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843 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Emotion Recognition from Chinese Speech for Smart Affective Services Using a Combination of SVM and DBN

by Lianzhang Zhu, Leiming Chen, Dehai Zhao, Jiehan Zhou and Weishan Zhang

Sensors 2017, 17(7), 1694; https://doi.org/10.3390/s17071694 - 24 Jul 2017

Cited by 111 | Viewed by 8908

Abstract

Accurate emotion recognition from speech is important for applications like smart health care, smart entertainment, and other smart services. High accuracy emotion recognition from Chinese speech is challenging due to the complexities of the Chinese language. In this paper, we explore how to [...] Read more.

Accurate emotion recognition from speech is important for applications like smart health care, smart entertainment, and other smart services. High accuracy emotion recognition from Chinese speech is challenging due to the complexities of the Chinese language. In this paper, we explore how to improve the accuracy of speech emotion recognition, including speech signal feature extraction and emotion classification methods. Five types of features are extracted from a speech sample: mel frequency cepstrum coefficient (MFCC), pitch, formant, short-term zero-crossing rate and short-term energy. By comparing statistical features with deep features extracted by a Deep Belief Network (DBN), we attempt to find the best features to identify the emotion status for speech. We propose a novel classification method that combines DBN and SVM (support vector machine) instead of using only one of them. In addition, a conjugate gradient method is applied to train DBN in order to speed up the training process. Gender-dependent experiments are conducted using an emotional speech database created by the Chinese Academy of Sciences. The results show that DBN features can reflect emotion status better than artificial features, and our new classification approach achieves an accuracy of 95.8%, which is higher than using either DBN or SVM separately. Results also show that DBN can work very well for small training databases if it is properly designed. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue New Advances in Identification, Information & Knowledge in the Internet of Things)

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4328 KiB

Open AccessArticle

On Transform Domain Communication Systems under Spectrum Sensing Mismatch: A Deterministic Analysis

by Chuanxue Jin, Su Hu, Yixuan Huang, Qu Luo, Dan Huang, Yi Li, Yuan Gao and Shaochi Cheng

Sensors 2017, 17(7), 1594; https://doi.org/10.3390/s17071594 - 8 Jul 2017

Cited by 2 | Viewed by 4727

Abstract

Towards the era of mobile Internet and the Internet of Things (IoT), numerous sensors and devices are being introduced and interconnected. To support such an amount of data traffic, traditional wireless communication technologies are facing challenges both in terms of the increasing shortage [...] Read more.

Towards the era of mobile Internet and the Internet of Things (IoT), numerous sensors and devices are being introduced and interconnected. To support such an amount of data traffic, traditional wireless communication technologies are facing challenges both in terms of the increasing shortage of spectrum resources and massive multiple access. The transform-domain communication system (TDCS) is considered as an alternative multiple access system, where 5G and mobile IoT are mainly focused. However, previous studies about TDCS are under the assumption that the transceiver has the global spectrum information, without the consideration of spectrum sensing mismatch (SSM). In this paper, we present the deterministic analysis of TDCS systems under arbitrary given spectrum sensing scenarios, especially the influence of the SSM pattern to the signal to noise ratio (SNR) performance. Simulation results show that arbitrary SSM pattern can lead to inferior bit error rate (BER) performance. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue New Advances in Identification, Information & Knowledge in the Internet of Things)

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3192 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Spatial Indexing for Data Searching in Mobile Sensing Environments

by Yuchao Zhou, Suparna De, Wei Wang, Klaus Moessner and Marimuthu S. Palaniswami

Sensors 2017, 17(6), 1427; https://doi.org/10.3390/s17061427 - 18 Jun 2017

Cited by 14 | Viewed by 7096

Abstract

Data searching and retrieval is one of the fundamental functionalities in many Web of Things applications, which need to collect, process and analyze huge amounts of sensor stream data. The problem in fact has been well studied for data generated by sensors that [...] Read more.

Data searching and retrieval is one of the fundamental functionalities in many Web of Things applications, which need to collect, process and analyze huge amounts of sensor stream data. The problem in fact has been well studied for data generated by sensors that are installed at fixed locations; however, challenges emerge along with the popularity of opportunistic sensing applications in which mobile sensors keep reporting observation and measurement data at variable intervals and changing geographical locations. To address these challenges, we develop the Geohash-Grid Tree, a spatial indexing technique specially designed for searching data integrated from heterogeneous sources in a mobile sensing environment. Results of the experiments on a real-world dataset collected from the SmartSantander smart city testbed show that the index structure allows efficient search based on spatial distance, range and time windows in a large time series database. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue New Advances in Identification, Information & Knowledge in the Internet of Things)

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1489 KiB

Open AccessArticle

QuickCash: Secure Transfer Payment Systems

by Abdulrahman Alhothaily, Arwa Alrawais, Tianyi Song, Bin Lin and Xiuzhen Cheng

Sensors 2017, 17(6), 1376; https://doi.org/10.3390/s17061376 - 13 Jun 2017

Cited by 11 | Viewed by 7964

Abstract

Payment systems play a significant role in our daily lives. They are an important driver of economic activities and a vital part of the banking infrastructure of any country. Several current payment systems focus on security and reliability but pay less attention to [...] Read more.

Payment systems play a significant role in our daily lives. They are an important driver of economic activities and a vital part of the banking infrastructure of any country. Several current payment systems focus on security and reliability but pay less attention to users’ needs and behaviors. For example, people may share their bankcards with friends or relatives to withdraw money for various reasons. This behavior can lead to a variety of privacy and security issues since the cardholder has to share a bankcard and other sensitive information such as a personal identification number (PIN). In addition, it is commonplace that cardholders may lose their cards, and may not be able to access their accounts due to various reasons. Furthermore, transferring money to an individual who has lost their bankcard and identification information is not a straightforward task. A user-friendly person-to-person payment system is urgently needed to perform secure and reliable transactions that benefit from current technological advancements. In this paper, we propose two secure fund transfer methods termed QuickCash Online and QuickCash Offline to transfer money from peer to peer using the existing banking infrastructure. Our methods provide a convenient way to transfer money quickly, and they do not require using bank cards or any identification card. Unlike other person-to-person payment systems, the proposed methods do not require the receiving entity to have a bank account, or to perform any registration procedure. We implement our QuickCash payment systems and analyze their security strengths and properties. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue New Advances in Identification, Information & Knowledge in the Internet of Things)

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2108 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Data Acquisition Based on Stable Matching of Bipartite Graph in Cooperative Vehicle–Infrastructure Systems

by Xiaolan Tang, Donghui Hong and Wenlong Chen

Sensors 2017, 17(6), 1327; https://doi.org/10.3390/s17061327 - 8 Jun 2017

Cited by 10 | Viewed by 4866

Abstract

Existing studies on data acquisition in vehicular networks often take the mobile vehicular nodes as data carriers. However, their autonomous movements, limited resources and security risks impact the quality of services. In this article, we propose a data acquisition model using stable matching [...] Read more.

