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A special issue of Sensors (ISSN 1424-8220). This special issue belongs to the section "Biosensors".

Deadline for manuscript submissions: closed (10 March 2024) | Viewed by 25490

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Dr. Zhen Cao

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College of Information Science & Electronic Engineering, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310027, China
Interests: wearable electronics
Special Issues, Collections and Topics in MDPI journals

Dr. Hao Jin

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College of Information Science & Electronic Engineering, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310027, China
Interests: silicon-based micro/nanofabrication; electrokinetic-based separation and enrichment methods; biomicrofluidics; biosensors and lab-on-a-chip systems for biomedical applications
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Prof. Dr. Shurong Dong

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College of Information Science & Electronic Engineering, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310027, China
Interests: resonators; SAW; FBAR; wearable/implantable electronics
Special Issues, Collections and Topics in MDPI journals

Special Issue Information

Dear Colleagues,

Quantitative detection of biomolecules is of paramount significance for modern clinical and biological fields. Electrochemical biosensors utilize specific bio-reagents (proteins, antibodies, enzymes, nucleic acids or cells) that recognize the target biomolecules and produce a detectable electrical signal that correlates with the concentration of the targets. The key parameters to evaluate the performance of the biosensors include the limit of detection (LOD), dynamic ranges, reproducibility, precision, selectivity, and response to interferences. It has become one of the most active fields in bioanalysis and biochemistry. The aim of this Special Issue is to provide an opportunity for researchers to publish their new ideas and latest research related to biosensors and electrochemical sensors.

Dr. Zhen Cao
Dr. Hao Jin
Prof. Dr. Shurong Dong
Guest Editors

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Keywords

Electrochemical biosensors
Optical biosensors
Electrical biosensors
Acoustic biosensors
Mechanical biosensors
Magnetic biosensors
Plasmonic biosensors

Published Papers (13 papers)

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Research

12 pages, 2950 KiB

Open AccessArticle

First Acyclovir Determination Procedure via Electrochemically Activated Screen-Printed Carbon Electrode Coupled with Well-Conductive Base Electrolyte

by Katarzyna Tyszczuk-Rotko, Katarzyna Staniec, Damian Gorylewski and Aleksy Keller

Sensors 2024, 24(4), 1125; https://doi.org/10.3390/s24041125 - 8 Feb 2024

Viewed by 572

Abstract

In this work, a new voltammetric procedure for acyclovir (ACY) trace-level determination has been described. For this purpose, an electrochemically activated screen-printed carbon electrode (aSPCE) coupled with well-conductive electrolyte (CH₃COONH₄, CH₃COOH and NH₄Cl) was used for the first time. A commercially available SPCE sensor was electrochemically activated by conducting cyclic voltammetry (CV) scans in 0.1 mol L⁻¹ NaOH solution and rinsed with deionized water before a series of measurements were taken. This treatment reduced the charge transfer resistance, increased the electrode active surface area and improved the kinetics of the electron transfer. The activation step and high conductivity of supporting electrolyte significantly improved the sensitivity of the procedure. The newly developed differential-pulse adsorptive stripping voltammetry (DPAdSV) procedure is characterized by having the lowest limit of detection among all voltammetric procedures currently described in the literature (0.12 nmol L⁻¹), a wide linear range of the calibration curve (0.5–50.0 and 50.0–1000.0 nmol L⁻¹) as well as extremely high sensitivity (90.24 nA nmol L⁻¹) and was successfully applied in the determination of acyclovir in commercially available pharmaceuticals. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Biosensors and Electrochemical Sensors)

