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Advances in Bipolar and Array-Based Surface EMG: Detection, Interpretation and Teaching

A special issue of Sensors (ISSN 1424-8220). This special issue belongs to the section "Biosensors".

Deadline for manuscript submissions: closed (31 July 2022) | Viewed by 21177

Special Issue Editors


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Guest Editor
Dip.to di Elettronica, Politecnico di Torino, 10129 Torino, Italy
Interests: surface EMG signals and their detection and processing techniques

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Guest Editor
LAM - Motion Analysis Laboratory, San Sebastiano Hospital, Correggio, Neuromotor and Rehabilitation Department, Azienda USL-IRCCS di Reggio Emilia, Reggio Emilia, Italy
Interests: instrumental assessment and teaching of human motion in the rehabilitation pathways of neurological patients

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Guest Editor
Department of Rehabilitation and Prevention Engineering, Institute of Applied Medical Engineering, RWTH Aachen University, 52056 Aachen, Germany
Interests: movement biomechanics and neuromuscular co-ordination with a focus on the development, application and teaching of technical systems

Special Issue Information

Dear Colleagues,

There are over 8000 publications on surface EMG (sEMG), but its clinical applications are still very limited (a few dozen publications, mostly from research labs) because the technique is considered difficult to apply, not user-friendly, and signals are often noisy and contain artifacts and interferences. In addition, potential clinical users are not well trained in the field and often unable to understand and properly use the physiological information contained in the signal because of educational and technical barriers.

It is unquestionable that future applications will be focused on wireless high-density sEMG (HDsEMG) based on electrode grids which are easy to wear and detecting reliable and stable signals from large areas. Efforts should be made to make this technology understandable to rehabilitation operators and easy to use in clinical environments as well in telemedicine applications.

 

This Special Issue is designed to address problems related to the nature and geometry of electrodes and of the electrode–skin interface as a source of noise, as well as of artifacts and of power line interference. These disturbances should be reduced at the source or be attenuated by subsequent signal processing, transparent to (but understood by) the user. The quality of sEMG signals is largely due to electrode geometry and location, the electrode–skin interface, and training and awareness of the user regarding sEMG detection problems. This Special Issue deals with (a) best practices for proper sEMG detection and (b) education/training of clinical users, teaching proper detection and signal quality control to clinical users. It includes but is not strictly limited to the following main topics which are addressed from the point of view of the user:

  • sEMG electrode types and sensors for signal detection (bipolar and electrode arrays);
  • High-density surface EMG (HDsEMG) detection systems and spatial filters;
  • The nature of the electrode–skin interface or coupling;
  • Reducing noise, artifact, and power line interference at the electrode level by skin treatment;
  • Understanding techniques for the reduction of noise, artifacts, and power line interference by basic signal processing;
  • Automatic detection of signal quality and related warnings;
  • Raw signals and their envelopes;
  • Detection of anatomical/physiological parameters of motor units (MU) and MU action potentials, including diffusion and crosstalk;
  • Physical models and methods for teaching these concepts to clinicians as well as the limitations of the techniques mentioned above.

Contributions focused on how to teach these concepts through models and relatively simple examples are welcome. Original research articles on these issues, tutorials, and reviews are welcome.

We look forward to receiving your contributions.

Prof. Dr. Roberto Merletti
Dr. Isabella Campanini
Prof. Dr. Catherine Disselhorst-Klug
Guest Editors

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Keywords

  • surface EMG detection
  • high-density sEMG systems
  • spatial filters
  • sEMG electrodes
  • electrode–skin impedance
  • electrode–skin noise
  • artifact detection/removal
  • power line interference reduction
  • sEMG signal quality
  • educational and teaching tools

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Published Papers (3 papers)

