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New Algorithms of Sensing/Metering and Optimal Control in Electrical Networks and Grid-Connected Converters

A special issue of Sensors (ISSN 1424-8220). This special issue belongs to the section "Intelligent Sensors".

Deadline for manuscript submissions: closed (31 December 2023) | Viewed by 6741

Special Issue Editors

Dr. Jesus C. Hernandez

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Guest Editor
Electrical Engineering Department, University of Jaen, Campus Las Lagunillas, S/N, 23071 Jaen, Spain
Interests: power electronics; renewable systems; microgrids; electric vehicles; power quality; power systems simulation; metaheuristic optimization
Special Issues, Collections and Topics in MDPI journals
Dr. Carlos R. Baier

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Guest Editor
Department of Electrical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, University of Talca, Campus Curicó, Curico 3344158, Chile
Interests: power electronic; power converter; power quality; power conversion; harmonics
Special Issues, Collections and Topics in MDPI journals
Prof. Dr. Pat Wheeler

E-Mail Website
Guest Editor
Department of Electrical and Electronic Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, University of Nottingham, Nottingham NG7 2RD, UK
Interests: power electronics; matrix converters; multi-level converters/multi-cellular converters; more electric aircraft
Special Issues, Collections and Topics in MDPI journals

Special Issue Information

Dear Colleagues,

The electricity demand growth has caused modern electrical networks to require a more significant number of grid-connected equipment year after year. In recent decades, the emergence of distributed generation and microgrids have made the global management of our electrical systems more complex.

The present microgrids and grid-connected converters are usually handled by digital control units seeking to feed power, store energy, and compensate or support the network on the supply side. Due to these new systems' integration looking to achieve more reliable and resilient grids as automatically as possible, the talk now is of SmartGrids. However, due to the more significant number of variables required to control at different points of the grid, signal sensing/metering, real-time estimations, and predictions have become increasingly essential.

This Special Issue focuses on new research on sensing, metering, estimation methods, or new optimization algorithms applied to power grids or grid-connected converters.

Topics of interest include, but are not limited to, the following:

  • Measurement, estimations, and control in power grids and microgrid applications.
  • Observers and reduced sensor control of grid-connected power converters.
  • Artificial Intelligence applied to sensors or groups of sensors in power grids, microgrids, or grid-connected converters.
  • New algorithms and estimations in predictive control applied to grid-connected converters
  • Kalman filter-based microgrid state estimation and control.
  • Sensors and digital processing systems for grid-connected converters.
  • Sensors in grid-connected power electronics equipment.
  • Sensorless control or reduced sensors in electrical systems.
  • Sensorless control applied to fault-tolerant electrical and electronic systems.
  • Optimization and data management for renewable energy systems.
  • Predictive algorithms to determine the reliability of energy storage systems.

Dr. Jesus C. Hernandez
Dr. Carlos R. Baier
Prof. Dr. Pat Wheeler
Guest Editors

Manuscript Submission Information

Manuscripts should be submitted online at www.mdpi.com by registering and logging in to this website. Once you are registered, click here to go to the submission form. Manuscripts can be submitted until the deadline. All submissions that pass pre-check are peer-reviewed. Accepted papers will be published continuously in the journal (as soon as accepted) and will be listed together on the special issue website. Research articles, review articles as well as short communications are invited. For planned papers, a title and short abstract (about 100 words) can be sent to the Editorial Office for announcement on this website.

Submitted manuscripts should not have been published previously, nor be under consideration for publication elsewhere (except conference proceedings papers). All manuscripts are thoroughly refereed through a single-blind peer-review process. A guide for authors and other relevant information for submission of manuscripts is available on the Instructions for Authors page. Sensors is an international peer-reviewed open access semimonthly journal published by MDPI.

Please visit the Instructions for Authors page before submitting a manuscript. The Article Processing Charge (APC) for publication in this open access journal is 2600 CHF (Swiss Francs). Submitted papers should be well formatted and use good English. Authors may use MDPI's English editing service prior to publication or during author revisions.

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Published Papers (3 papers)

