Safety

20 pages, 665 KB

Open AccessArticle

Effective Interprofessional Communication for Patient Safety in Low-Resource Settings: A Concept Analysis

by Mercy Ngalonde Katantha, Reinhard Strametz, Masumbuko Albert Baluwa, Patrick Mapulanga and Ellen Mbweza Chirwa

Safety 2025, 11(3), 91; https://doi.org/10.3390/safety11030091 - 18 Sep 2025

Abstract

Background: Implementing effective interprofessional communication (IPC) in low-resource settings is challenging, primarily due to limited awareness and understanding of the concept. This analysis examined the concept of effective IPC for patient safety in low-resource settings. Its key attributes, antecedents, consequences, and empirical referents [...] Read more.

Background: Implementing effective interprofessional communication (IPC) in low-resource settings is challenging, primarily due to limited awareness and understanding of the concept. This analysis examined the concept of effective IPC for patient safety in low-resource settings. Its key attributes, antecedents, consequences, and empirical referents were identified. Methods: The Walker and Avant framework was used to analyze effective IPC. A literature review was conducted using PubMed, CINAHL, Embase, and Google Scholar, covering research from 2014 to 13 May 2025. Results: Effective IPC embodies clarity, accuracy, consistency, trust, collaboration, and timely information exchange. Strong leadership commitment, transparent communication, ongoing training, and a systematic incident reporting method contribute to better patient safety (PS) and improved healthcare outcomes. Conclusions: Effective interprofessional communication (IPC) is crucial for enhancing patient safety (PS). The concept and its attributes are unclear and underutilized in low-income countries like Malawi due to inadequate training, lack of standardized tools, weak leadership support, and limited psychological safety. Effective IPC should be integrated into preservice training, standardize PS education, and foster collaboration in clinical settings. Full article

(This article belongs to the Topic The Imperative of Patient Safety and Safety Culture in Contemporary Healthcare)

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26 pages, 414 KB

Open AccessArticle

Exploring Health, Safety, and Mental Health Practices in the Saudi Construction Sector—Knowledge, Awareness, and Interventions: A Semi-Structured Interview

by Musaad M. Alruwaili, Fehmidah Munir, Patricia Carrillo and Robby Soetanto

Safety 2025, 11(3), 90; https://doi.org/10.3390/safety11030090 - 17 Sep 2025

Abstract

Background: Mental health is increasingly recognized as an integral component of occupational health and safety, particularly in high-risk industries such as construction. However, in Saudi Arabia, limited attention has been given to understanding mental health knowledge, beliefs, and workplace support mechanisms, especially [...] Read more.

Background: Mental health is increasingly recognized as an integral component of occupational health and safety, particularly in high-risk industries such as construction. However, in Saudi Arabia, limited attention has been given to understanding mental health knowledge, beliefs, and workplace support mechanisms, especially among a diverse workforce that includes both migrant and national employees. Methods: This qualitative study employed semi-structured interviews with 30 construction sector participants occupying a range of professional roles. Thematic analysis was conducted using NVivo 15 software, guided by the COM-B model and Health Belief Model, to explore perceptions related to mental health, safety practices, and organizational interventions. Results: The findings highlight significant disparities between migrant and national workers. Migrant workers reported greater challenges related to language barriers, cultural stigma, and a lack of access to culturally appropriate mental health support. National workers described slightly better access to safety and health initiatives but still reported inadequate mental health training. Key barriers across the workforce included limited leadership engagement, stigma, resource constraints, and insufficient organizational training. Existing health and safety programmes were largely focused on physical safety, with minimal incorporation of mental health concerns. Conclusions: The study reveals a pressing need to integrate mental health into occupational safety frameworks in the Saudi construction sector. Culturally sensitive, leadership-supported mental health initiatives are essential to addressing disparities and promoting holistic workers’ well-being across both migrant and national populations. Full article

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20 pages, 5343 KB

Open AccessArticle

Developing an IoT-Enabled Smart Helmet for Worker Safety: Technical Feasibility and Business Model

by Suhas Raghunath and Seyed Hamidreza Ghaffar

Safety 2025, 11(3), 89; https://doi.org/10.3390/safety11030089 - 17 Sep 2025

Abstract

This paper presents the development and evaluation of an IoT-enabled smart helmet designed to enhance worker safety and site productivity in high-risk construction environments. The primary objective is to mitigate fall-related and heat-related risks commonly faced by laborers in the Gulf region. The [...] Read more.