Existing studies on data acquisition in vehicular networks often take the mobile vehicular nodes as data carriers. However, their autonomous movements, limited resources and security risks impact the quality of services. In this article, we propose a data acquisition model using stable matching of bipartite graph in cooperative vehicle-infrastructure systems, namely, DAS. Contents are distributed to roadside units, while vehicular nodes support supplementary storage. The original distribution problem is formulated as a stable matching problem of bipartite graph, where the data and the storage cells compose two sides of vertices. Regarding the factors relevant with the access ratio and delay, the preference rankings for contents and roadside units are calculated, respectively. With a multi-replica preprocessing algorithm to handle the potential one-to-many mapping, the matching problem is addressed in polynomial time. In addition, vehicular nodes carry and forward assistant contents to deliver the failed packets because of bandwidth competition. Furthermore, an incentive strategy is put forward to boost the vehicle cooperation and to achieve a fair bandwidth allocation at roadside units. Experiments show that DAS achieves a high access ratio and a small storage cost with an acceptable delay. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue New Advances in Identification, Information & Knowledge in the Internet of Things)

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1910 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Low Duty-Cycling MAC Protocol for Low Data-Rate Medical Wireless Body Area Networks

by Chongqing Zhang, Yinglong Wang, Yongquan Liang, Minglei Shu, Jinquan Zhang and Lina Ni

Sensors 2017, 17(5), 1134; https://doi.org/10.3390/s17051134 - 16 May 2017

Cited by 10 | Viewed by 4558

Abstract

Wireless body area networks (WBANs) are severely energy constrained, and how to improve the energy efficiency so as to prolong the network lifetime as long as possible is one of the most important goals of WBAN research. Low data-rate WBANs are promising to [...] Read more.

Wireless body area networks (WBANs) are severely energy constrained, and how to improve the energy efficiency so as to prolong the network lifetime as long as possible is one of the most important goals of WBAN research. Low data-rate WBANs are promising to cut down the energy consumption and extend the network lifetime. Considering the characteristics and demands of low data-rate WBANs, a low duty-cycling medium access control (MAC) protocol is specially designed for this kind of WBAN in this paper. Longer superframes are exploited to cut down the energy consumed on the transmissions and receptions of redundant beacon frames. Insertion time slots are embedded into the inactive part of a superframe to deliver the frames and satisfy the quality of service (QoS) requirements. The number of the data subsections in an insertion time slot can be adaptively adjusted so as to accommodate low data-rate WBANs with different traffic. Simulation results show that the proposed MAC protocol performs well under the condition of low data-rate monitoring traffic. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue New Advances in Identification, Information & Knowledge in the Internet of Things)

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947 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Wireless Sensor Network-Based Service Provisioning by a Brokering Platform

by Luis Guijarro, Vicent Pla, Jose R. Vidal, Maurizio Naldi and Toktam Mahmoodi

Sensors 2017, 17(5), 1115; https://doi.org/10.3390/s17051115 - 12 May 2017

Cited by 10 | Viewed by 4463

Abstract

This paper proposes a business model for providing services based on the Internet of Things through a platform that intermediates between human users and Wireless Sensor Networks (WSNs). The platform seeks to maximize its profit through posting both the price charged to each [...] Read more.

This paper proposes a business model for providing services based on the Internet of Things through a platform that intermediates between human users and Wireless Sensor Networks (WSNs). The platform seeks to maximize its profit through posting both the price charged to each user and the price paid to each WSN. A complete analysis of the profit maximization problem is performed in this paper. We show that the service provider maximizes its profit by incentivizing all users and all Wireless Sensor Infrastructure Providers (WSIPs) to join the platform. This is true not only when the number of users is high, but also when it is moderate, provided that the costs that the users bear do not trespass a cost ceiling. This cost ceiling depends on the number of WSIPs, on the value of the intrinsic value of the service and on the externality that the WSIP has on the user utility. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue New Advances in Identification, Information & Knowledge in the Internet of Things)

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1200 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Effective Social Relationship Measurement and Cluster Based Routing in Mobile Opportunistic Networks

by Feng Zeng, Nan Zhao and Wenjia Li

Sensors 2017, 17(5), 1109; https://doi.org/10.3390/s17051109 - 12 May 2017

Cited by 21 | Viewed by 4807

Abstract

In mobile opportunistic networks, the social relationship among nodes has an important impact on data transmission efficiency. Motivated by the strong share ability of “circles of friends” in communication networks such as Facebook, Twitter, Wechat and so on, we take a real-life example [...] Read more.

