Recent Advances in Snakebite Envenoming Research

Special Issue Editor


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Guest Editor
Faculty of Applied Health Sciences, Brock University, 1812 Sir Isaac Brock Way, St. Catharines, ON L2S 3A1, Canada
Interests: public health; snakebites; infectious diseases epidemiology; vector-borne diseases; global health

Special Issue Information

Dear Colleagues,

Snakebites are becoming a noticeable health problem after many years as a forgotten problem. Snakebites occur anywhere where snakes live; however, the effect of snakebites is felt in areas where neglected populations live and have to coexist with precarious environmental and social conditions and limited access to healthcare.

According to WHO reports, in recent years, snakebites have affected 1.8–2.7 million people annually, claiming 81,000–138,000 lives and causing 400,000 cases of permanent disability.

Through this Special Issue, we will have researchers from different health disciplines reporting their own findings and perspectives around snakebites and the impact.

Snakebites, especially venomous snakebites, constitute a clinical emergency but also a social call of attention to people’s needs in terms of their lack of housing, working conditions, and access to health services, all of which are risk factors increasing the likelihood of these encounters.  This is a multidisciplinary field in which Clinicians, Public Health Professionals, and Epidemiologists can have a say in the prevention and management of the snakebites.

This Issue is an opportunity to look at the problem through multiple perspectives and will contribute to the research conducted to unveil the repercussions of snakebites in human society.

Dr. Eduardo Alberto Fernandez Cerna
Guest Editor

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Keywords

  • snakebites
  • venoms
  • morbimortality
  • disabilities
  • surveillance
  • healthcare access
  • antivenoms
  • rehabilitation

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Published Papers (2 papers)

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Review

19 pages, 2691 KB  
Review
Mapping Evidence on the Regulations Affecting the Accessibility, Availability, and Management of Snake Antivenom Globally: A Scoping Review
by Ramsha Majeed, Janette Bester, Kabelo Kgarosi and Morné Strydom
Trop. Med. Infect. Dis. 2025, 10(8), 228; https://doi.org/10.3390/tropicalmed10080228 - 14 Aug 2025
Viewed by 537
Abstract
The World Health Organization (WHO) declared snakebite envenoming (SBE) as a neglected tropical disease in 2017. Antivenom is the gold standard of treatment, but many healthcare barriers exist, and hence, affected populations are often unable to access it. The challenge is further perpetuated [...] Read more.
The World Health Organization (WHO) declared snakebite envenoming (SBE) as a neglected tropical disease in 2017. Antivenom is the gold standard of treatment, but many healthcare barriers exist, and hence, affected populations are often unable to access it. The challenge is further perpetuated by the lack of attention from national health authorities, poor regulatory systems and policies, and mismanagement of antivenom. This study aims to map the evidence regarding snake antivenom regulations globally and identify gaps in the literature to inform future research and policy. This review was conducted using the original Arksey and O’Malley framework by three independent reviewers, and the results were reported using the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic reviews and Meta-Analysis Extension for Scoping Reviews (PRISMA-ScR). A search strategy was developed with assistance from a librarian, and six databases were searched: PubMed, SCOPUS, ProQuest Central, Africa Wide Web, Academic Search Output, and Web of Science. Screening was conducted independently by the reviewers, using Rayyan, and conflicts were resolved with discussions. A total of 84 articles were included for data extraction. The major themes that emerged from the included studies were regarding antivenom availability, accessibility, manufacturing, and regulations. The study revealed massive gaps in terms of policies governing antivenom management, especially in Asia and Africa. The literature does not offer sufficient evidence on management guidelines for antivenom in the endemic regions, despite identifying the challenges in supply. However, significant information from Latin America revealed self-sufficient production, involvement of national health bodies in establishing efficient regulations, effective distribution nationally and regionally, and technology sharing to reduce SBE-related mortality. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Recent Advances in Snakebite Envenoming Research)
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21 pages, 1250 KB  
Review
Snakebites in the Central American Region: More Government Attention Required
by Eduardo Alberto Fernandez and Ivan Santiago Fernandez Funez
Trop. Med. Infect. Dis. 2025, 10(8), 225; https://doi.org/10.3390/tropicalmed10080225 - 12 Aug 2025
Viewed by 583
Abstract
A review was conducted on snakebites in Central America. Information was extracted using the databases of PubMed, SciELO, and LILACS. Information included retrospective studies, case reports, and case series; in this way, valuable information was retrieved from limited sources. The identified studies comprised [...] Read more.
A review was conducted on snakebites in Central America. Information was extracted using the databases of PubMed, SciELO, and LILACS. Information included retrospective studies, case reports, and case series; in this way, valuable information was retrieved from limited sources. The identified studies comprised those discussing envenoming snakebites. Several species were identified, but three of them had major epidemiological features impacting envenoming by snakebites: Bothrops asper, Crotalus simus, and Micrurus sp. Adolescents and young adult males living in rural areas and engaged in agricultural activities were identified as the main victims of snakebites by clinical records. Symptoms of local damage in the bite sites included edema and skin and muscle necrosis. In addition, the cardiovascular system was affected, with symptoms like hypotension, bleeding, and coagulation disorders. Neurotoxicity causing sensitivity and motricity problems was also reported. For El Salvador, accidents caused by Crotalus simus and Micrurus spp. were given more attention due to their greater relevance. The role of Bothrops species was more relevant in the envenoming reported by other countries. Treatment was found to be provided based on antivenoms produced in Costa Rica, and the recovery of the patients depended on the time elapsed between the accident and the initial treatment in the healthcare system. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Recent Advances in Snakebite Envenoming Research)
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