This paper presents the development and evaluation of an IoT-enabled smart helmet designed to enhance worker safety and site productivity in high-risk construction environments. The primary objective is to mitigate fall-related and heat-related risks commonly faced by laborers in the Gulf region. The proposed system integrates GPS, temperature–humidity (DHT11), and motion sensors (MPU6050 gyroscope and accelerometer) into a compact, wearable unit capable of real-time data transmission. A key technological novelty is the embedded fall detection mechanism, which analyzes sudden movement patterns to trigger instant alerts, enhancing response times during critical incidents. A fall detection algorithm was developed to identify abnormal movement patterns and trigger instant alerts, while continuous temperature monitoring addresses risks of heat stress in extreme climatic conditions such as Dubai, where temperatures exceed 45 °C. Field trials and simulations confirmed the feasibility of the system, demonstrating reliable data transmission, accurate fall detection, and effective remote monitoring. The solution is coupled with a rental-based business model, making it cost-effective and scalable for contractors. The findings suggest that the proposed helmet provides a practical and scalable safety solution. Full article

(This article belongs to the Topic Construction Project Management and Infrastructure Sustainability)

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21 pages, 1562 KB

Open AccessArticle

Assessment of Occupational Health and Safety Performance in Air Traffic Control: An Empirical Investigation of Stress and Well-Being

by Aristi Karagkouni, Stylianos Zantanidis, Antonia Moutzouri, Maria Sartzetaki, Theodore Constantinidis and Dimitrios Dimitriou

Safety 2025, 11(3), 88; https://doi.org/10.3390/safety11030088 - 9 Sep 2025

Abstract

Air traffic control is widely recognized as one of the most psychologically demanding occupations, where safety and operational performance are tightly interwoven. This study explores the relationship between occupational health and safety (OHS) systems and the psychological well-being of Air Traffic Controllers (ATCOs), [...] Read more.

Air traffic control is widely recognized as one of the most psychologically demanding occupations, where safety and operational performance are tightly interwoven. This study explores the relationship between occupational health and safety (OHS) systems and the psychological well-being of Air Traffic Controllers (ATCOs), focusing on factors such as perceived safety, job satisfaction, stress, and mental strain. Conducted within the Hellenic Air Navigation Services Provider, the research adopts a cross-sectional design using a structured questionnaire distributed nationwide. The study draws upon the Job Demands–Resources (JD-R) theoretical framework to examine how organizational resources, such as training, clarity of role, supervisor support, and employee autonomy, interact with job demands to shape occupational outcomes. Special emphasis is placed on understanding how the presence and awareness of structured OHS systems influence ATCOs’ perceptions of safety and well-being. Our analysis indicated that participants who reported the presence of an OHS system perceived their workplace as significantly safer than those who reported no such system. Hence, the existence of structured measures allows ATCOs to feel confident in their work environment. By assessing a range of psychosocial and organizational variables, this study seeks to contribute to both the academic discourse and practical strategies aimed at improving safety culture and psychological resilience in high-risk work environments. The findings are intended to inform policy development and organizational practices within the air traffic control sector and other safety-critical domains. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Occupational Health and Safety (OHS): Emerging Trends and Future Directions)

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16 pages, 5969 KB

Open AccessArticle

Occupational Health Risks at Truck Stops: Evaluating Service Gaps and Safety Needs for Long-Haul Drivers

by Fernanda Lise, Flávia Lise Garcia, Mona Shattell and Laurel Kincl

Safety 2025, 11(3), 87; https://doi.org/10.3390/safety11030087 - 5 Sep 2025

Abstract

Interest in improving roadside services for long-haul truckers’ health, safety, and well-being has led to an effort to describe the services offered at truck stop/rest areas. This study aimed to describe services offered in truck stop and rest areas and to determine, based [...] Read more.

Interest in improving roadside services for long-haul truckers’ health, safety, and well-being has led to an effort to describe the services offered at truck stop/rest areas. This study aimed to describe services offered in truck stop and rest areas and to determine, based on what was available, their implications for the health of long-haul truck drivers. A systematic and structured direct observation of thirteen truck stop and rest areas was undertaken within one state in the US on a major north–south interstate highway from October 2023 to June 2024. The categories of services observed included food, physical activity, rest, personal hygiene and health, and safety. A descriptive analysis of the data was performed. Seventeen visits were carried out in 13 truck stop and rest areas. All sites offered paved parking areas, with lighting and signage; 92% offered internet access; more than 85% offered food, safety, and personal hygiene services; 69% offered laundry services; 54% had a convenience store and hotel nearby; and 15% had green/natural areas with benches. The services offered at the truck stop and rest areas in this study meet the basic needs of food, personal hygiene, and safety of truckers and can serve as lessons for other states and countries to consider. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Environmental Risk Assessment—Health and Safety)

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24 pages, 295 KB

Open AccessArticle

Multilevel Safety Climate for Lone Heavy Vehicle Drivers in the UK Quarrying Industry: Validation of the Heavy Vehicle Safety Climate Scale (HVSCS)

by Jim Morgan, Laura Jackson and Matteo Curcuruto

Safety 2025, 11(3), 86; https://doi.org/10.3390/safety11030086 - 2 Sep 2025

Abstract

The primary goal of our research was to validate a context-specific safety climate measure (the Heavy Vehicle Safety Climate Scale: HVSCS) in a sample of heavy mobile equipment operators (N = 277). An exploratory strategy was adopted, using exploratory factor analysis (EFA) to [...] Read more.

