3390/safety11020029 - 24 Mar 2025

Abstract

(1) Background: The dynamic nature of workplaces highlights the urgent need for effective strategies to promote a safe working environment and enhance workers’ well-being. These strategies must address both organizational safety performance and individual safety behaviors. (2) Methods: This study employed the job [...] Read more.

(1) Background: The dynamic nature of workplaces highlights the urgent need for effective strategies to promote a safe working environment and enhance workers’ well-being. These strategies must address both organizational safety performance and individual safety behaviors. (2) Methods: This study employed the job demands-resources (JD-R) model to examine the impact of workplace factors on safety behaviors and organizational safety performance among 3255 manufacturing companies. The data utilized in this study originate from the 10th Occupational Safety and Health Status Survey by the Korea Occupational Safety and Health Research Institute (KOSHA). (3) Results: Occupational stressors involving physical and psychological risks (job demand) significantly reduced employees’ adherence to safety practices while increasing workplace diseases and accidents. Conversely, when job resources were effectively mobilized to bolster individual resources, safety behaviors improved, and the incidence of workplace diseases and accidents decreased. Middle managers’ safety competency emerged as a critical moderating factor in these relationships, amplifying the positive impact of job resources. (4) Conclusions: The results highlight the necessity of managing physical and emotional hazards while enhancing middle managers’ abilities to promote workplace safety. A multidimensional approach is essential for preventing workplace accidents and improving safety outcomes. Implementing a comprehensive stress management system is particularly vital to safeguarding workers in the manufacturing industry. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Occupational Health and Safety (OHS): Emerging Trends and Future Directions)

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22 pages, 2173 KiB

Open AccessArticle

The Relationship Between Safety Climate and Safety Performance in the Large-Scale Building Construction Industry in Ethiopia: A Structural Equation Model Using the NOSACQ-50 Tool

by Teferi Abegaz, Wakgari Deressa and Bente Elisabeth Moen

Safety 2025, 11(1), 28; https://doi.org/10.3390/safety11010028 - 12 Mar 2025

Abstract

A cross-sectional study of safety climate and safety performance was performed in Ethiopian construction sites, among 1203 workers from 22 large-scale construction sites. The Nordic Safety Climate Questionnaire was administered using interviews. We developed a model to show the interrelations between safety climate [...] Read more.

A cross-sectional study of safety climate and safety performance was performed in Ethiopian construction sites, among 1203 workers from 22 large-scale construction sites. The Nordic Safety Climate Questionnaire was administered using interviews. We developed a model to show the interrelations between safety climate and performance. This model was examined using factor analysis. Low scores for all seven safety climate dimensions were found, with values ranging from 2.33 to 3.08 and a mean of 2.70. Similarly, the mean score of the safety performance construct was 2.95 for safety participation and 3.58 for safety compliance. A strong positive correlation was found between safety climate and safety performance, and safety involvement accounted for 29.2% of the variance, while safety compliance accounted for 28.6% of the variance. The suggested association between self-reported injuries and safety climate was not confirmed. Nonetheless, Pearson correlation analysis demonstrated a statistically significant negative correlation with safety climate. In conclusion, low scores for all safety climate dimensions show that safety on construction sites must be improved. The safety climate positively influences employees’ safety behavior (safety compliance and safety participation) and minimizes occupational injuries. Full article

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29 pages, 541 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Preliminary Safety Assessment of a Liquid Hydrogen Storage System for Commercial Aviation

by Mirko Simonetto, John-Alan Pascoe and Alexei Sharpanskykh

Safety 2025, 11(1), 27; https://doi.org/10.3390/safety11010027 - 11 Mar 2025

Abstract

The development of liquid hydrogen storage systems is a key aspect to enable future clean air transportation. However, safety analysis research for such systems is still limited and is hindered by the limited experience with liquid hydrogen storage in aviation. This paper presents [...] Read more.