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13 pages, 3307 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Smart pH Sensing: A Self-Sensitivity Programmable Platform with Multi-Functional Charge-Trap-Flash ISFET Technology

by Yeong-Ung Kim and Won-Ju Cho

Sensors 2024, 24(3), 1017; https://doi.org/10.3390/s24031017 - 4 Feb 2024

Viewed by 775

Abstract

This study presents a novel pH sensor platform utilizing charge-trap-flash-type metal oxide semiconductor field-effect transistors (CTF-type MOSFETs) for enhanced sensitivity and self-amplification. Traditional ion-sensitive field-effect transistors (ISFETs) face challenges in commercialization due to low sensitivity at room temperature, known as the Nernst limit. To overcome this limitation, we explore resistive coupling effects and CTF-type MOSFETs, allowing for flexible adjustment of the amplification ratio. The platform adopts a unique approach, employing CTF-type MOSFETs as both transducers and resistors, ensuring efficient sensitivity control. An extended-gate (EG) structure is implemented to enhance cost-effectiveness and increase the overall lifespan of the sensor platform by preventing direct contact between analytes and the transducer. The proposed pH sensor platform demonstrates effective sensitivity control at various amplification ratios. Stability and reliability are validated by investigating non-ideal effects, including hysteresis and drift. The CTF-type MOSFETs’ electrical characteristics, energy band diagrams, and programmable resistance modulation are thoroughly characterized. The results showcase remarkable stability, even under prolonged and repetitive operations, indicating the platform’s potential for accurate pH detection in diverse environments. This study contributes a robust and stable alternative for detecting micro-potential analytes, with promising applications in health management and point-of-care settings. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Biosensors and Electrochemical Sensors)

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16 pages, 1185 KiB

Open AccessArticle

The Impact of Sex, Body Mass Index, Age, Exercise Type and Exercise Duration on Interstitial Glucose Levels during Exercise

by Ninoschka C. D’Souza, Durmalouk Kesibi, Christopher Yeung, Dorsa Shakeri, Ashwin I. D’Souza, Alison K. Macpherson and Michael C. Riddell

Sensors 2023, 23(22), 9059; https://doi.org/10.3390/s23229059 - 9 Nov 2023

Cited by 2 | Viewed by 2271

Abstract

The impact of age, sex and body mass index on interstitial glucose levels as measured via continuous glucose monitoring (CGM) during exercise in the healthy population is largely unexplored. We conducted a multivariable generalized estimating equation (GEE) analysis on CGM data (Dexcom G6, 10 days) collected from 119 healthy exercising individuals using CGM with the following specified covariates: age; sex; BMI; exercise type and duration. Females had lower postexercise glycemia as compared with males (92 ± 18 vs. 100 ± 20 mg/dL, p = 0.04) and a greater change in glycemia during exercise from pre- to postexercise (p = 0.001) or from pre-exercise to glucose nadir during exercise (p = 0.009). Younger individuals (i.e., <20 yrs) had higher glucose during exercise as compared with all other age groups (all p < 0.05) and less CGM data in the hypoglycemic range (<70 mg/dL) as compared with those aged 20–39 yrs (p < 0.05). Those who were underweight, based on body mass index (BMI: <18.5 kg/m²), had higher pre-exercise glycemia than the healthy BMI group (104 ± 20 vs. 97 ± 17 mg/dL, p = 0.02) but similar glucose levels after exercise. Resistance exercise was associated with less of a drop in glycemia as compared with aerobic or mixed forms of exercise (p = 0.008) and resulted in a lower percent of time in the hypoglycemic (p = 0.04) or hyperglycemic (glucose > 140 mg/dL) (p = 0.03) ranges. In summary, various factors such as age, sex and exercise type appear to have subtle but potentially important influence on CGM measurements during exercise in healthy individuals. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Biosensors and Electrochemical Sensors)

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15 pages, 4422 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Numerical Study of Particle Separation through Integrated Multi-Stage Surface Acoustic Waves and Modulated Driving Signals

by Yingqi Jiang, Jin Chen, Weipeng Xuan, Yuhao Liang, Xiwei Huang, Zhen Cao, Lingling Sun, Shurong Dong and Jikui Luo