The primary goal of our research was to validate a context-specific safety climate measure (the Heavy Vehicle Safety Climate Scale: HVSCS) in a sample of heavy mobile equipment operators (N = 277). An exploratory strategy was adopted, using exploratory factor analysis (EFA) to validate the items. The statistical results revealed a five-factor structure, with two factors at the organisational level and three factors at the group level. In addition, a nomological analysis showed that both organisational and supervisory safety climate factors presented distinct correlation patterns with other safety-related variables, including situational and routine violations, safety citizenship behaviour, context-specific safety behaviours and risk propensity. In this study we developed and psychometrically validated a context-specific safety climate tool for lone heavy vehicle drivers in the quarrying industry: the Heavy Vehicle Safety Climate Scale (HVSCS). It is hoped that the final 37-item HVSCS will be utilised by those managing heavy vehicle operations, particularly in the quarrying industry, to identify context-specific opportunities for safety climate improvements and in turn reduce the risk of safety incidents. Full article

30 pages, 392 KB

Open AccessArticle

Enhancing Safety and Crisis Management Through Adaptive Leadership in Complex Construction Engineering Projects

by Ahmed Faleh Alanazi, Musab Rabi, Mazen J. Al-Kheetan and Abdulrazzaq Jawish Alkherret

Safety 2025, 11(3), 85; https://doi.org/10.3390/safety11030085 - 2 Sep 2025

Abstract

This study investigates the influence of adaptive leadership on crisis management effectiveness in complex construction engineering projects in Saudi Arabia. Adaptive leadership was conceptualized through six core dimensions: Flexibility in Decision-Making, Emotional Intelligence, Leader-Follower Communication, Problem-Solving Adaptability, Resilience in Leadership, and Fostering Collaboration. [...] Read more.

This study investigates the influence of adaptive leadership on crisis management effectiveness in complex construction engineering projects in Saudi Arabia. Adaptive leadership was conceptualized through six core dimensions: Flexibility in Decision-Making, Emotional Intelligence, Leader-Follower Communication, Problem-Solving Adaptability, Resilience in Leadership, and Fostering Collaboration. The study aimed to evaluate the impact of these leadership dimensions on crisis response effectiveness and safety outcomes within the high-risk, dynamic environment of the Saudi construction sector. A quantitative cross-sectional survey was conducted among managerial and supervisory personnel across major engineering and construction firms in Saudi Arabia. A total of 183 valid responses were obtained using a non-probability convenience sampling technique. The data were analyzed using Partial Least Squares Structural Equation Modeling (PLS-SEM). Results indicated that five adaptive leadership dimensions—Flexibility in Decision-Making, Emotional Intelligence, Problem-Solving Adaptability, Resilience in Leadership, and Fostering Collaboration—had significant positive effects on crisis management effectiveness. However, Leader-Follower Communication did not demonstrate a statistically significant relationship with crisis outcomes. The findings contribute theoretical value by validating an adaptive leadership framework tailored to engineering project crises. Practically, the study underscores the importance of enhancing leadership flexibility, emotional intelligence, and collaborative engagement to strengthen crisis responsiveness and project continuity in Saudi construction firms. Recommendations include the development of targeted leadership training programs and the integration of digital technologies to support adaptive decision-making in real-time crisis conditions, resulting in better Safety and Crisis Management. Although, study limitations include reliance on self-reported data and the context-specific focus on the Saudi construction sector, which may affect generalizability, the findings are contextualized through comparison with international literature to support broader relevance. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Safety Performance Assessment and Management in Construction)

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14 pages, 1297 KB

Open AccessArticle

Analyzing Safety Management Failure Paths in Coal Mines via the 24Model Accident Causation Framework and fsQCA

by Li Wang, Wanxin Xu and Jiang Li

Safety 2025, 11(3), 84; https://doi.org/10.3390/safety11030084 - 1 Sep 2025

Abstract

This study investigated safety management performance in small- and medium-sized private coal mining enterprises (SMPCMEs) through an integrated application of the 24Model accident causation theory and fuzzy-set qualitative comparative analysis (fsQCA). Analyzing 40 sudden incidents (2013–2023), we examined six key factors—organizational, individual, and [...] Read more.