The development of liquid hydrogen storage systems is a key aspect to enable future clean air transportation. However, safety analysis research for such systems is still limited and is hindered by the limited experience with liquid hydrogen storage in aviation. This paper presents the outcomes of a preliminary safety assessment applied to this new type of storage system, accounting for the hazards of hydrogen. The methodology developed is based on hazard identification and frequency evaluation across all system features to identify the most critical safety concerns. Based on the safety assessment, a set of safety recommendations concerning different subsystems of the liquid hydrogen storage system is proposed, identifying hazard scopes and necessary mitigation actions across various system domains. The presented approach has been proven to be suitable for identifying essential liquid hydrogen hazards despite the novelty of the technology and for providing systematic design recommendations at a relatively early design stage. Full article

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18 pages, 2560 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Exploring Vibrotactile Displays to Support Hazard Awareness in Multitasking Control Tasks for Heavy Machinery Work

by S. M. Ashif Hossain, Allen Yin and Thomas K. Ferris

Safety 2025, 11(1), 26; https://doi.org/10.3390/safety11010026 - 11 Mar 2025

Abstract

(1) Background: The safe execution of heavy machinery operations and high-risk construction tasks requires operators to manage multiple tasks, with a constant awareness of coworkers and hazards. With high demands on visual and auditory resources, vibrotactile feedback systems offer a solution to enhance [...] Read more.

(1) Background: The safe execution of heavy machinery operations and high-risk construction tasks requires operators to manage multiple tasks, with a constant awareness of coworkers and hazards. With high demands on visual and auditory resources, vibrotactile feedback systems offer a solution to enhance awareness without overburdening vision or hearing. (2) Aim: This study evaluates the impact of vibrotactile feedback regarding proximity to hazards on multitasking performance and cognitive workload in order to support hazard awareness in a controlled task environment. (3) Method: Twenty-four participants performed a joystick-controlled navigation task and a concurrent mental spatial rotation task. Proximity to hazards in the navigation task was conveyed via different encodings of vibrotactile feedback: No Vibration, Intensity-Modulation, Pulse Duration, and Pulse Spacing. Performance metrics, including obstacle collisions, target hits, contact time, and accuracy, were assessed alongside perceived workload. (4) Results: Intensity-Modulated feedback reduced obstacle collisions and proximity time, while lowering workload, compared to No Vibration. No significant effects were found on spatial rotation accuracy, indicating that vibrotactile feedback effectively guides navigation and supports spatial awareness. (5) Conclusions: This study highlights the potential of vibrotactile feedback to improve navigation performance and hazard awareness, offering valuable insights into multimodal safety systems in high-demand environments. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue New Horizons in Occupational Health and Safety: Engineering and Management Aspects)

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31 pages, 9859 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Design of Manual Handling Carts: A Novel Approach Combining Corrective Forces and Modelling to Prevent Injuries

by Stephane Gille

Safety 2025, 11(1), 25; https://doi.org/10.3390/safety11010025 - 10 Mar 2025

Abstract

Design standards for manual handling equipment tend to measure maximal loads and moving forces using a smooth, flat, horizontal steel plate; yet, in everyday use, such equipment is used on floor coverings. Such test methods therefore overestimate the maximal loads acceptable for operators, [...] Read more.

Design standards for manual handling equipment tend to measure maximal loads and moving forces using a smooth, flat, horizontal steel plate; yet, in everyday use, such equipment is used on floor coverings. Such test methods therefore overestimate the maximal loads acceptable for operators, which increases the risk of injury including the development of musculoskeletal disorders. This study presents a new approach for calculating the pushing force for manually handled equipment moving longitudinally on resilient floor coverings from the pushing force measured on a steel plate. This method combines corrective forces with the pushing force model presented in this study. Corrective force abaci, which describe corrective forces as functions of the hardness of the floor covering’s base foam, are provided for each type of tread and bearing in the cart’s wheels. These abaci have been elaborated from pushing force measurements obtained with 44 wheel designs (of varying diameters, treads and bearings) tested on five different floors on a custom-built test bench. A mean deviation between experimental results and model predictions of 5.1% is obtained for pushing forces. These results permit us to account for the real conditions in which manual handling equipment is used and help in reducing the incidence of musculoskeletal disorders. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue New Horizons in Occupational Health and Safety: Engineering and Management Aspects)

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31 pages, 1827 KiB

Open AccessArticle

A Risk-Informed Design Framework for Functional Safety System Design of Human–Robot Collaboration Applications

by Jing Wu, Junru Ren, Ole Ravn and Lazaros Nalpantidis

Safety 2025, 11(1), 24; https://doi.org/10.3390/safety11010024 - 2 Mar 2025

Abstract

The safety of robotics and automation technologies is a significant concern for stakeholders in Industry 5.0. Ensuring cost-effectiveness and inherent safety requires applying the defense-in-depth principle. This paper introduces a novel risk-informed design framework for functional safety, integrating function-centered hazard identification and risk [...] Read more.