Sensors 2023, 23(5), 2771; https://doi.org/10.3390/s23052771 - 3 Mar 2023

Cited by 3 | Viewed by 1743

Abstract

The manipulation of biomedical particles, such as separating circulating tumor cells from blood, based on standing surface acoustic wave (SSAW) has been widely used due to its advantages of label-free approaches and good biocompatibility. However, most of the existing SSAW-based separation technologies are dedicated to isolate bioparticles in only two different sizes. It is still challenging to fractionate various particles in more than two different sizes with high efficiency and accuracy. In this work, to tackle the problems of low efficiency for multiple cell particle separation, integrated multi-stage SSAW devices with different wavelengths driven by modulated signals were designed and studied. A three-dimensional microfluidic device model was proposed and analyzed using the finite element method (FEM). In addition, the effect of the slanted angle, acoustic pressure, and the resonant frequency of the SAW device on the particle separation were systemically studied. From the theoretical results, the separation efficiency of three different size particles based on the multi-stage SSAW devices reached 99%, which was significantly improved compared with conventional single-stage SSAW devices. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Biosensors and Electrochemical Sensors)

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13 pages, 2897 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Flexible Film Bulk Acoustic Resonator Based on Low-Porosity β-Phase P(VDF-TrFE) Film for Human Vital Signs Monitoring

by Zhentao Yu, Feng Gao, Xiangyu He, Hao Jin, Shurong Dong, Zhen Cao and Jikui Luo

Sensors 2023, 23(4), 2136; https://doi.org/10.3390/s23042136 - 14 Feb 2023

Cited by 3 | Viewed by 1797

Abstract

P(VDF-TrFE) is a promising material for flexible acoustic devices owing to its good piezoelectric performance and excellent stretchability. However, the high density of internal pores and large surface roughness of the conventional P(VDF-TrFE) results in a high propagation attenuation for acoustic waves, which limits its use in flexible acoustic devices. In this paper, a novel method based on two-step annealing is proposed to effectively remove the pores inside the P(VDF-TrFE) film and reduce its surface roughness. The obtained P(VDF-TrFE) film possesses excellent characteristics, including a high breakdown strength of >300 kV/mm, a high-purity β-phase content of more than 80%, and high piezoelectric coefficients (d₃₃) of 42 pm/V. Based on the low-porosity β-phase P(VDF-TrFE) film, we fabricated flexible film bulk acoustic resonators (FBARs) which exhibit high sharp resonance peaks. The pressure sensor was made by sandwiching the FBARs with two PDMS microneedle patches. Heartbeat and respiration rate monitoring were achieved using the pressure sensor. This work demonstrates the feasibility of high-performance flexible piezoelectric acoustic resonators based on low-porosity P(VDF-TrFE) films, which could see wider applications in the wearable sensors for both physical and chemical sensing. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Biosensors and Electrochemical Sensors)

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14 pages, 1608 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Highly Sensitive and Selective Graphene Nanoribbon Based Enzymatic Glucose Screen-Printed Electrochemical Sensor

by Ema Gričar, Josip Radić, Boštjan Genorio and Mitja Kolar

Sensors 2022, 22(24), 9590; https://doi.org/10.3390/s22249590 - 7 Dec 2022

Cited by 3 | Viewed by 1546

Abstract

A simple, sensitive, cost effective, and reliable enzymatic glucose biosensor was developed and tested. Nitrogen-doped heat-treated graphene oxide nanoribbons (N-htGONR) were used for modification of commercially available screen-printed carbon electrodes (SPCEs), together with MnO₂ and glucose oxidase. The resulting sensors were optimized and used to detect glucose in a wide linear range (0.05–5.0 mM) by a simple amperometric method, where the limit of detection was determined to be 0.008 mM. (lifetime), and reproducibility studies were also carried out and yielded favorable results. The sensor was then tested against potential interfering species present in food and beverage samples before its application to real matrix. Spiked beer samples were analyzed (with glucose recovery between 93.5 and 103.5%) to demonstrate the suitability of the developed sensor towards real food and beverage sample applications. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Biosensors and Electrochemical Sensors)