In mobile opportunistic networks, the social relationship among nodes has an important impact on data transmission efficiency. Motivated by the strong share ability of “circles of friends” in communication networks such as Facebook, Twitter, Wechat and so on, we take a real-life example to show that social relationships among nodes consist of explicit and implicit parts. The explicit part comes from direct contact among nodes, and the implicit part can be measured through the “circles of friends”. We present the definitions of explicit and implicit social relationships between two nodes, adaptive weights of explicit and implicit parts are given according to the contact feature of nodes, and the distributed mechanism is designed to construct the “circles of friends” of nodes, which is used for the calculation of the implicit part of social relationship between nodes. Based on effective measurement of social relationships, we propose a social-based clustering and routing scheme, in which each node selects the nodes with close social relationships to form a local cluster, and the self-control method is used to keep all cluster members always having close relationships with each other. A cluster-based message forwarding mechanism is designed for opportunistic routing, in which each node only forwards the copy of the message to nodes with the destination node as a member of the local cluster. Simulation results show that the proposed social-based clustering and routing outperforms the other classic routing algorithms. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue New Advances in Identification, Information & Knowledge in the Internet of Things)

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395 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Social Welfare Control in Mobile Crowdsensing Using Zero-Determinant Strategy

by Qin Hu, Shengling Wang, Rongfang Bie and Xiuzhen Cheng

Sensors 2017, 17(5), 1012; https://doi.org/10.3390/s17051012 - 3 May 2017

Cited by 10 | Viewed by 3595

Abstract

As a promising paradigm, mobile crowdsensing exerts the potential of widespread sensors embedded in mobile devices. The greedy nature of workers brings the problem of low-quality sensing data, which poses threats to the overall performance of a crowdsensing system. Existing works often tackle [...] Read more.

As a promising paradigm, mobile crowdsensing exerts the potential of widespread sensors embedded in mobile devices. The greedy nature of workers brings the problem of low-quality sensing data, which poses threats to the overall performance of a crowdsensing system. Existing works often tackle this problem with additional function components. In this paper, we systematically formulate the problem into a crowdsensing interaction process between a requestor and a worker, which can be modeled by two types of iterated games with different strategy spaces. Considering that the low-quality data submitted by the workers can reduce the requestor’s payoff and further decrease the global income, we turn to controlling the social welfare in the games. To that aim, we take advantage of zero-determinant strategy, based on which we propose two social welfare control mechanisms under both game models. Specifically, we consider the requestor as the controller of the games and, with proper parameter settings for the to-be-adopted zero-determinant strategy, social welfare can be optimized to the desired level no matter what strategy the worker adopts. Simulation results demonstrate that the requestor can achieve the maximized social welfare and keep it stable by using our proposed mechanisms. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue New Advances in Identification, Information & Knowledge in the Internet of Things)

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522 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Canoe: An Autonomous Infrastructure-Free Indoor Navigation System

by Kai Dong, Wenjia Wu, Haibo Ye, Ming Yang, Zhen Ling and Wei Yu

Sensors 2017, 17(5), 996; https://doi.org/10.3390/s17050996 - 30 Apr 2017

Cited by 11 | Viewed by 4418

Abstract

The development of the Internet of Things (IoT) has accelerated research in indoor navigation systems, a majority of which rely on adequate wireless signals and sources. Nonetheless, deploying such a system requires periodic site-survey, which is time consuming and labor intensive. To address [...] Read more.

The development of the Internet of Things (IoT) has accelerated research in indoor navigation systems, a majority of which rely on adequate wireless signals and sources. Nonetheless, deploying such a system requires periodic site-survey, which is time consuming and labor intensive. To address this issue, in this paper we present Canoe, an indoor navigation system that considers shopping mall scenarios. In our system, we do not assume any prior knowledge, such as floor-plan or the shop locations, access point placement or power settings, historical RSS measurements or fingerprints, etc. Instead, Canoe requires only that the shop owners collect and publish RSS values at the entrances of their shops and can direct a consumer to any of these shops by comparing the observed RSS values. The locations of the consumers and the shops are estimated using maximum likelihood estimation. In doing this, the direction of the target shop relative to the current orientation of the consumer can be precisely computed, such that the direction that a consumer should move can be determined. We have conducted extensive simulations using a real-world dataset. Our experiments in a real shopping mall demonstrate that if 50% of the shops publish their RSS values, Canoe can precisely navigate a consumer within 30 s, with an error rate below 9%. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue New Advances in Identification, Information & Knowledge in the Internet of Things)

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1184 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Time-Aware Service Ranking Prediction in the Internet of Things Environment

by Yuze Huang, Jiwei Huang, Bo Cheng, Shuqing He and Junliang Chen

Sensors 2017, 17(5), 974; https://doi.org/10.3390/s17050974 - 27 Apr 2017

Cited by 20 | Viewed by 5239

Abstract

With the rapid development of the Internet of things (IoT), building IoT systems with high quality of service (QoS) has become an urgent requirement in both academia and industry. During the procedures of building IoT systems, QoS-aware service selection is an important concern, [...] Read more.

With the rapid development of the Internet of things (IoT), building IoT systems with high quality of service (QoS) has become an urgent requirement in both academia and industry. During the procedures of building IoT systems, QoS-aware service selection is an important concern, which requires the ranking of a set of functionally similar services according to their QoS values. In reality, however, it is quite expensive and even impractical to evaluate all geographically-dispersed IoT services at a single client to obtain such a ranking. Nevertheless, distributed measurement and ranking aggregation have to deal with the high dynamics of QoS values and the inconsistency of partial rankings. To address these challenges, we propose a time-aware service ranking prediction approach named TSRPred for obtaining the global ranking from the collection of partial rankings. Specifically, a pairwise comparison model is constructed to describe the relationships between different services, where the partial rankings are obtained by time series forecasting on QoS values. The comparisons of IoT services are formulated by random walks, and thus, the global ranking can be obtained by sorting the steady-state probabilities of the underlying Markov chain. Finally, the efficacy of TSRPred is validated by simulation experiments based on large-scale real-world datasets. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue New Advances in Identification, Information & Knowledge in the Internet of Things)

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750 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Static Memory Deduplication for Performance Optimization in Cloud Computing

by Gangyong Jia, Guangjie Han, Hao Wang and Xuan Yang

Sensors 2017, 17(5), 968; https://doi.org/10.3390/s17050968 - 27 Apr 2017

Cited by 48 | Viewed by 4809

Abstract

In a cloud computing environment, the number of virtual machines (VMs) on a single physical server and the number of applications running on each VM are continuously growing. This has led to an enormous increase in the demand of memory capacity and subsequent [...] Read more.