This study investigated safety management performance in small- and medium-sized private coal mining enterprises (SMPCMEs) through an integrated application of the 24Model accident causation theory and fuzzy-set qualitative comparative analysis (fsQCA). Analyzing 40 sudden incidents (2013–2023), we examined six key factors—organizational, individual, and external dimensions—to identify nonlinear risk pathways. Results revealed four critical failure types—Internally Balanced (cultural–behavioral–environmental collapse), Safety Culture–Deficient (institutional hollowing), Cultural–External Environment (policy-implementation paradox), and External Environment–Integrated (technological-regulatory failure)—that collectively explained 83% of performance variance. Tailored strategies, including IoT-based real-time monitoring and AI-driven inspections, are proposed to transition from fragmented interventions to systemic governance. These findings provide actionable insights for enhancing safety resilience in high-risk mining sectors. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue The 10th Anniversary of Safety–Putting the Safe System Approach into Practice: Progress, Challenges and Innovation)

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29 pages, 5378 KB

Open AccessArticle

Methods for Rescuing People Using Climbing Equipment in Abandoned Mines to Be Carried Out by Rescue Units of the Integrated Rescue System

by Marek Szücs, Miroslav Betuš, Martin Konček, Marian Šofranko and Andrea Šofranková

Safety 2025, 11(3), 83; https://doi.org/10.3390/safety11030083 - 1 Sep 2025

Abstract

This article discusses the possibilities and methods for rescuing people from abandoned mine workings and the cooperation of the components of the Integrated Rescue System of the Slovak Republic when carrying out rescue work in underground spaces, specifically the Bankov mine. Additionally, the [...] Read more.

This article discusses the possibilities and methods for rescuing people from abandoned mine workings and the cooperation of the components of the Integrated Rescue System of the Slovak Republic when carrying out rescue work in underground spaces, specifically the Bankov mine. Additionally, the basic legislative restrictions on the level of rescue work that can be performed in underground spaces in Slovakia and abroad are characterized. In the study itself, exercises in a mining environment were designed and tested by rescuers from the fire and rescue corps of the Slovak Republic, while several methods for rescuing people from underground spaces using climbing equipment were tested. Since the research setting was an abandoned mine, the rescue methods were carried out with regard to the maximum achievable safety of the firefighters. With the demise of the Mine Rescue Service in the Slovak Republic in 2025, rescue activities passed into the hands of the fire and rescue corps, and it is therefore necessary to determine the best method for rescue from mining spaces that can be performed by firefighters when the priority is the rescue time: the most important factor for saving human life. Using the analysis of the data obtained in this study, the most effective method specifically for rescuing people from underground spaces was determined. Based on the information obtained, proposals and measures were established to make rescue work in underground spaces more efficient. The research met all standards set for firefighters, and all rescuers agreed to publish this research. Full article

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23 pages, 2914 KB

Open AccessArticle

Analyzing Women’s Security in Public Transportation in Developing Countries: A Case Study of Lahore City

by Hina Saleemi, Saadia Tabassum, Muhammad Ashraf Javid, Nazam Ali, Giovanni Tesoriere and Tiziana Campisi

Safety 2025, 11(3), 82; https://doi.org/10.3390/safety11030082 - 26 Aug 2025

Abstract

Security concerns regarding women in developing nations are frequently highlighted due to the prevalence of harassment incidents, particularly within public transportation systems. In Pakistan, where women make up half of the population, this issue persists in various forms of harassment, both within local [...] Read more.

Security concerns regarding women in developing nations are frequently highlighted due to the prevalence of harassment incidents, particularly within public transportation systems. In Pakistan, where women make up half of the population, this issue persists in various forms of harassment, both within local environments and public transportation systems. Therefore, this study aims to investigate the security challenges confronted by women within the public transportation system in the city of Lahore, Pssakistan. To achieve this, a user perception survey was designed to focus on women’s security during travel and relevant socioeconomic factors. The collected responses were analyzed using descriptive analysis and factor analysis methods. Exploratory factor analysis (EFA) revealed five latent variables, each encapsulating distinct aspects of women’s security within public transportation environments. Later on, a structural model of comfort of using public transportation at night was developed using the results of the exploratory factor analysis. Our study’s results propose that although many women express feeling safe during their travels, a prominent number have experienced instances of harassment. Generally, issues such as insufficient lighting during night travel and a lack of awareness about harassment come out as primary concerns within Lahore’s currently operated public transport. The structural model results revealed that the latent variables of harassment, harassment reaction, bus stop station facility, and public transportation safety are significant predictors of comfort of using public transportation at night, being statistically significant (p < 0.05). The findings emphasize the initiatives to reduce overcrowding, improve nighttime lighting and infrastructure, and strengthen awareness among users, along with prevention measures against harassment. This approach assures the females’ physical security and enhances the overall well-being and empowerment of women in urban surroundings. Full article