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15 pages, 1812 KiB

Open AccessArticle

A Novel Preanalytical Strategy Enabling Application of a Colorimetric Nanoaptasensor for On-Site Detection of AFB1 in Cattle Feed

by Braulio Contreras-Trigo, Víctor Díaz-García and Patricio Oyarzún

Sensors 2022, 22(23), 9280; https://doi.org/10.3390/s22239280 - 29 Nov 2022

Cited by 2 | Viewed by 1448

Abstract

Aflatoxin contamination of cattle feed is responsible for serious adverse effects on animal and human health. A number of approaches have been reported to determine aflatoxin B1 (AFB1) in a variety of feed samples using aptasensors. However, rapid analysis of AFB1 in these matrices remains to be addressed in light of the complexity of the preanalytical process. Herein we describe an optimization on the preanalytical stage to minimize the sample processing steps required to perform semi-quantitative colorimetric detection of AFB1 in cattle feed using a gold nanoparticle-based aptasensor (nano-aptasensor). The optical behavior of the nano-aptasensor was characterized in different organics solvents, with acetonitrile showing the least interference on the activity of the nan-aptasensor. This solvent was selected as the extractant agent for AFB1-containing feed, allowing for the first time, direct colorimetric detection from the crude extract (detection limit of 5 µg/kg). Overall, these results lend support to the application of this technology for the on-site detection of AFB1 in the dairy sector. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Biosensors and Electrochemical Sensors)

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18 pages, 2160 KiB

Open AccessArticle

A Platinized Carbon Fiber Microelectrode-Based Oxidase Biosensor for Amperometric Monitoring of Lactate in Brain Slices

by Cândida Dias, Eliana Fernandes, Rui M. Barbosa and Ana Ledo

Sensors 2022, 22(18), 7011; https://doi.org/10.3390/s22187011 - 16 Sep 2022

Cited by 5 | Viewed by 1897

Abstract

Background: Direct and real-time monitoring of lactate in the extracellular space can help elucidate the metabolic and modulatory role of lactate in the brain. Compared to in vivo studies, brain slices allow the investigation of the neural contribution separately from the effects of cerebrovascular response and permit easy control of recording conditions. Methods: We have used a platinized carbon fiber microelectrode platform to design an oxidase-based microbiosensor for monitoring lactate in brain slices with high spatial and temporal resolution operating at 32 °C. Lactate oxidase (Aerococcus viridans) was immobilized by crosslinking with glutaraldehyde and a layer of polyurethane was added to extend the linear range. Selectivity was improved by electropolymerization of m-phenylenediamine and concurrent use of a null sensor. Results: The lactate microbiosensor exhibited high sensitivity, selectivity, and optimal analytical performance at a pH and temperature compatible with recording in hippocampal slices. Evaluation of operational stability under conditions of repeated use supports the suitability of this design for up to three repeated assays. Conclusions: The microbiosensor displayed good analytical performance to monitor rapid changes in lactate concentration in the hippocampal tissue in response to potassium-evoked depolarization. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Biosensors and Electrochemical Sensors)

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11 pages, 1397 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Ti₂C-TiO₂ MXene Nanocomposite-Based High-Efficiency Non-Enzymatic Glucose Sensing Platform for Diabetes Monitoring

by Vinod Kumar, Sudheesh K. Shukla, Meenakshi Choudhary, Jalaj Gupta, Priyanka Chaudhary, Saurabh Srivastava, Mukesh Kumar, Manoj Kumar, Devojit Kumar Sarma, Bal Chandra Yadav and Vinod Verma