In a cloud computing environment, the number of virtual machines (VMs) on a single physical server and the number of applications running on each VM are continuously growing. This has led to an enormous increase in the demand of memory capacity and subsequent increase in the energy consumption in the cloud. Lack of enough memory has become a major bottleneck for scalability and performance of virtualization interfaces in cloud computing. To address this problem, memory deduplication techniques which reduce memory demand through page sharing are being adopted. However, such techniques suffer from overheads in terms of number of online comparisons required for the memory deduplication. In this paper, we propose a static memory deduplication (SMD) technique which can reduce memory capacity requirement and provide performance optimization in cloud computing. The main innovation of SMD is that the process of page detection is performed offline, thus potentially reducing the performance cost, especially in terms of response time. In SMD, page comparisons are restricted to the code segment, which has the highest shared content. Our experimental results show that SMD efficiently reduces memory capacity requirement and improves performance. We demonstrate that, compared to other approaches, the cost in terms of the response time is negligible. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue New Advances in Identification, Information & Knowledge in the Internet of Things)

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497 KiB

Open AccessArticle

An Adaptive Clustering Approach Based on Minimum Travel Route Planning for Wireless Sensor Networks with a Mobile Sink

by Jiqiang Tang, Wu Yang, Lingyun Zhu, Dong Wang and Xin Feng

Sensors 2017, 17(5), 964; https://doi.org/10.3390/s17050964 - 26 Apr 2017

Cited by 15 | Viewed by 5535

Abstract

In recent years, Wireless Sensor Networks with a Mobile Sink (WSN-MS) have been an active research topic due to the widespread use of mobile devices. However, how to get the balance between data delivery latency and energy consumption becomes a key issue of [...] Read more.

In recent years, Wireless Sensor Networks with a Mobile Sink (WSN-MS) have been an active research topic due to the widespread use of mobile devices. However, how to get the balance between data delivery latency and energy consumption becomes a key issue of WSN-MS. In this paper, we study the clustering approach by jointly considering the Route planning for mobile sink and Clustering Problem (RCP) for static sensor nodes. We solve the RCP problem by using the minimum travel route clustering approach, which applies the minimum travel route of the mobile sink to guide the clustering process. We formulate the RCP problem as an Integer Non-Linear Programming (INLP) problem to shorten the travel route of the mobile sink under three constraints: the communication hops constraint, the travel route constraint and the loop avoidance constraint. We then propose an Imprecise Induction Algorithm (IIA) based on the property that the solution with a small hop count is more feasible than that with a large hop count. The IIA algorithm includes three processes: initializing travel route planning with a Traveling Salesman Problem (TSP) algorithm, transforming the cluster head to a cluster member and transforming the cluster member to a cluster head. Extensive experimental results show that the IIA algorithm could automatically adjust cluster heads according to the maximum hops parameter and plan a shorter travel route for the mobile sink. Compared with the Shortest Path Tree-based Data-Gathering Algorithm (SPT-DGA), the IIA algorithm has the characteristics of shorter route length, smaller cluster head count and faster convergence rate. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue New Advances in Identification, Information & Knowledge in the Internet of Things)

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1178 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Dynamic Construction Scheme for Virtualization Security Service in Software-Defined Networks

by Zhaowen Lin, Dan Tao and Zhenji Wang

Sensors 2017, 17(4), 920; https://doi.org/10.3390/s17040920 - 21 Apr 2017

Cited by 13 | Viewed by 5152

Abstract

For a Software Defined Network (SDN), security is an important factor affecting its large-scale deployment. The existing security solutions for SDN mainly focus on the controller itself, which has to handle all the security protection tasks by using the programmability of the network. [...] Read more.

For a Software Defined Network (SDN), security is an important factor affecting its large-scale deployment. The existing security solutions for SDN mainly focus on the controller itself, which has to handle all the security protection tasks by using the programmability of the network. This will undoubtedly involve a heavy burden for the controller. More devastatingly, once the controller itself is attacked, the entire network will be paralyzed. Motivated by this, this paper proposes a novel security protection architecture for SDN. We design a security service orchestration center in the control plane of SDN, and this center physically decouples from the SDN controller and constructs SDN security services. We adopt virtualization technology to construct a security meta-function library, and propose a dynamic security service composition construction algorithm based on web service composition technology. The rule-combining method is used to combine security meta-functions to construct security services which meet the requirements of users. Moreover, the RETE algorithm is introduced to improve the efficiency of the rule-combining method. We evaluate our solutions in a realistic scenario based on OpenStack. Substantial experimental results demonstrate the effectiveness of our solutions that contribute to achieve the effective security protection with a small burden of the SDN controller. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue New Advances in Identification, Information & Knowledge in the Internet of Things)

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9406 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Accurate Ambient Noise Assessment Using Smartphones

by Willian Zamora, Carlos T. Calafate, Juan-Carlos Cano and Pietro Manzoni

Sensors 2017, 17(4), 917; https://doi.org/10.3390/s17040917 - 21 Apr 2017

Cited by 43 | Viewed by 7257

Abstract

Nowadays, smartphones have become ubiquitous and one of the main communication resources for human beings. Their widespread adoption was due to the huge technological progress and to the development of multiple useful applications. Their characteristics have also experienced a substantial improvement as they [...] Read more.

Nowadays, smartphones have become ubiquitous and one of the main communication resources for human beings. Their widespread adoption was due to the huge technological progress and to the development of multiple useful applications. Their characteristics have also experienced a substantial improvement as they now integrate multiple sensors able to convert the smartphone into a flexible and multi-purpose sensing unit. The combined use of multiple smartphones endowed with several types of sensors gives the possibility to monitor a certain area with fine spatial and temporal granularity, a procedure typically known as crowdsensing. In this paper, we propose using smartphones as environmental noise-sensing units. For this purpose, we focus our study on the sound capture and processing procedure, analyzing the impact of different noise calculation algorithms, as well as in determining their accuracy when compared to a professional noise measurement unit. We analyze different candidate algorithms using different types of smartphones, and we study the most adequate time period and sampling strategy to optimize the data-gathering process. In addition, we perform an experimental study comparing our approach with the results obtained using a professional device. Experimental results show that, if the smartphone application is well tuned, it is possible to measure noise levels with a accuracy degree comparable to professional devices for the entire dynamic range typically supported by microphones embedded in smartphones, i.e., 35–95 dB. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue New Advances in Identification, Information & Knowledge in the Internet of Things)

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5590 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Suitability of Strain Gage Sensors for Integration into Smart Sport Equipment: A Golf Club Example

by Anton Umek, Yuan Zhang, Sašo Tomažič and Anton Kos

Sensors 2017, 17(4), 916; https://doi.org/10.3390/s17040916 - 21 Apr 2017

Cited by 27 | Viewed by 9143

Abstract

Wearable devices and smart sport equipment are being increasingly used in amateur and professional sports. Smart sport equipment employs various sensors for detecting its state and actions. The correct choice of the most appropriate sensor(s) is of paramount importance for efficient and successful [...] Read more.