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Research

18 pages, 349 KiB  
Article
Solving the Power Flow Problem in Bipolar DC Asymmetric Distribution Networks Using Broyden’s Method
by Oscar Danilo Montoya, Ángeles Medina-Quesada and Walter Gil-González
Sensors 2023, 23(15), 6704; https://doi.org/10.3390/s23156704 - 26 Jul 2023
Cited by 1 | Viewed by 972
Abstract
This research addresses the power flow analysis in bipolar asymmetric direct current (DC) networks by applying Broyden’s numerical method. This general successive approximations method allows for a simple Newton-based recursive formula to reach the roots of multiple nonlinear equations. The main advantage of [...] Read more.
This research addresses the power flow analysis in bipolar asymmetric direct current (DC) networks by applying Broyden’s numerical method. This general successive approximations method allows for a simple Newton-based recursive formula to reach the roots of multiple nonlinear equations. The main advantage of Broyden’s approach is its simple but efficient structure which can be applied to real complex nonlinear equations.The power flow problem in bipolar DC networks is still challenging, as multiple operating options must be considered, e.g., the possibility of having a solidly grounded or floating neutral wire. The main goal of this research is to contribute with a generalization of Broyden’s method for the power flow solution in bipolar DC networks, with the main advantage that, under well-defined conditions, this is a numerical method equivalent to the matricial backward/forward power flow, which is equivalent to the successive approximations power flow method. Numerical results in the 21-, 33-, and 85-bus grids while considering two connections for the neutral wire (i.e., solidly grounded at any node or floating) show the effectiveness of Broyden’s method in the power flow solution for bipolar asymmetric DC networks. All numerical simulations were carried out in the MATLAB programming environment. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue New Algorithms of Sensing/Metering and Optimal Control in Electrical Networks and Grid-Connected Converters)
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20 pages, 1466 KiB  
Article
Power Converter Resonant Control for an Unbalanced and Non-Constant Frequency Supply
by Jaime Rohten, Felipe Villarroel, José Silva, Esteban Pulido, Fabián Pierart, Johan Guzmán and Luis García-Santander
Sensors 2023, 23(10), 4884; https://doi.org/10.3390/s23104884 - 19 May 2023
Cited by 1 | Viewed by 1844
Abstract
Distorted voltage supplied as unbalanced and/or non-constant frequency can be found in weak grids, such as microgrids, or systems working in islanding mode. These kinds of systems are more sensitive under load changes. Particularly, an unbalanced voltage supply may be produced for large, [...] Read more.
Distorted voltage supplied as unbalanced and/or non-constant frequency can be found in weak grids, such as microgrids, or systems working in islanding mode. These kinds of systems are more sensitive under load changes. Particularly, an unbalanced voltage supply may be produced for large, single-phase loads. On the other hand, the connection/disconnection of high current loads may lead to important frequency variation, especially in weak grids where the short circuit current capacity is reduced. These conditions make the control of the power converter a more difficult task, because of the variations in the frequency and unbalancing. To address these issues, this paper proposes a resonant control algorithm to deal with variations in the voltage amplitude as well as grid frequency when a distorted power supply is considered. The frequency variation is an important drawback for resonant control because the resonance must be tuned at the grid frequency. This issue is overcome by using a variable sampling frequency in order to avoid re-tuning the controller parameters. On the other hand, under unbalanced conditions, the proposed method relaxes the phase with lower voltage amplitude by taking more power from the other phases in order to help the stability of the grid supply. To corroborate the mathematical analysis and the proposed control, a stability study is performed, including experimental and simulated results. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue New Algorithms of Sensing/Metering and Optimal Control in Electrical Networks and Grid-Connected Converters)
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26 pages, 3139 KiB  
Article
Moving Microgrid Hierarchical Control to an SDN-Based Kubernetes Cluster: A Framework for Reliable and Flexible Energy Distribution
by Ricardo Pérez, Marco Rivera, Yamisleydi Salgueiro, Carlos R. Baier and Patrick Wheeler
Sensors 2023, 23(7), 3395; https://doi.org/10.3390/s23073395 - 23 Mar 2023
Cited by 8 | Viewed by 3076
Abstract
Software Defined Networking (SDN) is a communication alternative to increase the scalability and resilience of microgrid hierarchical control. The common architecture has a centralized and monolithic topology, where the controller is highly susceptible to latency problems, resiliency, and scalability issues. This paper proposes [...] Read more.
Software Defined Networking (SDN) is a communication alternative to increase the scalability and resilience of microgrid hierarchical control. The common architecture has a centralized and monolithic topology, where the controller is highly susceptible to latency problems, resiliency, and scalability issues. This paper proposes a novel and intelligent control network to improve the performance of microgrid communications, solving the typical drawback of monolithic SDN controllers. The SDN controller’s functionalities are segregated into microservices groups and distributed through a bare-metal Kubernetes cluster. Results are presented from PLECS hardware in the loop simulation to validate the seamless transition between standard hierarchical control to the SDN networked microgrid. The microservices significantly impact the performance of the SDN controller, decreasing the latency by 10.76% compared with a monolithic architecture. Furthermore, the proposed approach demonstrates a 42.23% decrease in packet loss versus monolithic topologies and a 53.41% reduction in recovery time during failures. Combining Kubernetes with SDN microservices can eliminate the single point of failure in hierarchical control, improve application recovery time, and enhance containerization benefits, including security and portability. This proposal represents a reference framework for future edge computing and intelligent control approaches in networked microgrids. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue New Algorithms of Sensing/Metering and Optimal Control in Electrical Networks and Grid-Connected Converters)
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