Sensors 2022, 22(15), 5589; https://doi.org/10.3390/s22155589 - 26 Jul 2022

Cited by 8 | Viewed by 2945

Abstract

Diabetes is a major health challenge, and it is linked to a number of serious health issues, including cardiovascular disease (heart attack and stroke), diabetic nephropathy (kidney damage or failure), and birth defects. The detection of glucose has a direct and significant clinical importance in the management of diabetes. Herein, we demonstrate the application of in-situ synthesized Ti₂C-TiO₂ MXene nanocomposite for high throughput non-enzymatic electrochemical sensing of glucose. The nanocomposite was synthesized by controlled oxidation of Ti₂C-MXene nanosheets using H₂O₂ at room temperature_. The oxidation results in the opening up of Ti₂C-MXene nanosheets and the formation of TiO₂ nanocrystals on their surfaces as revealed in microscopic and spectroscopic analysis. Nanocomposite exhibited considerably high electrochemical response than parent Ti₂C MXene, and hence utilized as a novel electrode material for enzyme-free sensitive and specific detection of glucose. Developed nanocomposite-based non-enzymatic glucose sensor (NEGS) displays a wide linearity range (0.1 µM-200 µM, R² = 0.992), high sensitivity of 75.32 μA mM⁻¹ cm⁻², a low limit of detection (0.12 μM) and a rapid response time (~3s). NEGS has further shown a high level of repeatability and selectivity for glucose in serum spiked samples. The unveiled excellent sensing performance of NEGS is credited to synergistically improved electrochemical response of Ti₂C MXene and TiO₂ nanoparticles. All of these attributes highlight the potential of MXene nanocomposite as a next-generation NEGS for on the spot mass screening of diabetic patients. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Biosensors and Electrochemical Sensors)

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12 pages, 1656 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Effective Electrochemiluminescence Aptasensor for Detection of Atrazine Residue

by Xue Huang, He Li, Mengjiao Hu, Mengyuan Bai, Yemin Guo and Xia Sun

Sensors 2022, 22(9), 3430; https://doi.org/10.3390/s22093430 - 30 Apr 2022

Cited by 9 | Viewed by 1826

Abstract

According to the chemiluminescence characteristics of the luminol-hydrogen peroxide (H₂O₂) system, this work designed a novel and effective electrochemiluminescence (ECL) aptasensor to detect atrazine (ATZ) rapidly. Silver nanoparticles (AgNPs) could effectively catalyze the decomposition of H₂O₂ and enhance the ECL intensity of the luminol-H₂O₂ system. Once ATZ was modified on the aptasensor, the ECL intensity was significantly weakened because of the specific combination between ATZ and its aptamer. Therefore, the changes in ECL intensity could be used to detect the concentration of ATZ. Under optimal detecting conditions, the aptasensor had a wide linear range from 1 × 10⁻³ ng/mL to 1 × 10³ ng/mL and a low limit of detection (3.3 × 10⁻⁴ ng/mL). The designed aptasensor had the advantages of good stability, reproducibility, and specificity. The aptasensor could be used to detect the ATZ content of tap water, soil, and cabbage and had satisfactory results. This work effectively constructs a novel, effective, and rapid ECL aptasensor for detecting ATZ in actual samples. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Biosensors and Electrochemical Sensors)

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12 pages, 2299 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Non-Invasive Muscular Atrophy Causes Evaluation for Limb Fracture Based on Flexible Surface Electromyography System

by Xiachuan Pei, Ruijian Yan, Guangyao Jiang, Tianyu Qi, Hao Jin, Shurong Dong and Gang Feng