The safety of robotics and automation technologies is a significant concern for stakeholders in Industry 5.0. Ensuring cost-effectiveness and inherent safety requires applying the defense-in-depth principle. This paper introduces a novel risk-informed design framework for functional safety, integrating function-centered hazard identification and risk assessment via fault tree analysis (FTA). Demonstrated in the design of a semi-automated agricultural vehicle, the framework begins with a function-centered hazard identification approach (F-CHIA) based on ISO 12100. It examined design intents, identified hazard zones, and conducted task and function identification. Foreseeable functional hazardous situations are analyzed, leading to functional requirements and the identification of relevant directives, regulations, and standards. The F-CHIA outputs inform the functional safety analysis, assessing the required performance level and deriving specific requirements for software, hardware, and human operators using FTA. The functional requirements derived from F-CHIA are more systematic than traditional methods and serve as effective inputs for functional safety analysis in human–robot collaboration applications. The proposed framework enables design teams to focus on enhancing factors that improve functional safety performance levels, resulting in a more thorough and effective safety design process. Full article

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21 pages, 307 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Study on Safety Culture Following the Implementation of a Near-Miss Management System in the Traditional Manufacturing Industry

by Maria H. Pedrosa, Ana K. Salazar, Carla Cardoso and Joana C. Guedes

Safety 2025, 11(1), 23; https://doi.org/10.3390/safety11010023 - 2 Mar 2025

Abstract

Safety culture is crucial for organisations aiming to enhance safety performance and is challenging in traditional sectors. This study explored the effects of a new near-miss management system (NMS) on safety culture in traditional manufacturing companies. The data collection followed a mixed-methods design: [...] Read more.

Safety culture is crucial for organisations aiming to enhance safety performance and is challenging in traditional sectors. This study explored the effects of a new near-miss management system (NMS) on safety culture in traditional manufacturing companies. The data collection followed a mixed-methods design: quantitative data were collected through pre- and post-implementation surveys, and qualitative data were derived from focus group discussions (FGDs) developed a year after NMS implementation in two footwear companies. After that period, it is possible to infer that the NMS led to changes in the safety culture. OHS management commitment, accident and near-miss investigation, and OHS meetings and training dimensions were impacted. Employees perceived the NMS introduction as a signal of management′s commitment and the possibility of accessing training and participating in near-miss and accident investigations. In organisations that rely on intensive manual labour, ongoing training is essential to ensure that safety measures are effective and that the organisation′s safety management system (NMS) is sustainable. Although limited by the small sample size and sector focus, the results show that even a simplified NMS procedure adapted to the company and adequate training provided to the workforce significantly impacts the company′s safety culture and workers′ safety behaviour. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Occupational Health and Safety (OHS): Emerging Trends and Future Directions)

24 pages, 1976 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Levels of Automation for a Computer-Based Procedure for Simulated Nuclear Power Plant Operation: Impacts on Workload and Trust

by Jacquelyn Schreck, Gerald Matthews, Jinchao Lin, Sean Mondesire, David Metcalf, Kelly Dickerson and John Grasso

Safety 2025, 11(1), 22; https://doi.org/10.3390/safety11010022 - 2 Mar 2025

Abstract

Nuclear power plants increasingly utilize digitalized systems, including computer-based procedures (CBPs) and automation. These novel technologies require human factors’ evaluation to ensure safety. Potentially, automation contributes to safety by reducing workload, but automation may also induce a loss of situation awareness and trust [...] Read more.