Wearable devices and smart sport equipment are being increasingly used in amateur and professional sports. Smart sport equipment employs various sensors for detecting its state and actions. The correct choice of the most appropriate sensor(s) is of paramount importance for efficient and successful operation of sport equipment. When integrated into the sport equipment, ideal sensors are unobstructive, and do not change the functionality of the equipment. The article focuses on experiments for identification and selection of sensors that are suitable for the integration into a golf club with the final goal of their use in real time biofeedback applications. We tested two orthogonally affixed strain gage (SG) sensors, a 3-axis accelerometer, and a 3-axis gyroscope. The strain gage sensors are calibrated and validated in the laboratory environment by a highly accurate Qualisys Track Manager (QTM) optical tracking system. Field test results show that different types of golf swing and improper movement in early phases of golf swing can be detected with strain gage sensors attached to the shaft of the golf club. Thus they are suitable for biofeedback applications to help golfers to learn repetitive golf swings. It is suggested that the use of strain gage sensors can improve the golf swing technical error detection accuracy and that strain gage sensors alone are enough for basic golf swing analysis. Our final goal is to be able to acquire and analyze as many parameters of a smart golf club in real time during the entire duration of the swing. This would give us the ability to design mobile and cloud biofeedback applications with terminal or concurrent feedback that will enable us to speed-up motor skill learning in golf. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue New Advances in Identification, Information & Knowledge in the Internet of Things)

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15871 KiB

Open AccessArticle

A Latency and Coverage Optimized Data Collection Scheme for Smart Cities Based on Vehicular Ad-hoc Networks

by Yixuan Xu, Xi Chen, Anfeng Liu and Chunhua Hu

Sensors 2017, 17(4), 888; https://doi.org/10.3390/s17040888 - 18 Apr 2017

Cited by 33 | Viewed by 6441

Abstract

Using mobile vehicles as “data mules” to collect data generated by a huge number of sensing devices that are widely spread across smart city is considered to be an economical and effective way of obtaining data about smart cities. However, currently most research [...] Read more.

Using mobile vehicles as “data mules” to collect data generated by a huge number of sensing devices that are widely spread across smart city is considered to be an economical and effective way of obtaining data about smart cities. However, currently most research focuses on the feasibility of the proposed methods instead of their final performance. In this paper, a latency and coverage optimized data collection (LCODC) scheme is proposed to collect data on smart cities through opportunistic routing. Compared with other schemes, the efficiency of data collection is improved since the data flow in LCODC scheme consists of not only vehicle to device transmission (V2D), but also vehicle to vehicle transmission (V2V). Besides, through data mining on patterns hidden in the smart city, waste and redundancy in the utilization of public resources are mitigated, leading to the easy implementation of our scheme. In detail, no extra supporting device is needed in the LCODC scheme to facilitate data transmission. A large-scale and real-world dataset on Beijing is used to evaluate the LCODC scheme. Results indicate that with very limited costs, the LCODC scheme enables the average latency to decrease from several hours to around 12 min with respect to schemes where V2V transmission is disabled while the coverage rate is able to reach over 30%. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue New Advances in Identification, Information & Knowledge in the Internet of Things)

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6181 KiB

Open AccessArticle

A Polynomial Subset-Based Efficient Multi-Party Key Management System for Lightweight Device Networks

by Zahid Mahmood, Huansheng Ning and AtaUllah Ghafoor

Sensors 2017, 17(4), 670; https://doi.org/10.3390/s17040670 - 24 Mar 2017

Cited by 32 | Viewed by 5212

Abstract

Wireless Sensor Networks (WSNs) consist of lightweight devices to measure sensitive data that are highly vulnerable to security attacks due to their constrained resources. In a similar manner, the internet-based lightweight devices used in the Internet of Things (IoT) are facing severe security [...] Read more.

Wireless Sensor Networks (WSNs) consist of lightweight devices to measure sensitive data that are highly vulnerable to security attacks due to their constrained resources. In a similar manner, the internet-based lightweight devices used in the Internet of Things (IoT) are facing severe security and privacy issues because of the direct accessibility of devices due to their connection to the internet. Complex and resource-intensive security schemes are infeasible and reduce the network lifetime. In this regard, we have explored the polynomial distribution-based key establishment schemes and identified an issue that the resultant polynomial value is either storage intensive or infeasible when large values are multiplied. It becomes more costly when these polynomials are regenerated dynamically after each node join or leave operation and whenever key is refreshed. To reduce the computation, we have proposed an Efficient Key Management (EKM) scheme for multiparty communication-based scenarios. The proposed session key management protocol is established by applying a symmetric polynomial for group members, and the group head acts as a responsible node. The polynomial generation method uses security credentials and secure hash function. Symmetric cryptographic parameters are efficient in computation, communication, and the storage required. The security justification of the proposed scheme has been completed by using Rubin logic, which guarantees that the protocol attains mutual validation and session key agreement property strongly among the participating entities. Simulation scenarios are performed using NS 2.35 to validate the results for storage, communication, latency, energy, and polynomial calculation costs during authentication, session key generation, node migration, secure joining, and leaving phases. EKM is efficient regarding storage, computation, and communication overhead and can protect WSN-based IoT infrastructure. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue New Advances in Identification, Information & Knowledge in the Internet of Things)

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1134 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Cooperative Opportunistic Pressure Based Routing for Underwater Wireless Sensor Networks

by Nadeem Javaid, Muhammad, Arshad Sher, Wadood Abdul, Iftikhar Azim Niaz, Ahmad Almogren and Atif Alamri

Sensors 2017, 17(3), 629; https://doi.org/10.3390/s17030629 - 19 Mar 2017

Cited by 25 | Viewed by 5561

Abstract

In this paper, three opportunistic pressure based routing techniques for underwater wireless sensor networks (UWSNs) are proposed. The first one is the cooperative opportunistic pressure based routing protocol (Co-Hydrocast), second technique is the improved Hydrocast (improved-Hydrocast), and third one is the cooperative improved [...] Read more.