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12 pages, 921 KB

Open AccessArticle

Association by Age Groups Between Retrofitting Home Heating and Insulation and Subsequent Hospitalised Home Fall Rates: A Natural Experiment

by Michael D. Keall, Caroline Fyfe, Philippa Howden-Chapman and Nevil Pierse

Safety 2025, 11(3), 81; https://doi.org/10.3390/safety11030081 - 26 Aug 2025

Abstract

Insulating homes has been shown to provide health benefits, but benefits for home safety have not been studied. The current study analyses hospitalised falls rates, making use of a large New Zealand cohort initially set up to study health benefits. This cohort consists [...] Read more.

Insulating homes has been shown to provide health benefits, but benefits for home safety have not been studied. The current study analyses hospitalised falls rates, making use of a large New Zealand cohort initially set up to study health benefits. This cohort consists of just under half a million people (n = 469,666; 53.3% female; mean age 35.7), half in an intervention group (n = 236,040; 53.6% female; mean age 36.2) who had their homes retrofitted with insulation early in the study period and half in a control group (n = 233,626; 52.9% female; mean age 35.3) with homes retrofitted later. We found that retrofitting programme was associated with changes in fall rates that varied in a non-linear way with age. Cubic splines were used to estimate a non-linear but continuous relationship between age and changes in fall rates. Although other research has indicated that home insulation and heating have a positive influence on older people’s wellbeing and ability to live independently, the current analysis indicated a safety benefit only for under-70-year-olds, not for older people; the population-wide change in fall hospitalisation rates associated with the programme estimated was null. The study highlights the importance of considering the benefits of home improvements, particularly for older people, in a holistic way that encompasses wellbeing as well as health and safety outcomes. Full article

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18 pages, 2235 KB

Open AccessArticle

FRAM-Based Safety Culture Model for the Analysis of Socio-Technical and Environmental Variability in Mechanised Agricultural Activities

by Pierluigi Rossi, Federica Caffaro and Massimo Cecchini

Safety 2025, 11(3), 80; https://doi.org/10.3390/safety11030080 - 25 Aug 2025

Abstract

Mechanised agricultural operations are often performed individually, under minimal supervision and across a wide range of unfavourable working conditions, resulting in a complex mixture of hazards and external stressors that severely affect safety conditions. Socio-technical and environmental constraints significantly affect safety culture and [...] Read more.

Mechanised agricultural operations are often performed individually, under minimal supervision and across a wide range of unfavourable working conditions, resulting in a complex mixture of hazards and external stressors that severely affect safety conditions. Socio-technical and environmental constraints significantly affect safety culture and require continuous performance adjustments to overcome timing pressures, resource limitations, and unstable weather conditions. This study introduces a FRAM-based safety culture model that embeds the thoroughness-efficiency trade-off (ETTO) in four distinct operational modes that adhere to specific safety cultures, namely, thoroughness, risk awareness, compliance, and efficiency. This model has been instantiated for mechanised ploughing: foreground task functions were coupled with background functions that represent socio-technical constraints and environmental variability, while severity classes for potential incidents were derived from the US OSHA accident database. The framework was also supported by a semi-quantitative Resonance Index based on severity and coupling strength, the Total Resonance Index (TRI), to assess how variability propagates in foreground functions and to identify hot-spot functions where small adjustments can escalate into high resonance and hazardous conditions. Results showed that the negative effects on functional resonance generated by safety detriment on TRI observed between compliance and effective working modes were three times larger than the drift between risk awareness and compliance, demonstrating that efficiency comes with a much higher cost than keeping safety at compliance levels. Extending the proposed approach with quantitative assessments could further support the management of socio-technical and environmental drivers in mechanised farming, strengthening the role of safety as a competitive asset for enhancing resilience and service quality. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Occupational Health and Safety (OHS): Emerging Trends and Future Directions)

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20 pages, 2135 KB

Open AccessArticle

Investigation of Cyclist’s Distraction Due to External Auditory and Visual Stimuli

by Panagiotis Lemonakis, Andreas Nikiforiadis, Dimitrios Kontos, Athanasios Galanis, George Botzoris, Athanasios Theofilatos and Nikolaos Eliou

Safety 2025, 11(3), 79; https://doi.org/10.3390/safety11030079 - 18 Aug 2025

Abstract

The impact of cycling-related traffic crashes on public health has increased significantly in recent decades, with cyclists being among the most vulnerable road users. The risk of severe injury in traffic crashes is notably high for cyclists, especially when distracted. Research indicates that [...] Read more.

