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Atomic Magnetic Sensors

A special issue of Sensors (ISSN 1424-8220). This special issue belongs to the section "Physical Sensors".

Deadline for manuscript submissions: 25 February 2025 | Viewed by 4585

Special Issue Editors


E-Mail Website
Guest Editor
National Physical Laboratory, Hampton Road, Teddington TW11 0LW, UK
Interests: atomic physics; atomic sensors in inductive measurements; portable atomic sensors; magnetometer; atomic clock; spin exchange; magnetic field

E-Mail Website
Guest Editor
National Physical Laboratory, Hampton Road, Teddington TW11 0LW, UK
Interests: atomic clock; magnetometers; magnetic field; laser

Special Issue Information

Dear Colleagues,

The topic of atomic magnetic sensor technology offers two important benefits to the R&D community through technical and fundamental studies.

To those inclined towards the practical aspects of measurement, there are well-matured aspects of the technology that enable the exploration of real-life applications for atomic physics concepts. Attractive application areas such as magnetoencephalography (near-zero field) or geomagnetic surveys (earth's field) have been studied extensively. These activities are complemented by the development of sensor components, such as silicon wafer vapour cells and sophisticated magnetic coil designs, that allow the miniaturisation of the measurement unit.

However, this is also a fertile topic for those interested in the fundamental aspects of sensor operation. The development of concepts that improve sensor performance beyond the standard quantum limits, the validation of novel modes of operation, and the expansion of sensor functionalities prove that the field of the atomic magnetic sensors offers opportunities to demonstrate transformative ideas that extend beyond atomic, optical, and molecular physics.

We would like to address these two aspects in this Special Issue of Sensors and present a breadth of research activities from within the atomic magnetic sensors community.

Dr. Witold Chalupczak
Dr. Patrick Bevington
Guest Editors

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Published Papers (3 papers)

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Research

13 pages, 4538 KiB  
Article
Measuring Transverse Relaxation with a Single-Beam 894 nm VCSEL for Cs-Xe NMR Gyroscope Miniaturization
by Qingyang Zhao, Ruochen Zhang and Hua Liu
Sensors 2024, 24(17), 5692; https://doi.org/10.3390/s24175692 - 1 Sep 2024
Viewed by 345
Abstract
The spin-exchange-pumped nuclear magnetic resonance gyroscope (NMRG) is a pivotal tool in quantum navigation. The transverse relaxation of atoms critically impacts the NMRG’s performance parameters and is essential for judging normal operation. Conventional methods for measuring transverse relaxation typically use dual beams, which [...] Read more.
The spin-exchange-pumped nuclear magnetic resonance gyroscope (NMRG) is a pivotal tool in quantum navigation. The transverse relaxation of atoms critically impacts the NMRG’s performance parameters and is essential for judging normal operation. Conventional methods for measuring transverse relaxation typically use dual beams, which involves complex optical path and frequency stabilization systems, thereby complicating miniaturization and integration. This paper proposes a method to construct a 133Cs parametric resonance magnetometer using a single-beam vertical-cavity surface-emitting laser (VCSEL) to measure the transverse relaxation of 129Xe and 131Xe. Based on this method, the volume of the gyroscope probe is significantly reduced to 50 cm3. Experimental results demonstrate that the constructed Cs-Xe NMRG can achieve a transverse relaxation time (T2) of 8.1 s under static conditions. Within the cell temperature range of 70 °C to 110 °C, T2 decreases with increasing temperature, while the signal amplitude inversely increases. The research lays the foundation for continuous measurement operations of miniaturized NMRGs. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Atomic Magnetic Sensors)
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12 pages, 5286 KiB  
Article
An Optically Pumped Magnetometer with Omnidirectional Magnetic Field Sensitivity
by Volkmar Schultze, Theo Scholtes, Gregor Oelsner, Florian Wittkaemper, Torsten Wieduwilt and Ronny Stolz
Sensors 2023, 23(15), 6866; https://doi.org/10.3390/s23156866 - 2 Aug 2023
Viewed by 1630
Abstract
In mobile applications such as geomagnetic surveying, two major effects hamper the use of optically pumped magnetometers: dead zones, sensor orientations where the sensors signal amplitude drops; and heading errors, a dependence of the measured magnetic field value on the sensor orientation. We [...] Read more.
In mobile applications such as geomagnetic surveying, two major effects hamper the use of optically pumped magnetometers: dead zones, sensor orientations where the sensors signal amplitude drops; and heading errors, a dependence of the measured magnetic field value on the sensor orientation. We present a concept for an omnidirectional magnetometer to overcome both of these effects. The sensor uses two cesium vapor cells, interrogated by circularly-polarized amplitude-modulated laser light split into two beams propagating perpendicular to each other. This configuration is experimentally investigated using a setup wherein the laser beam and magnetic field direction can be freely adjusted relative to each other within a magnetically shielded environment. We demonstrate that a dead-zone-free magnetometer can be realized with nearly isotropic magnetic-field sensitivity. While in the current configuration we observe heading errors emerging from light shifts and shifts due to the nonlinear Zeeman effect, we introduce a straightforward approach to suppress these systematic effects in an advanced sensor realization. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Atomic Magnetic Sensors)
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14 pages, 2561 KiB  
Article
Different Configurations of Radio-Frequency Atomic Magnetometers—A Comparative Study
by Patrick Bevington and Witold Chalupczak
Sensors 2022, 22(24), 9741; https://doi.org/10.3390/s22249741 - 12 Dec 2022
Cited by 2 | Viewed by 1723
Abstract
We comprehensively explore different optical configurations of a radio-frequency atomic magnetometer in the context of sensor miniaturisation. Similarities and differences in operation principles of the magnetometer arrangements are discussed. Through analysis of the radio-frequency and noise spectra, we demonstrate that all configurations provide [...] Read more.
We comprehensively explore different optical configurations of a radio-frequency atomic magnetometer in the context of sensor miniaturisation. Similarities and differences in operation principles of the magnetometer arrangements are discussed. Through analysis of the radio-frequency and noise spectra, we demonstrate that all configurations provide the same level of atomic polarisation and signal-to-noise ratio, but the optimum performance is achieved for significantly different laser powers and frequencies. We conclude with possible strategies for system miniaturisation. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Atomic Magnetic Sensors)
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