In this paper, three opportunistic pressure based routing techniques for underwater wireless sensor networks (UWSNs) are proposed. The first one is the cooperative opportunistic pressure based routing protocol (Co-Hydrocast), second technique is the improved Hydrocast (improved-Hydrocast), and third one is the cooperative improved Hydrocast (Co-improved Hydrocast). In order to minimize lengthy routing paths between the source and the destination and to avoid void holes at the sparse networks, sensor nodes are deployed at different strategic locations. The deployment of sensor nodes at strategic locations assure the maximum monitoring of the network field. To conserve the energy consumption and minimize the number of hops, greedy algorithm is used to transmit data packets from the source to the destination. Moreover, the opportunistic routing is also exploited to avoid void regions by making backward transmissions to find reliable path towards the destination in the network. The relay cooperation mechanism is used for reliable data packet delivery, when signal to noise ratio (SNR) of the received signal is not within the predefined threshold then the maximal ratio combining (MRC) is used as a diversity technique to improve the SNR of the received signals at the destination. Extensive simulations validate that our schemes perform better in terms of packet delivery ratio and energy consumption than the existing technique; Hydrocast. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue New Advances in Identification, Information & Knowledge in the Internet of Things)

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10230 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Road Trafﬁc Anomaly Detection via Collaborative Path Inference from GPS Snippets

by Hongtao Wang, Hui Wen, Feng Yi, Hongsong Zhu and Limin Sun

Sensors 2017, 17(3), 550; https://doi.org/10.3390/s17030550 - 9 Mar 2017

Cited by 17 | Viewed by 5519

Abstract

Road trafﬁc anomaly denotes a road segment that is anomalous in terms of trafﬁc ﬂow of vehicles. Detecting road trafﬁc anomalies from GPS (Global Position System) snippets data is becoming critical in urban computing since they often suggest underlying events. However, the noisy [...] Read more.

Road trafﬁc anomaly denotes a road segment that is anomalous in terms of trafﬁc ﬂow of vehicles. Detecting road trafﬁc anomalies from GPS (Global Position System) snippets data is becoming critical in urban computing since they often suggest underlying events. However, the noisy ands parse nature of GPS snippets data have ushered multiple problems, which have prompted the detection of road trafﬁc anomalies to be very challenging. To address these issues, we propose a two-stage solution which consists of two components: a Collaborative Path Inference (CPI) model and a Road Anomaly Test (RAT) model. CPI model performs path inference incorporating both static and dynamic features into a Conditional Random Field (CRF). Dynamic context features are learned collaboratively from large GPS snippets via a tensor decomposition technique. Then RAT calculates the anomalous degree for each road segment from the inferred ﬁne-grained trajectories in given time intervals. We evaluated our method using a large scale real world dataset, which includes one-month GPS location data from more than eight thousand taxi cabs in Beijing. The evaluation results show the advantages of our method beyond other baseline techniques. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue New Advances in Identification, Information & Knowledge in the Internet of Things)

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1143 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Coalition Game-Based Secure and Effective Clustering Communication in Vehicular Cyber-Physical System (VCPS)

by Yan Huo, Wei Dong, Jin Qian and Tao Jing

Sensors 2017, 17(3), 475; https://doi.org/10.3390/s17030475 - 27 Feb 2017

Cited by 15 | Viewed by 4980

Abstract

In this paper, we address the low efﬁciency of cluster-based communication for the crossroad scenario in the Vehicular Cyber-Physical System (VCPS), which is due to the overload of the cluster head resulting from a large number of transmission bandwidth requirements. After formulating the [...] Read more.

In this paper, we address the low efﬁciency of cluster-based communication for the crossroad scenario in the Vehicular Cyber-Physical System (VCPS), which is due to the overload of the cluster head resulting from a large number of transmission bandwidth requirements. After formulating the issue as a coalition formation game, a coalition-based clustering strategy is proposed, which could converge into a Nash-stable partition to accomplish the clustering formation process. In the proposed strategy, the coalition utility is formulated by the relative velocity, relative position and the bandwidth availability ratio of vehicles among the cluster. Employing the coalition utility, the vehicles are denoted as the nodes that make the decision whether to switch to a new coalition or stay in the current coalition. Based on this, we can make full use of the bandwidth provided by cluster head under the requirement of clustering stability. Nevertheless, there exist selﬁsh nodes duringtheclusteringformation,soastointendtobeneﬁtfromnetworks. Thisbehaviormaydegrade the communication quality and even destroy the cluster. Thus, we also present a reputation-based incentive and penalty mechanism to stop the selﬁsh nodes from entering clusters. Numerical simulation results show that our strategy, CG-SECC, takes on a better performance for the tradeoff between the stability and efﬁciency of clustering communication. Besides, a case study demonstrates that the proposed incentive and penalty mechanism can play an important role in discovering and removing malicious nodes. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue New Advances in Identification, Information & Knowledge in the Internet of Things)

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1542 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Differential Characteristics Based Iterative Multiuser Detection for Wireless Sensor Networks

by Xiaoguang Chen, Xu Jiang, Zhilu Wu and Shufeng Zhuang

Sensors 2017, 17(2), 388; https://doi.org/10.3390/s17020388 - 16 Feb 2017

Cited by 3 | Viewed by 4099

Abstract

High throughput, low latency and reliable communication has always been a hot topic for wireless sensor networks (WSNs) in various applications. Multiuser detection is widely used to suppress the bad effect of multiple access interference in WSNs. In this paper, a novel multiuser [...] Read more.