The impact of cycling-related traffic crashes on public health has increased significantly in recent decades, with cyclists being among the most vulnerable road users. The risk of severe injury in traffic crashes is notably high for cyclists, especially when distracted. Research indicates that distraction while cycling significantly increases the crash risk. This study investigates cycling distraction through a field operational test involving 100 participants. Riders followed a predetermined course while being exposed to external visual and auditory stimuli, including alarms, advertising signs, and car horns. Distraction levels were measured using eye-tracking technology. Data were analyzed by means of descriptive statistics, cluster, and correlation analyses. Our findings showed that auditory stimuli distract a higher percentage of cyclists, while audiovisual stimuli from road-related factors cause longer-lasting distractions. Additionally, five distraction clusters were identified based on stimulus duration. Lastly, it was found that males were more likely to belong to high-distraction clusters, whereas females and daily cyclists were more likely to fall into the lowest-distraction group. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Traffic Safety Culture)

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14 pages, 3015 KB

Open AccessArticle

Analysis of Heat Transfer in the Welding Processes of Naval Metallic Sheets from an Occupational Safety Perspective

by Roberto José Hernández de la Iglesia, José L. Calvo-Rolle, Héctor Quintian-Pardo and Julia C. Mirza-Rosca

Safety 2025, 11(3), 78; https://doi.org/10.3390/safety11030078 - 18 Aug 2025

Abstract

Ship repair is hazardous, often presenting unsuitable working areas and risks due to the ship’s configuration. Welding tasks are particularly dangerous due to the high temperatures generated, high enough to melt the metal in structural elements, bulkheads, linings, and tanks. This study investigates [...] Read more.

Ship repair is hazardous, often presenting unsuitable working areas and risks due to the ship’s configuration. Welding tasks are particularly dangerous due to the high temperatures generated, high enough to melt the metal in structural elements, bulkheads, linings, and tanks. This study investigates the consequences of temperature distribution during the welding of naval plates and proposes some accident prevention measures. Industry working conditions were reproduced, including the materials, procedures, and tools used, as well as the certified personnel employed. DH 36-grade naval steel, with a composition of C max. 0.18%, Mn 0.90–1.60%, P 0.035%, S 0.04%, Si 0.10–0.50%, Ni max 0.4%, Cr max 0.25%, Mo 0.08%, Cu max 0.35%, Cb (Nb) 0.05%, and V 0.1%, was welded via FCAW-G (Gas-Shielded Flux-Cored Arc Welding), selected for this study because it is one of the most widely practiced in the naval industry. The main sensor used in the experiments was an FLIR model E50 thermographic camera, and thermal waxes were employed. The results for each thickness case are presented in both graphical and tabular form to provide accurate and actionable guidelines, prioritizing safety. After studying the butt jointing of naval plates of various thicknesses (8, 10, and 15 mm), safe distances to maintain were proposed to avoid risks in the most unfavorable cases: 350 mm from the welding seam to avoid burn injuries to unprotected areas of the body and 250 mm from the welding seam to avoid producing flammable gases. These numbers are less accurate but easier to remember, which prevents errors in the face of hazards throughout a long working day. Full article

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25 pages, 482 KB

Open AccessArticle

The Influence of Managers’ Safety Perceptions and Practices on Construction Workers’ Safety Behaviors in Saudi Arabian Projects: The Mediating Roles of Workers’ Safety Awareness, Competency, and Safety Actions

by Talal Mousa Alshammari, Musab Rabi, Mazen J. Al-Kheetan and Abdulrazzaq Jawish Alkherret

Safety 2025, 11(3), 77; https://doi.org/10.3390/safety11030077 - 5 Aug 2025

Cited by 1

Abstract

Improving construction site safety remains a critical challenge in Saudi Arabia’s rapidly growing construction sector, where high accident rates and diverse labor forces demand evidence-based managerial interventions. This study investigated the influence of Managers’ Safety Perceptions and Practices (MSP) on Workers’ Safety Behaviors [...] Read more.

