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TropicalMed
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Advances in Emerging and Re-emerging Infectious Diseases
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Advances in Emerging and Re-emerging Infectious Diseases

A special issue of Tropical Medicine and Infectious Disease (ISSN 2414-6366). This special issue belongs to the section "Infectious Diseases".

Deadline for manuscript submissions: closed (29 September 2023) | Viewed by 12381

Special Issue Editors

Dr. Viravarn Luvira

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Guest Editor
Department of Clinical Tropical Medicine, Faculty of Tropical Medicine, Mahidol University, Bangkok 10400, Thailand
Interests: infectious diseases; tropical medicine; vaccine; emerging infectious diseases
Dr. Worapong Nasomsong

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Guest Editor
Department of Internal Medicine, Phramongkutklao College of Medicine, Bangkok 10400, Thailand
Interests: infectious disease; HIV/AIDS; antimicrobial resistance; tropical medicine
Dr. Daniel M. Parker

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Guest Editor
Department of Population Health and Disease Prevention, College of Health Sciences, University of California at Irvine, Irvine, CA 92697, USA
Interests: infectious diseases epidemiology; GIS; global health; disease ecology; anthropology
Special Issues, Collections and Topics in MDPI journals

Special Issue Information

Dear Colleagues,

Infectious diseases pose significant public health concerns, such as a high morbidity, mortality, and economic burden. Multiple infectious diseases have emerged and re-emerged over the decades due to the dynamics of host–pathogen interaction, partially driven by climate change, natural selection, and niche adaptation. These diseases comprise (but are not limited to) bacterial diseases, including antimicrobial resistance; newly emerging viruses, notably SARS-CoV-2; re-emerging vector-borne viruses (Chikungunya, Zika); re-emerging neglected tropical diseases (leishmaniasis, rickettsiosis); and contagious diseases of high concern (Ebola, monkeypox). Despite global efforts to control these emerging and re-emerging infectious diseases, local outbreaks are continuously triggered, and some have culminated in unprecedented pandemics.

In order to better comprehend and respond to emerging and re-emerging diseases, the development of multidisciplinary and collaborative approaches, including an improved understanding of pathogenesis and epidemiology, advances in diagnostics and treatment, and progress in disease prevention and public health responses, is essential.

For this Special Issue, “Advances in Emerging and Re-emerging Infectious Diseases”, we invite articles from various disciplines concerned with emerging and re-emerging infectious diseases involving viruses, bacteria, fungi, and parasites. We welcome original articles, case reports, reviews (both narrative and systematic), and meta-analyses.

The scope of the issue shall comprise the following:

  • Original articles regarding advances in emerging and re-emerging infectious diseases (including pathogenesis, clinical characteristics, epidemiology, advances in diagnostics and treatment, and prevention).
  • Case reports pertaining to advances in emerging and re-emerging infectious diseases.
  • Reviews on advances in emerging and re-emerging infectious diseases (based on systematic and narrative reviews).

Dr. Viravarn Luvira
Dr. Worapong Nasomsong
Dr. Daniel M. Parker
Guest Editors

Manuscript Submission Information

Manuscripts should be submitted online at www.mdpi.com by registering and logging in to this website. Once you are registered, click here to go to the submission form. Manuscripts can be submitted until the deadline. All submissions that pass pre-check are peer-reviewed. Accepted papers will be published continuously in the journal (as soon as accepted) and will be listed together on the special issue website. Research articles, review articles as well as short communications are invited. For planned papers, a title and short abstract (about 100 words) can be sent to the Editorial Office for announcement on this website.

Submitted manuscripts should not have been published previously, nor be under consideration for publication elsewhere (except conference proceedings papers). All manuscripts are thoroughly refereed through a single-blind peer-review process. A guide for authors and other relevant information for submission of manuscripts is available on the Instructions for Authors page. Tropical Medicine and Infectious Disease is an international peer-reviewed open access monthly journal published by MDPI.

Please visit the Instructions for Authors page before submitting a manuscript. The Article Processing Charge (APC) for publication in this open access journal is 2700 CHF (Swiss Francs). Submitted papers should be well formatted and use good English. Authors may use MDPI's English editing service prior to publication or during author revisions.

Keywords

  • emerging infectious diseases
  • COVID-19
  • SARS-CoV-2
  • monkey pox
  • Ebola
  • emerging tropical diseases
  • Zika
  • Chikungunya
  • Leishmaniasis
  • Rickettsiosis
  • antimicrobial resistance

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Published Papers (5 papers)