High throughput, low latency and reliable communication has always been a hot topic for wireless sensor networks (WSNs) in various applications. Multiuser detection is widely used to suppress the bad effect of multiple access interference in WSNs. In this paper, a novel multiuser detection method based on differential characteristics is proposed to suppress multiple access interference. The proposed iterative receive method consists of three stages. Firstly, a differential characteristics function is presented based on the optimal multiuser detection decision function; then on the basis of differential characteristics, a preliminary threshold detection is utilized to find the potential wrongly received bits; after that an error bit corrector is employed to correct the wrong bits. In order to further lower the bit error ratio (BER), the differential characteristics calculation, threshold detection and error bit correction process described above are iteratively executed. Simulation results show that after only a few iterations the proposed multiuser detection method can achieve satisfactory BER performance. Besides, BER and near far resistance performance are much better than traditional suboptimal multiuser detection methods. Furthermore, the proposed iterative multiuser detection method also has a large system capacity. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue New Advances in Identification, Information & Knowledge in the Internet of Things)

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1463 KiB

Open AccessArticle

An Auction-Based Spectrum Leasing Mechanism for Mobile Macro-Femtocell Networks of IoT

by Xin Chen, Lei Xing, Tie Qiu and Zhuo Li

Sensors 2017, 17(2), 380; https://doi.org/10.3390/s17020380 - 16 Feb 2017

Cited by 19 | Viewed by 5627

Abstract

The Internet of Things (IoT) is a vision of the upcoming society. It can provide pervasive communication between two or more entities using 4G-LTE (Long Term Evolution) communication technology. In 4G-LTE networks, there are two important problems: helping manage the spectrum demands of [...] Read more.

The Internet of Things (IoT) is a vision of the upcoming society. It can provide pervasive communication between two or more entities using 4G-LTE (Long Term Evolution) communication technology. In 4G-LTE networks, there are two important problems: helping manage the spectrum demands of IoT devices and achieving much more revenue with the limited resource. This paper proposes a pricing framework to investigate the spectrum leasing in mobile heterogeneous networks with single macrocell and multiple femtocells. We modeled the leasing procedure between the macrocell service provider (MSP) and femtocell holders (FHs) as an auction to motivate the MSP to lease its spectrum resource. All FHs act as the bidders, and the monopolist MSP acts as the auctioneer. In the auction, FHs submit their bids to rent the spectrum resource so that they can make a profit by selling it to their subscribers. The MSP determines the spectrum leasing amount and chooses the winning FHs by solving the dynamic programming-based 0–1 knapsack problem. In our proposed framework, we focus on the spectrum pricing strategy and revenue maximization of the MSP. The simulation results show that the proposed scheme provides effective motivation for the MSP to lease the spectrum to FHs, and both the MSP and FHs can benefit from spectrum leasing. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue New Advances in Identification, Information & Knowledge in the Internet of Things)

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912 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Context Sensing System Analysis for Privacy Preservation Based on Game Theory

by Shengling Wang, Luyun Li, Weiman Sun, Junqi Guo, Rongfang Bie and Kai Lin

Sensors 2017, 17(2), 339; https://doi.org/10.3390/s17020339 - 10 Feb 2017

Cited by 11 | Viewed by 5365

Abstract

In a context sensing system in which a sensor-equipped mobile phone runs an unreliable context-aware application, the application can infer the user’s contexts, based on which it provides personalized services. However, the application may sell the user’s contexts to some malicious adversaries to [...] Read more.

In a context sensing system in which a sensor-equipped mobile phone runs an unreliable context-aware application, the application can infer the user’s contexts, based on which it provides personalized services. However, the application may sell the user’s contexts to some malicious adversaries to earn extra profits, which will hinder its widespread use. In the real world, the actions of the user, the application and the adversary in the context sensing system affect each other, so that their payoffs are constrained mutually. To figure out under which conditions they behave well (the user releases, the application does not leak and the adversary does not retrieve the context), we take advantage of game theory to analyze the context sensing system. We use the extensive form game and the repeated game, respectively, to analyze two typical scenarios, single interaction and multiple interaction among three players, from which Nash equilibriums and cooperation conditions are obtained. Our results show that the reputation mechanism for the context-sensing system in the former scenario is crucial to privacy preservation, so is the extent to which the participants are concerned about future payoffs in the latter one. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue New Advances in Identification, Information & Knowledge in the Internet of Things)

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6776 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Application of Fault Tree Analysis and Fuzzy Neural Networks to Fault Diagnosis in the Internet of Things (IoT) for Aquaculture

by Yingyi Chen, Zhumi Zhen, Huihui Yu and Jing Xu

Sensors 2017, 17(1), 153; https://doi.org/10.3390/s17010153 - 14 Jan 2017

Cited by 60 | Viewed by 12298

Abstract

In the Internet of Things (IoT) equipment used for aquaculture is often deployed in outdoor ponds located in remote areas. Faults occur frequently in these tough environments and the staff generally lack professional knowledge and pay a low degree of attention in these [...] Read more.

In the Internet of Things (IoT) equipment used for aquaculture is often deployed in outdoor ponds located in remote areas. Faults occur frequently in these tough environments and the staff generally lack professional knowledge and pay a low degree of attention in these areas. Once faults happen, expert personnel must carry out maintenance outdoors. Therefore, this study presents an intelligent method for fault diagnosis based on fault tree analysis and a fuzzy neural network. In the proposed method, first, the fault tree presents a logic structure of fault symptoms and faults. Second, rules extracted from the fault trees avoid duplicate and redundancy. Third, the fuzzy neural network is applied to train the relationship mapping between fault symptoms and faults. In the aquaculture IoT, one fault can cause various fault symptoms, and one symptom can be caused by a variety of faults. Four fault relationships are obtained. Results show that one symptom-to-one fault, two symptoms-to-two faults, and two symptoms-to-one fault relationships can be rapidly diagnosed with high precision, while one symptom-to-two faults patterns perform not so well, but are still worth researching. This model implements diagnosis for most kinds of faults in the aquaculture IoT. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue New Advances in Identification, Information & Knowledge in the Internet of Things)

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6220 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Adaptive Information Dissemination Control to Provide Diffdelay for the Internet of Things

by Xiao Liu, Anfeng Liu and Changqin Huang

Sensors 2017, 17(1), 138; https://doi.org/10.3390/s17010138 - 12 Jan 2017

Cited by 21 | Viewed by 5455

Abstract

Applications running on the Internet of Things, such as the Wireless Sensor and Actuator Networks (WSANs) platform, generally have different quality of service (QoS) requirements. For urgent events, it is crucial that information be reported to the actuator quickly, and the communication cost [...] Read more.