Sensors 2022, 22(7), 2640; https://doi.org/10.3390/s22072640 - 30 Mar 2022

Cited by 2 | Viewed by 2001

Abstract

Muscular atrophy after limb fracture is a frequently occurring complication with multiple causes. Different treatments and targeted rehabilitation procedures should be carried out based on the causes. However, bedside evaluation methods are invasive in clinical practice nowadays, lacking reliable non-invasive methods. In this study, we propose a non-invasive flexible surface electromyography system with machine learning algorithms to distinguish nerve-injury and limb immobilization-related atrophy. First, a flexible surface electromyography sensor was designed and verified by in vitro tests for its robustness and flexibility. Then, in vivo tests on rats proved the reliability compared with the traditional invasive diagnosis method. Finally, this system was applied for the diagnosis of muscular atrophy in 10 patients. The flexible surface electromyography sensor can achieve a max strain of 12.0%, which ensures close contact with the skin. The in vivo tests on rats show great comparability with the traditional invasive diagnosis method. It can achieve a high specificity of 95.28% and sensitivity of 98.98%. Application on patients reaches a relatively high specificity of 89.44% and sensitivity of 91.94%. The proposed painless surface electromyography system can be an easy and accurate supplementary for bedside muscular atrophy causes evaluation, holding excellent contact with the body. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Biosensors and Electrochemical Sensors)

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13 pages, 2036 KiB

Open AccessArticle

A FRET Approach to Detect Paraoxon among Organophosphate Pesticides Using a Fluorescent Biosensor

by Andreia C. M. Rodrigues, Maria Vittoria Barbieri, Marco Chino, Giuseppe Manco and Ferdinando Febbraio

Sensors 2022, 22(2), 561; https://doi.org/10.3390/s22020561 - 12 Jan 2022

Cited by 5 | Viewed by 2047

Abstract

The development of faster, sensitive and real-time methods for detecting organophosphate (OP) pesticides is of utmost priority in the in situ monitoring of these widespread compounds. Research on enzyme-based biosensors is increasing, and a promising candidate as a bioreceptor is the thermostable enzyme esterase-2 from Alicyclobacillus acidocaldarius (EST2), with a lipase-like Ser–His–Asp catalytic triad with a high affinity for OPs. This study aimed to evaluate the applicability of Förster resonance energy transfer (FRET) as a sensitive and reliable method to quantify OPs at environmentally relevant concentrations. For this purpose, the previously developed IAEDANS-labelled EST2-S35C mutant was used, in which tryptophan and IAEDANS fluorophores are the donor and the acceptor, respectively. Fluorometric measurements showed linearity with increased EST2-S35C concentrations. No significant interference was observed in the FRET measurements due to changes in the pH of the medium or the addition of other organic components (glucose, ascorbic acid or yeast extract). Fluorescence quenching due to the presence of paraoxon was observed at concentrations as low as 2 nM, which are considered harmful for the ecosystem. These results pave the way for further experiments encompassing more complex matrices. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Biosensors and Electrochemical Sensors)

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12 pages, 3045 KiB

Open AccessArticle

An Experimental and Numerical Study of Polyelectrolyte Hydrogel Ionic Diodes: Towards Electrical Detection of Charged Biomolecules

by Chenwei Xiong, Boyin Zhang, Rong Zhang and Yifan Liu

Sensors 2021, 21(24), 8279; https://doi.org/10.3390/s21248279 - 10 Dec 2021

Cited by 2 | Viewed by 3099

Abstract

Polyelectrolyte hydrogel ionic diodes (PHIDs) have recently emerged as a unique set of iontronic devices. Such diodes are built on microfluidic chips that feature polyelectrolyte hydrogel junctions and rectify ionic currents owing to the heterogeneous distribution and transport of ions across the junctions. In this paper, we provide the first account of a study on the ion transport behavior of PHIDs through an experimental investigation and numerical simulation. The effects of bulk ionic strength and hydrogel pore confinement are experimentally investigated. The ionic current rectification (ICR) exhibits saturation in a micromolar regime and responds to hydrogel pore size, which is subsequently verified in a simulation. Furthermore, we experimentally show that the rectification is sensitive to the dose of immobilized DNA with an exhibited sensitivity of 1 ng/μL. We anticipate our findings would be beneficial to the design of PHID-based biosensors for electrical detection of charged biomolecules. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Biosensors and Electrochemical Sensors)

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