Nuclear power plants increasingly utilize digitalized systems, including computer-based procedures (CBPs) and automation. These novel technologies require human factors’ evaluation to ensure safety. Potentially, automation contributes to safety by reducing workload, but automation may also induce a loss of situation awareness and trust miscalibration. The current study investigated workload during a simulated nuclear power plant (NPP) emergency operation procedure (EOP) executed using a CBP supported by automation. Two levels of automation (LOA) were compared within subjects: management-by-consent (lower LOA) and management-by-exception (higher LOA). Subjective workload and trust were assessed, together with objective psychophysiological and performance-based workload measures. LOA effects varied across the different workload measures. The hypothesis that workload would be reduced at the higher LOA was confirmed for a behavioral measure (secondary task response time). However, other metrics, including instantaneous self-assessment (ISA) and heart rate variability (HRV), showed increased workload at the higher LOA. Different LOAs may produce differing operator strategies that require multivariate workload assessment to evaluate. Effect sizes for the impact of LOA on workload were indexed by Cohen’s d. Several of these effect sizes were in the 0.4–0.6 range, indicating effects of medium magnitude. In addition, subjective workload data were compared with those from a previous study that simulated conventional NPP operations. As anticipated, workload tended to be lower with the automated procedure. The study suggests future directions for human factors research on plant modernization. Full article

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17 pages, 2404 KiB

Open AccessArticle

An Exploratory Study: Performance Differences Between Novice Teen and Senior Drivers Using Interactive Exercises on a Driving Simulator

by Johnell O. Brooks, Rakesh Gangadharaiah, Patrick J. Rosopa, Casey Jenkins, Elenah B. Rosopa, Rebecca Pool, Lauren Mims, Breno Schwambach, Timothy Jenkins and Ken Melnrick

Safety 2025, 11(1), 21; https://doi.org/10.3390/safety11010021 - 2 Mar 2025

Abstract

Clinicians who do not specialize in driving have a need for simple assessment tools for both the aging population and new drivers. While many researchers focus on complex driving scenarios presented on simulators or on-road driving, this exploratory study examines the use of [...] Read more.

Clinicians who do not specialize in driving have a need for simple assessment tools for both the aging population and new drivers. While many researchers focus on complex driving scenarios presented on simulators or on-road driving, this exploratory study examines the use of interactive exercises presented using a driving simulator to determine if there are differences in the speed at which senior and novice teen drivers respond to the steering wheel and pedal stimuli. This gap is addressed by evaluating performance differences between 34 senior drivers (over 60) and 17 novice teen drivers (ages 16–17) using interactive exercises with a driving simulator: Reaction Timer Steering©, Reaction Timer Stoplight©, and Stoplight and Steering©. Overall, teens had faster reaction times and fewer errors than seniors, yet seniors demonstrated greater improvement over time. Reaction times decreased for both age groups using the Reaction Timer Stoplight exercise. For the Stoplight and Steering exercise, significant differences between the groups were identified for both the number of errors as well as their reaction times. The findings from this exploratory study suggest the potential value of using driving simulators for assessment and potentially training the motor movements associated with driving across different age groups. By providing safe and controlled environments, simulators offer value to clinicians and educators for evaluations, interventions, and skill screenings to potentially improve safety for at-risk driver populations. Full article

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28 pages, 1326 KiB

Open AccessReview

A Systematic Literature Review of Cargo Loss Risks in Road Transportation: Impacts and Future Directions

by Praiya Panjee, Varunya Kaewchueaknang and Sataporn Amornsawadwatana

Safety 2025, 11(1), 20; https://doi.org/10.3390/safety11010020 - 26 Feb 2025

Abstract

This systematic literature review aims to identify and discuss specific cargo loss risks in road transportation. The research also examines their impacts, challenges, and mitigation strategies. By synthesizing insights from 24 studies using a systematic snowballing methodology, this study categorizes risks into five [...] Read more.