Applications running on the Internet of Things, such as the Wireless Sensor and Actuator Networks (WSANs) platform, generally have different quality of service (QoS) requirements. For urgent events, it is crucial that information be reported to the actuator quickly, and the communication cost is the second factor. However, for interesting events, communication costs, network lifetime and time all become important factors. In most situations, these different requirements cannot be satisfied simultaneously. In this paper, an adaptive communication control based on a differentiated delay (ACCDS) scheme is proposed to resolve this conflict. In an ACCDS, source nodes of events adaptively send various searching actuators routings (SARs) based on the degree of sensitivity to delay while maintaining the network lifetime. For a delay-sensitive event, the source node sends a large number of SARs to actuators to identify and inform the actuators in an extremely short time; thus, action can be taken quickly but at higher communication costs. For delay-insensitive events, the source node sends fewer SARs to reduce communication costs and improve network lifetime. Therefore, an ACCDS can meet the QoS requirements of different events using a differentiated delay framework. Theoretical analysis simulation results indicate that an ACCDS provides delay and communication costs and differentiated services; an ACCDS scheme can reduce the network delay by 11.111%–53.684% for a delay-sensitive event and reduce the communication costs by 5%–22.308% for interesting events, and reduce the network lifetime by about 28.713%. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue New Advances in Identification, Information & Knowledge in the Internet of Things)

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Open AccessArticle

SCRMS: An RFID and Sensor Web-Enabled Smart Cultural Relics Management System

by Changjiang Xiao, Nengcheng Chen, Dandan Li, You Lv and Jianya Gong

Sensors 2017, 17(1), 60; https://doi.org/10.3390/s17010060 - 30 Dec 2016

Cited by 18 | Viewed by 8566

Abstract

Cultural relics represent national or even global resources of inestimable value. How to efficiently manage and preserve these cultural relics is a vitally important issue. To achieve this goal, this study proposed, designed, and implemented an RFID and Sensor Web–enabled smart cultural relics [...] Read more.

Cultural relics represent national or even global resources of inestimable value. How to efficiently manage and preserve these cultural relics is a vitally important issue. To achieve this goal, this study proposed, designed, and implemented an RFID and Sensor Web–enabled smart cultural relics management system (SCRMS). In this system, active photovoltaic subtle energy-powered Radio Frequency Identification (RFID) is used for long-range contactless identification and lifecycle management of cultural relics during their storage and circulation. In addition, different types of ambient sensors are integrated with the RFID tags and deployed around cultural relics to monitor their environmental parameters, helping to ensure that they remain in good condition. An Android-based smart mobile application, as middleware, is used in collaboration with RFID readers to collect information and provide convenient management for the circulation of cultural relics. Moreover, multiple sensing techniques are taken advantage of simultaneously for preservation of cultural relics. The proposed system was successfully applied to a museum in the Yongding District, Fujian Province, China, demonstrating its feasibility and advantages for smart and efficient management and preservation of cultural relics. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue New Advances in Identification, Information & Knowledge in the Internet of Things)

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3832 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Managing the Quality of Experience in the Multimedia Internet of Things: A Layered-Based Approach

by Alessandro Floris and Luigi Atzori

Sensors 2016, 16(12), 2057; https://doi.org/10.3390/s16122057 - 2 Dec 2016

Cited by 47 | Viewed by 6548

Abstract

This paper addresses the issue of evaluating the Quality of Experience (QoE) for Internet of Things (IoT) applications, with particular attention to the case where multimedia content is involved. A layered IoT architecture is firstly analyzed to understand which QoE influence factors have [...] Read more.

This paper addresses the issue of evaluating the Quality of Experience (QoE) for Internet of Things (IoT) applications, with particular attention to the case where multimedia content is involved. A layered IoT architecture is firstly analyzed to understand which QoE influence factors have to be considered in relevant application scenarios. We then introduce the concept of Multimedia IoT (MIoT) and define a layered QoE model aimed at evaluating and combining the contributions of each influence factor to estimate the overall QoE in MIoT applications. Finally, we present a use case related to the remote monitoring of vehicles during driving practices, which is used to validate the proposed layered model, and we discuss a second use case for smart surveillance, to emphasize the generality of the proposed framework. The effectiveness in evaluating classes of influence factors separately is demonstrated. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue New Advances in Identification, Information & Knowledge in the Internet of Things)

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Review

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Tracking the Evolution of the Internet of Things Concept Across Different Application Domains

by Jorge E. Ibarra-Esquer, Félix F. González-Navarro, Brenda L. Flores-Rios, Larysa Burtseva and María A. Astorga-Vargas

Sensors 2017, 17(6), 1379; https://doi.org/10.3390/s17061379 - 14 Jun 2017

Cited by 126 | Viewed by 12341

Abstract

Both the idea and technology for connecting sensors and actuators to a network to remotely monitor and control physical systems have been known for many years and developed accordingly. However, a little more than a decade ago the concept of the Internet of [...] Read more.

Both the idea and technology for connecting sensors and actuators to a network to remotely monitor and control physical systems have been known for many years and developed accordingly. However, a little more than a decade ago the concept of the Internet of Things (IoT) was coined and used to integrate such approaches into a common framework. Technology has been constantly evolving and so has the concept of the Internet of Things, incorporating new terminology appropriate to technological advances and different application domains. This paper presents the changes that the IoT has undertaken since its conception and research on how technological advances have shaped it and fostered the arising of derived names suitable to specific domains. A two-step literature review through major publishers and indexing databases was conducted; first by searching for proposals on the Internet of Things concept and analyzing them to find similarities, differences, and technological features that allow us to create a timeline showing its development; in the second step the most mentioned names given to the IoT for specific domains, as well as closely related concepts were identified and briefly analyzed. The study confirms the claim that a consensus on the IoT definition has not yet been reached, as enabling technology keeps evolving and new application domains are being proposed. However, recent changes have been relatively moderated, and its variations on application domains are clearly differentiated, with data and data technologies playing an important role in the IoT landscape. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue New Advances in Identification, Information & Knowledge in the Internet of Things)

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