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Review

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31 pages, 12294 KiB  
Review
Fundamental Concepts of Bipolar and High-Density Surface EMG Understanding and Teaching for Clinical, Occupational, and Sport Applications: Origin, Detection, and Main Errors
by Isabella Campanini, Andrea Merlo, Catherine Disselhorst-Klug, Luca Mesin, Silvia Muceli and Roberto Merletti
Sensors 2022, 22(11), 4150; https://doi.org/10.3390/s22114150 - 30 May 2022
Cited by 32 | Viewed by 6422
Abstract
Surface electromyography (sEMG) has been the subject of thousands of scientific articles, but many barriers limit its clinical applications. Previous work has indicated that the lack of time, competence, training, and teaching is the main barrier to the clinical application of sEMG. This [...] Read more.
Surface electromyography (sEMG) has been the subject of thousands of scientific articles, but many barriers limit its clinical applications. Previous work has indicated that the lack of time, competence, training, and teaching is the main barrier to the clinical application of sEMG. This work follows up and presents a number of analogies, metaphors, and simulations using physical and mathematical models that provide tools for teaching sEMG detection by means of electrode pairs (1D signals) and electrode grids (2D and 3D signals). The basic mechanisms of sEMG generation are summarized and the features of the sensing system (electrode location, size, interelectrode distance, crosstalk, etc.) are illustrated (mostly by animations) with examples that teachers can use. The most common, as well as some potential, applications are illustrated in the areas of signal presentation, gait analysis, the optimal injection of botulinum toxin, neurorehabilitation, ergonomics, obstetrics, occupational medicine, and sport sciences. The work is primarily focused on correct sEMG detection and on crosstalk. Issues related to the clinical transfer of innovations are also discussed, as well as the need for training new clinical and/or technical operators in the field of sEMG. Full article
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19 pages, 2126 KiB  
Review
Electrode Size and Placement for Surface EMG Bipolar Detection from the Brachioradialis Muscle: A Scoping Review
by Andrea Merlo, Maria Chiara Bò and Isabella Campanini
Sensors 2021, 21(21), 7322; https://doi.org/10.3390/s21217322 - 3 Nov 2021
Cited by 16 | Viewed by 7902
Abstract
The brachioradialis muscle (BRD) is one of the main elbow flexors and is often assessed by surface electromyography (sEMG) in physiology, clinical, sports, ergonomics, and bioengineering applications. The reliability of the sEMG measurement strongly relies on the characteristics of the detection system used, [...] Read more.
The brachioradialis muscle (BRD) is one of the main elbow flexors and is often assessed by surface electromyography (sEMG) in physiology, clinical, sports, ergonomics, and bioengineering applications. The reliability of the sEMG measurement strongly relies on the characteristics of the detection system used, because of possible crosstalk from the surrounding forearm muscles. We conducted a scoping review of the main databases to explore available guidelines of electrode placement on BRD and to map the electrode configurations used and authors’ awareness on the issues of crosstalk. One hundred and thirty-four studies were included in the review. The crosstalk was mentioned in 29 studies, although two studies only were specifically designed to assess it. One hundred and six studies (79%) did not even address the issue by generically placing the sensors above BRD, usually choosing large disposable ECG electrodes. The analysis of the literature highlights a general lack of awareness on the issues of crosstalk and the need for adequate training in the sEMG field. Three guidelines were found, whose recommendations have been compared and summarized to promote reliability in further studies. In particular, it is crucial to use miniaturized electrodes placed on a specific area over the muscle, especially when BRD activity is recorded for clinical applications. Full article
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Other

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28 pages, 4082 KiB  
Tutorial
Teaching Essential EMG Theory to Kinesiologists and Physical Therapists Using Analogies Visual Descriptions, and Qualitative Analysis of Biophysical Concepts
by David A. Gabriel
Sensors 2022, 22(17), 6555; https://doi.org/10.3390/s22176555 - 30 Aug 2022
Cited by 5 | Viewed by 5148
Abstract
Electromyography (EMG) is a multidisciplinary field that brings together allied health (kinesiology and physical therapy) and the engineering sciences (biomedical and electrical). Since the physical sciences are used in the measurement of a biological process, the presentation of the theoretical foundations of EMG [...] Read more.
Electromyography (EMG) is a multidisciplinary field that brings together allied health (kinesiology and physical therapy) and the engineering sciences (biomedical and electrical). Since the physical sciences are used in the measurement of a biological process, the presentation of the theoretical foundations of EMG is most conveniently conducted using math and physics. However, given the multidisciplinary nature of EMG, a course will most likely include students from diverse backgrounds, with varying levels of math and physics. This is a pedagogical paper that outlines an approach for teaching foundational concepts in EMG to kinesiologists and physical therapists that uses a combination of analogies, visual descriptions, and qualitative analysis of biophysical concepts to develop an intuitive understanding for those who are new to surface EMG. The approach focuses on muscle fiber action potentials (MFAPs), motor unit action potentials (MUAPs), and compound muscle action potentials (CMAPs) because changes in these waveforms are much easier to identify and describe in comparison to the surface EMG interference pattern (IP). Full article
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