This systematic literature review aims to identify and discuss specific cargo loss risks in road transportation. The research also examines their impacts, challenges, and mitigation strategies. By synthesizing insights from 24 studies using a systematic snowballing methodology, this study categorizes risks into five primary domains: Man, Method, Machine, Material, and Environment. Specifically, the review highlights major cargo loss risks within the context of road transportation. A fishbone diagram illustrates the multifactorial interactions that contribute to cargo loss. Emerging technological solutions, such as predictive analytics, IoT-enabled monitoring, and advanced packaging designs, are explored as key strategies to mitigate these risks. The findings emphasize the need for a comprehensive approach to enhance road transport safety, reduce cargo loss, and strengthen the resilience of global supply chains. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Road Traffic Risk Assessment: Control and Prevention of Collisions)

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13 pages, 1643 KiB

Open AccessCase Report

Sudden Incapacitation Due to Cardiovascular Disease in Elderly Pilots: Lessons Learned from Two Fatal Accidents of Elderly General Aviation Pilots in Finland

by Alpo Vuorio, Janne Kotiranta, Ismo Aaltonen, Juho Posio, Tiina Bieber and Bruce Budowle

Safety 2025, 11(1), 19; https://doi.org/10.3390/safety11010019 - 25 Feb 2025

Abstract

Investigations of aviation accidents are based on provisions of the International Civil Aviation Organization (ICAO) Annex 13 agreement. A safety recommendation may be addressed to international aviation organizations, such as the European Aviation Safety Agency (EASA) and the ICAO, by the Accident Investigation [...] Read more.

Investigations of aviation accidents are based on provisions of the International Civil Aviation Organization (ICAO) Annex 13 agreement. A safety recommendation may be addressed to international aviation organizations, such as the European Aviation Safety Agency (EASA) and the ICAO, by the Accident Investigation Agency of any country, following a safety investigation into an occurrence. This process also promotes learning from smaller aviation accidents internationally. This article highlights two relatively small aviation accidents in Finland from 2016 and 2021, respectively, both of which fall under general aviation and have led to significant aeromedical safety recommendations for the EASA and the ICAO. In the 2016 accident, a general aviation pilot, who had previously suffered heart attacks, suffered another heart attack and died shortly after landing. This incident led to a recommendation issued to EASA calling for additional training of aeromedical officers in aeromedical risk assessment on pre-existing health conditions. The 2021 accident involved an elderly general aviation pilot who became incapacitated due to health issues. The recommendations resulting from this investigation were brought further to the ICAO and EASA in order for them to emphasize the importance of the age of a pilot in current aviation health assessment guidelines. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Aviation Safety—Accident Investigation, Analysis and Prevention)

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23 pages, 2336 KiB

Open AccessArticle

A Framework for Effective Multi-Hazard Risk Assessment in Post-Mining Areas

by Dafni M. Nalmpant-Sarikaki, Alexandros I. Theocharis, Nikolaos C. Koukouzas and Ioannis E. Zevgolis

Safety 2025, 11(1), 18; https://doi.org/10.3390/safety11010018 - 19 Feb 2025

Abstract

This work presents a structured methodology for multi-hazard risk assessment in post-mining coal areas, addressing the complex interactions between natural, mining, and technological hazards. The methodology provides a flexible, semi-quantitative mixed-methods framework designed to evaluate multi-hazard risk scenarios through a seven-step process, which [...] Read more.

This work presents a structured methodology for multi-hazard risk assessment in post-mining coal areas, addressing the complex interactions between natural, mining, and technological hazards. The methodology provides a flexible, semi-quantitative mixed-methods framework designed to evaluate multi-hazard risk scenarios through a seven-step process, which includes identification of hazards, analysis of hazard interactions, and calculation of the Multi-Hazard Index (MHI), Vulnerability Index (VI), and Multi-Risk Value (MRV). The MHI assesses the cumulative intensity of hazard interactions, while the MRV quantifies the socio-economic impacts of various multi-hazard scenarios. The framework also incorporates vulnerability assessments, using social and physical vulnerability indices, to better understand the potential risks to communities. The methodology aims to enhance the safety of post-mining areas by mitigating the cascading effects of hazard interactions and by systematically increasing the knowledge of hazard interdependencies. This approach is adaptable to diverse post-mining contexts, offering a comprehensive framework for assessing and managing multi-hazard risks. It aligns with the broader objectives of the European Green Deal by promoting sustainable land management and addressing the transition of coal regions toward a carbon-neutral economy. It equips stakeholders with necessary tools to enhance resilience and ensure the long-term socio-economic and environmental stability and safety of post-mining areas. Full article

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