Improving construction site safety remains a critical challenge in Saudi Arabia’s rapidly growing construction sector, where high accident rates and diverse labor forces demand evidence-based managerial interventions. This study investigated the influence of Managers’ Safety Perceptions and Practices (MSP) on Workers’ Safety Behaviors (WSB) in the Saudi construction industry, emphasizing the mediating roles of Workers’ Safety Awareness (WSA), Safety Competency (WSC), and Safety Actions (SA). The conceptual framework integrates these three mediators to explain how managerial attitudes and practices translate into frontline safety outcomes. A quantitative, cross-sectional design was adopted using a structured questionnaire distributed among construction workers, supervisors, and project managers. A total of 352 from 384 valid responses were collected, and the data were analyzed using Partial Least Squares Structural Equation Modeling (PLS-SEM) via SmartPLS 4. The findings revealed that MSP does not directly influence WSB but has significant indirect effects through WSA, WSC, and SA. Among these, WSC emerged as the most powerful mediator, followed by WSA and SA, indicating that competency is the most critical driver of safe worker behavior. These results provide robust empirical support for a multidimensional mediation model, highlighting the need for managers to enhance safety behaviors not merely through supervision but through fostering awareness and competency, providing technical training, and implementing proactive safety measures. Theoretically, this study contributes a novel and integrative framework to the occupational safety literature, particularly within underexplored Middle Eastern construction contexts. Practically, it offers actionable insights for safety managers, industry practitioners, and policymakers seeking to improve construction safety performance in alignment with Saudi Vision 2030. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Safety Performance Assessment and Management in Construction)

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11 pages, 876 KB

Open AccessArticle

Nudging Safety in Elementary School Zones: A Pilot Study on a Road Sticker Intervention to Enhance Children’s Dismounting Behavior at Zebra Crossings

by Veerle Ross, Kris Brijs, Dries Vanassen and Davy Janssens

Safety 2025, 11(3), 76; https://doi.org/10.3390/safety11030076 - 4 Aug 2025

Abstract

In this pilot study, the crossing behavior of elementary school students commuting on bicycles was investigated with the objective of enhancing safety around pedestrian crossings within school zones. With a noticeable increase in crashes involving young cyclists near schools, this research assessed the [...] Read more.

In this pilot study, the crossing behavior of elementary school students commuting on bicycles was investigated with the objective of enhancing safety around pedestrian crossings within school zones. With a noticeable increase in crashes involving young cyclists near schools, this research assessed the effectiveness of visual nudges in the form of red strips displaying “CYCLISTS DISMOUNT” instructions. Initial observations indicated a lack of compliance with dismounting regulations. After the initial observations, a specific elementary school was selected for the implementation of the nudging intervention and additional pre- (N = 91) and post-intervention (N = 71) observations. The pre-intervention observations again revealed poor adherence to the regulations requiring cyclists to dismount at specific points. Following our targeted intervention, the post-intervention observations marked an improvement in compliance. Indeed, the visual nudge effectively communicated the necessity of dismounting at a critical location, leading to a higher rate of adherence among cyclists (52.74% pre-intervention, 97.18% post-intervention). Although it also indirectly affected the behavior of the accompanying adult, who more often held hands with their children while crossing, this effect was weaker than the direct effect on dismounting behavior (20.88% pre-intervention, 39.44% post-intervention). The findings of the current pilot study underscore the possible impact of nudging on behavior and advocate for a combined approach utilizing physical nudges to bolster safety within school zones. Follow-up research, including, for instance, multiple sites, long-term effects, or children traveling alone, is called for. Full article

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11 pages, 258 KB

Open AccessArticle

Occupational and Nonoccupational Chainsaw Injuries in the United States: 2018–2022

by Judd H. Michael and Serap Gorucu

Safety 2025, 11(3), 75; https://doi.org/10.3390/safety11030075 - 4 Aug 2025

Abstract

Chainsaws are widely used in various occupational settings, including forestry, landscaping, farming, and by homeowners for tasks like tree felling, brush clearing, and firewood cutting. However, the use of chainsaws poses significant risks to operators and bystanders. This research quantified and compared occupational [...] Read more.

Chainsaws are widely used in various occupational settings, including forestry, landscaping, farming, and by homeowners for tasks like tree felling, brush clearing, and firewood cutting. However, the use of chainsaws poses significant risks to operators and bystanders. This research quantified and compared occupational and nonoccupational injuries caused by contact with chainsaws and related objects during the period from 2018 to 2022. The emergency department and OSHA (Occupational Safety and Health Administration) data were used to characterize the cause and nature of the injuries. Results suggest that for this five-year period an estimated 127,944 people were treated in U.S. emergency departments for chainsaw-related injuries. More than 200 non-fatal and 57 fatal occupational chainsaw-involved injuries were found during the same period. Landscaping and forestry were the two industries where most of the occupational victims were employed. Upper and lower extremities were the most likely injured body parts, with open wounds from cuts being the most common injury type. The majority of fatal injuries were caused by falling objects such as trees and tree limbs while using a chainsaw. Our suggestions to reduce injuries include proper training and wearing personal protective equipment, as well as making sure any bystanders are kept in a safety zone away from trees being cut. Full article

