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Magnetic Sensors 2021

A special issue of Sensors (ISSN 1424-8220). This special issue belongs to the section "Physical Sensors".

Deadline for manuscript submissions: closed (31 January 2022) | Viewed by 11218

Special Issue Editor


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Guest Editor
Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, National Technical University of Athens, 15780 Athens, Greece
Interests: design, optimization, and mathematical modeling of analog; mixed-signal, RF and microwave integrated and discrete circuits; sensors and instrumentation architectures; biomedical instrumentation; interconnect networks and advanced frequency synthesis

Special Issue Information

Dear Colleagues,

Both research and technological development in magnetic sensors have flourished over the past few decades, driven by and at the same time enabling new applications in many areas of modern life.

Magnetic sensors are used for magnetic data recording; for automation, control and robotics in industry, in vehicles and vessels, in home systems, and in many other electromechanical applications; for detection and mapping in the petroleum industry, archaeology, geophysical studies, military operations, and nondestructive testing; for ground, sea, air and space navigation; for medical and biomedical applications ranging from magnetocardiography to brain magnetic imaging and biological and chemical testing; and, of course, for science experiments instrumentation. The list of applications is long and is constantly expanding with the miniaturization of the sensors as smaller form-factors enable more portable, wearable, and implantable applications.

Magnetic sensors’ operation can be based on a variety of physical phenomena, including the magnetotransport effect, magnetostriction effect, magneto-optical effect, magneto-impedance effect, Hall effect, nuclear magnetic resonance, and several quantum effects, as well as the induction law. The exploitation of any of these phenomena typically requires the appropriate system and electronic circuit architecture and possibly some signal processing for noise and interference reduction. The combination of all the above aspects impacts the sensor’s performance, reliability, operating conditions, and physical specifications, including size, weight, and power requirements, and of course the cost, resulting in relative advantages and disadvantages for a particular application.

In the forthcoming Special Issue on “Magnetic Sensors 2021”, we would like to invite manuscripts on all aspects of magnetic sensors, including their physics and operating principles, materials, design, modelling, characterization and calibration, instrumentation techniques, and of course applications. Both review and original research articles are encouraged.

Indicative topics include but are not limited to:

Biomedical applications

Calibration methodologies and techniques

Induction effects, materials, and sensors

Magnetic impedance tomography

Magnetostriction effects, materials, and sensors

Micro and nanoscale sensors

New transport effects and materials

Non-destructive evaluation and testing

System and circuit level architectures

Prof. Dr. Paul P. Sotiriadis
Guest Editor

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Published Papers (3 papers)

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Research

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12 pages, 5140 KiB  
Article
Hybrid Magnetic–Inductive Angular Sensor with 360° Range and Stray-Field Immunity
by Bruno Brajon, Lorenzo Lugani and Gael Close
Sensors 2022, 22(6), 2153; https://doi.org/10.3390/s22062153 - 10 Mar 2022
Cited by 7 | Viewed by 3127
Abstract
Magnetic and inductive sensors are the dominant technologies in angular position sensing for automotive applications. This paper introduces a new angular sensor: a hybrid concept combining the magnetic Hall and inductive principles. A magnetic Hall transducer provides an accurate angle from 0° to [...] Read more.
Magnetic and inductive sensors are the dominant technologies in angular position sensing for automotive applications. This paper introduces a new angular sensor: a hybrid concept combining the magnetic Hall and inductive principles. A magnetic Hall transducer provides an accurate angle from 0° to 180°, whereas an inductive transducer provides a coarse angle from 0° to 360°. For this novel concept, a hybrid target with a magnetic and inductive signature is also needed. Using the two principles at the same time enables superior performances, in terms of range, compactness and robustness, that are not possible when used separately. We realized and characterized a prototype. The prototype achieves a 360° range, has a high accuracy and is robust against mechanical misalignments, stray fields and stray metals. The measurement results demonstrate that the two sensing principles are completely independent, thereby opening the doors for hybrid optimum magnetic–inductive designs beyond the usual trade-offs (range vs. resolution, size vs. robustness to misalignment). Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Magnetic Sensors 2021)
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20 pages, 8614 KiB  
Article
Low Field Optimization of a Non-Contacting High-Sensitivity GMR-Based DC/AC Current Sensor
by Cristian Mușuroi, Mihai Oproiu, Marius Volmer, Jenica Neamtu, Marioara Avram and Elena Helerea
Sensors 2021, 21(7), 2564; https://doi.org/10.3390/s21072564 - 6 Apr 2021
Cited by 19 | Viewed by 3804
Abstract
Many applications require galvanic isolation between the circuit where the current is flowing and the measurement device. While for AC, the current transformer is the method of choice, in DC and, especially for low currents, other sensing methods must be used. This paper [...] Read more.
Many applications require galvanic isolation between the circuit where the current is flowing and the measurement device. While for AC, the current transformer is the method of choice, in DC and, especially for low currents, other sensing methods must be used. This paper aims to provide a practical method of improving the sensitivity and linearity of a giant magnetoresistance (GMR)-based current sensor by adapting a set of design rules and methods easy to be implemented. Our approach utilizes a multi-trace current trace and a double differential GMR based detection system. This essentially constitutes a planar coil which would effectively increase the usable magnetic field detected by the GMR sensor. An analytical model is developed for calculating the magnetic field generated by the current in the GMR sensing area which showed a significant increase in sensitivity up to 13 times compared with a single biased sensor. The experimental setup can measure both DC and AC currents between 2–300 mA, with a sensitivity between 15.62 to 23.19 mV/mA, for biasing fields between 4 to 8 Oe with a detection limit of 100 μA in DC and 100 to 300 μA in AC from 10 Hz to 50 kHz. Because of the double differential setup, the detection system has a high immunity to external magnetic fields and a temperature drift of the offset of about −2.59 × 10−4 A/°C. Finally, this setup was adapted for detection of magnetic nanoparticles (MNPs) which can be used to label biomolecules in lab-on-a-chip applications and preliminary results are reported. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Magnetic Sensors 2021)
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Review

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31 pages, 976 KiB  
Review
Magnetic Field Sensors’ Calibration: Algorithms’ Overview and Comparison
by Konstantinos Papafotis, Dimitris Nikitas and Paul P. Sotiriadis
Sensors 2021, 21(16), 5288; https://doi.org/10.3390/s21165288 - 5 Aug 2021
Cited by 11 | Viewed by 3190
Abstract
The calibration of three-axis magnetic field sensors is reviewed. Seven representative algorithms for in-situ calibration of magnetic field sensors without requiring any special piece of equipment are reviewed. The algorithms are presented in a user friendly, directly applicable step-by-step form, and are compared [...] Read more.
The calibration of three-axis magnetic field sensors is reviewed. Seven representative algorithms for in-situ calibration of magnetic field sensors without requiring any special piece of equipment are reviewed. The algorithms are presented in a user friendly, directly applicable step-by-step form, and are compared in terms of accuracy, computational efficiency and robustness using both real sensors’ data and artificial data with known sensor’s measurement distortion. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Magnetic Sensors 2021)
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