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Toxins
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Dinoflagellate Toxins
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Dinoflagellate Toxins

A special issue of Toxins (ISSN 2072-6651). This special issue belongs to the section "Marine and Freshwater Toxins".

Deadline for manuscript submissions: closed (31 March 2020) | Viewed by 7578

Special Issue Editor

Prof. Jeffrey L. Wright

E-Mail Website
Guest Editor
Department of Marine Science, University of North Carolina Wilmington Center for Marine Science, 5600 Marvin K. Moss Lane, Wilmington, NC, 28409, USA

Special Issue Information

Dear Colleagues,

Almost a century ago, the source of the deadly marine toxin saxitoxin was finally discovered to be a dinoflagellate.  However it was many years after that before the chemical structure of saxitoxin was characterized. Following this breakthrough, additional saxitoxin congeners were reported, and many new and different dinoflagellate toxins were discovered. These toxins are structurally different from most other natural products, often displaying novel biological activity. Concurrently, the number of toxic dinoflagellate species has also expanded. Biochemical studies show that many of these dinoflagellate toxins are derived from acetate, albeit by novel non-traditional pathways that result in polyketides and hybrid polyketides representing linear, macrocyclic, and ladder-frame compounds. As the list of new dinoflagellate toxins and sources continues to grow, there is a two-fold outcome. Firstly, a compilation of these new toxins and their toxicity is critical for monitoring seafood safety, and secondly, their study will lead to a better understanding of the enzymatic and genetic factors that control their production.

Prof. Jeffrey L. Wright
Guest Editor

Manuscript Submission Information

Manuscripts should be submitted online at www.mdpi.com by registering and logging in to this website. Once you are registered, click here to go to the submission form. Manuscripts can be submitted until the deadline. All submissions that pass pre-check are peer-reviewed. Accepted papers will be published continuously in the journal (as soon as accepted) and will be listed together on the special issue website. Research articles, review articles as well as short communications are invited. For planned papers, a title and short abstract (about 100 words) can be sent to the Editorial Office for announcement on this website.

Submitted manuscripts should not have been published previously, nor be under consideration for publication elsewhere (except conference proceedings papers). All manuscripts are thoroughly refereed through a double-blind peer-review process. A guide for authors and other relevant information for submission of manuscripts is available on the Instructions for Authors page. Toxins is an international peer-reviewed open access monthly journal published by MDPI.

Please visit the Instructions for Authors page before submitting a manuscript. The Article Processing Charge (APC) for publication in this open access journal is 2700 CHF (Swiss Francs). Submitted papers should be well formatted and use good English. Authors may use MDPI's English editing service prior to publication or during author revisions.

Keywords

  • new structural classes
  • new structures
  • bioactivity
  • producing species
  • new locations
  • biosynthesis
  • genetics

Published Papers (2 papers)

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Research

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11 pages, 2322 KiB  
Article
Detection and Spatio-Temporal Distribution of Pinnatoxins in Shellfish from the Atlantic and Cantabrian Coasts of Spain
by J. Pablo Lamas, Fabiola Arévalo, Ángeles Moroño, Jorge Correa, Susana Muñíz and Juan Blanco
Toxins 2019, 11(6), 340; https://doi.org/10.3390/toxins11060340 - 14 Jun 2019
Cited by 27 | Viewed by 2902
Abstract
For the first time, pinnatoxins have been detected in shellfish from the Atlantic and Cantabrian coasts of Spain. High sensitivity LC-MS/MS systems were used to monitor all the currently known pinnatoxins (A–H). Pinnatoxin G (PnTX G) was the most prevalent toxin of the [...] Read more.
For the first time, pinnatoxins have been detected in shellfish from the Atlantic and Cantabrian coasts of Spain. High sensitivity LC-MS/MS systems were used to monitor all the currently known pinnatoxins (A–H). Pinnatoxin G (PnTX G) was the most prevalent toxin of the group, but its metabolite PnTX A has also been found at much lower levels. No trend in PnTX G concentration was found in the area, but a hotspot in the Ría de Camariñas has been identified. The maximum concentrations found did not exceed 15 µg·kg−1, being, in most cases, below 3 µg·kg−1. The highest concentrations were found in wild (intertidal) populations of mussels which attained much higher levels than raft-cultured ones, suggesting that the toxin-producer organisms preferentially develop in shallow areas. Other bivalve species had, in general, lower concentrations. The incidence of PnTX G followed a seasonal pattern in which the maximum concentrations took place in winter months. PnTX G was found to be partially esterified but the esterification percentage was not high (lower than 30%). Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Dinoflagellate Toxins)
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Review

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21 pages, 1728 KiB  
Review
Ciguatera Fish Poisoning: The Risk from an Aotearoa/New Zealand Perspective
by Lesley L. Rhodes, Kirsty F. Smith, J. Sam Murray, Tomohiro Nishimura and Sarah C. Finch
Toxins 2020, 12(1), 50; https://doi.org/10.3390/toxins12010050 - 15 Jan 2020
Cited by 27 | Viewed by 4302
Abstract
Gambierdiscus and Fukuyoa species have been identified in Aotearoa/New Zealand’s coastal waters and G. polynesiensis, a known producer of ciguatoxins, has been isolated from Rangitāhua/Kermadec Islands (a New Zealand territory). The warming of the Tasman Sea and the waters around New Zealand’s [...] Read more.
Gambierdiscus and Fukuyoa species have been identified in Aotearoa/New Zealand’s coastal waters and G. polynesiensis, a known producer of ciguatoxins, has been isolated from Rangitāhua/Kermadec Islands (a New Zealand territory). The warming of the Tasman Sea and the waters around New Zealand’s northern subtropical coastline heighten the risk of Gambierdiscus proliferating in New Zealand. If this occurs, the risk of ciguatera fish poisoning due to consumption of locally caught fish will increase. Research, including the development and testing of sampling methods, molecular assays, and chemical and toxicity tests, will continue. Reliable monitoring strategies are important to manage and mitigate the risk posed by this emerging threat. The research approaches that have been made, many of which will continue, are summarised in this review. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Dinoflagellate Toxins)
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