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24 pages, 3328 KB

Open AccessReview

Ergonomic and Psychosocial Risk Factors and Their Relationship with Productivity: A Bibliometric Analysis

by Gretchen Michelle Vuelvas-Robles, Julio César Cano-Gutiérrez, Jesús Everardo Olguín-Tiznado, Claudia Camargo-Wilson, Juan Andrés López-Barreras and Melissa Airem Cázares-Manríquez

Safety 2025, 11(3), 74; https://doi.org/10.3390/safety11030074 - 1 Aug 2025

Abstract

This study analyzes the relationship between ergonomic and psychosocial risk factors and labor productivity using a bibliometric approach through a general analysis and one that includes inclusion criteria such as English language, open access, and primary research publications to identify only those articles [...] Read more.

This study analyzes the relationship between ergonomic and psychosocial risk factors and labor productivity using a bibliometric approach through a general analysis and one that includes inclusion criteria such as English language, open access, and primary research publications to identify only those articles that explicitly address the relationship between ergonomic and psychosocial risk factors and labor productivity. It is recognized that both physical and psychosocial conditions of the work environment directly influence workers’ health and organizational performance. For this purpose, a bibliometric review was conducted in academic databases, including Scopus, Web of Science, ScienceDirect, and Taylor & Francis, resulting in the selection of 4794 relevant articles for general analysis. Additionally, 116 relevant articles were selected based on the inclusion criteria. Tools and methodologies, such as Rayyan, Excel, VOSviewer 1.6.20, and PRISMA, were used to classify the studies and identify trends, collaboration networks, and geographical distribution. The results reveal a sustained growth in scientific production, with clusters on occupational safety and health, work environment factors, and the characteristics of the population, approach, and methodologies used in the studies. Likewise, Procedia Manufacturing, International Journal of Occupational Safety and Ergonomics, and Ergonomics stand out as the main sources of publication, while countries such as Sweden, Poland, and the United States lead the scientific production in this field. In addition, the network of co-occurrence of keywords evidences a comprehensive approach that articulates physical or ergonomic and psychosocial risk factors with organizational performance, while the network of authors shows consolidated collaborations and studies focused on analyzing the relationship between physical demands and musculoskeletal disorders from advanced ergonomic approaches. Full article

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14 pages, 1974 KB

Open AccessArticle

The Identification of the Competency Components Necessary for the Tasks of Workers’ Representatives in the Field of OSH to Support Their Selection and Development, as Well as to Assess Their Effectiveness

by Peter Leisztner, Ferenc Farago and Gyula Szabo

Safety 2025, 11(3), 73; https://doi.org/10.3390/safety11030073 - 1 Aug 2025

Abstract

The European Union Council’s zero vision aims to eliminate workplace fatalities, while Industry 4.0 presents new challenges for occupational safety. Despite HR professionals assessing managers’ and employees’ competencies, no system currently exists to evaluate the competencies of workers’ representatives in occupational safety and [...] Read more.

The European Union Council’s zero vision aims to eliminate workplace fatalities, while Industry 4.0 presents new challenges for occupational safety. Despite HR professionals assessing managers’ and employees’ competencies, no system currently exists to evaluate the competencies of workers’ representatives in occupational safety and health (OSH). It is crucial to establish the necessary competencies for these representatives to avoid their selection based on personal bias, ambition, or coercion. The main objective of the study is to identify the competencies and their components required for workers’ representatives in the field of occupational safety and health by following the steps of the DACUM method with the assistance of OSH professionals. First, tasks were identified through semi-structured interviews conducted with eight occupational safety experts. In the second step, a focus group consisting of 34 OSH professionals (2 invited guests and 32 volunteers) determined the competencies and their components necessary to perform those tasks. Finally, the results were validated through an online questionnaire sent to the 32 volunteer participants of the focus group, from which 11 responses (34%) were received. The research categorized the competencies into the following three groups: core competencies (occupational safety and professional knowledge) and distinguishing competencies (personal attributes). Within occupational safety knowledge, 10 components were defined; for professional expertise, 7 components; and for personal attributes, 16 components. Based on the results, it was confirmed that all participants of the tripartite system have an important role in the training and development of workers’ representatives in the field of occupational safety and health. The results indicate that although OSH representation is not yet a priority in Hungary, there is a willingness to collaborate with competent, well-prepared representatives. The study emphasizes the importance of clearly defining and assessing the required competencies. Full article

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