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22 pages, 2233 KiB  
Article
Detection of Anti-ZIKV NS1 IgA, IgM, and Combined IgA/IgM and Identification of IL-4 and IL-10 as Potential Biomarkers for Early ZIKV and DENV Infections in Hyperendemic Regions, Thailand
by Vajee Petphong, Nathamon Kosoltanapiwat, Kriengsak Limkittikul, Pannamas Maneekan, Supawat Chatchen, Akanitt Jittmittraphap, Pimolpachr Sriburin, Siriporn Chattanadee and Pornsawan Leaungwutiwong
Trop. Med. Infect. Dis. 2023, 8(5), 284; https://doi.org/10.3390/tropicalmed8050284 - 17 May 2023
Viewed by 1897
Abstract
The frequency of Zika virus (ZIKV)-specific IgA and IgM and the cytokine expression profile of ZIKV-infected patients in hyperendemic areas remain unclear. This study investigated the rates of ZIKV non-structural protein 1 (NS1)-specific IgA and IgM and evaluated serum cytokine levels of ZIKV [...] Read more.
The frequency of Zika virus (ZIKV)-specific IgA and IgM and the cytokine expression profile of ZIKV-infected patients in hyperendemic areas remain unclear. This study investigated the rates of ZIKV non-structural protein 1 (NS1)-specific IgA and IgM and evaluated serum cytokine levels of ZIKV and Dengue virus (DENV) cases in Thailand to identify potential diagnostic biomarkers, elucidate the immunity against ZIKV and DENV, and investigate the association between cytokine levels and ZIKV symptoms. Low rates of positivity for ZIKV NS1-specific IgA and IgM were detected in our study. ZIKV NS1 IgA/M (11%, 11/101) in combination was more frequently detected than ZIKV NS1 IgM (2%, 2/101) or ZIKV NS1 IgA (4%, 4/96) alone, especially in acute ZIKV cases with previous DENV exposure (14%, 10/72). Cytokine analysis showed that both ZIKV and DENV infections induced polyfunctional immunity, and the latter triggered more prolonged responses. The existence of significant differences in IL-4 and IL-10 levels between acute ZIKV and acute DENV cases suggested that IL-4 (p = 0.0176) and IL-10 (p = 0.0003) may represent biomarkers for acute ZIKV and acute DENV infections, respectively. Analysis of the association between increased cytokine levels and ZIKV symptoms indicated that CXCL10 (p = 0.0029) was associated with exanthema, while IL-5 (p = 0.0496) was linked to headache. The detection of ZIKV NS1 IgA and IgM in combination may enhance the diagnosis of early ZIKV infection, particularly when levels of IgM or IgA alone are low or undetectable. IL-4 and IL-10 may serve as targets for the development of diagnostic tools to detect ZIKV and DENV infections early, respectively, in flavivirus-endemic regions. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Advances in Emerging and Re-emerging Infectious Diseases)
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14 pages, 1069 KiB  
Article
Investigation of Upper Respiratory Carriage of Bacterial Pathogens among University Students in Kampar, Malaysia
by Hing Huat Ong, Wai Keat Toh, Li Ying Thong, Lee Quen Phoon, Stuart C. Clarke and Eddy Seong Guan Cheah
Trop. Med. Infect. Dis. 2023, 8(5), 269; https://doi.org/10.3390/tropicalmed8050269 - 8 May 2023
Cited by 1 | Viewed by 2270
Abstract
The carriage of bacterial pathogens in the human upper respiratory tract (URT) is associated with a risk of invasive respiratory tract infections, but the related epidemiological information on this at the population level is scarce in Malaysia. This study aimed to investigate the [...] Read more.
The carriage of bacterial pathogens in the human upper respiratory tract (URT) is associated with a risk of invasive respiratory tract infections, but the related epidemiological information on this at the population level is scarce in Malaysia. This study aimed to investigate the URT carriage of Streptococcus pneumoniae, Haemophilus influenzae, Neisseria meningitidis, Staphylococcus aureus, Klebsiella pneumoniae and Pseudomonas aeruginosa among 100 university students by nasal and oropharyngeal swabbing. The presence of S. aureus, K. pneumoniae and P. aeruginosa was assessed via swab culture on selective media and PCR on the resulting isolates. For S. pneumoniae, H. influenzae and N. meningitidis, their presence was assessed via multiplex PCR on the total DNA extracts from chocolate agar cultures. The carriage prevalence of H. influenzae, S. aureus, S. pneumoniae, K. pneumoniae, N. meningitidis and P. aeruginosa among the subjects was 36%, 27%, 15%, 11%, 5% and 1%, respectively, by these approaches. Their carriage was significantly higher in males compared to females overall. The S. aureus, K. pneumoniae and P. aeruginosa isolates were also screened by the Kirby-Bauer assay, in which 51.6% of S. aureus were penicillin-resistant. The outcomes from carriage studies are expected to contribute to informing infectious disease control policies and guidelines. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Advances in Emerging and Re-emerging Infectious Diseases)
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7 pages, 703 KiB  
Communication
Assessing the Burden of Dengue during the COVID-19 Pandemic in Mexico
by Agustin Lugo-Radillo, Oliver Mendoza-Cano, Xóchitl Trujillo, Miguel Huerta, Mónica Ríos-Silva, José Guzmán-Esquivel, Verónica Benites-Godínez, Jaime Alberto Bricio-Barrios, Eder Fernando Ríos-Bracamontes, Martha I. Cárdenas-Rojas, Yolitzy Cárdenas and Efrén Murillo-Zamora
Trop. Med. Infect. Dis. 2023, 8(4), 232; https://doi.org/10.3390/tropicalmed8040232 - 19 Apr 2023
Cited by 1 | Viewed by 1723
Abstract
The transmission of the dengue virus in Mexico has historically been high, and its burden during the COVID-19 pandemic is currently not well understood. Our objective was to assess the burden of dengue-related disability-adjusted life years (DALYs) between 2020 and 2022. We conducted [...] Read more.
The transmission of the dengue virus in Mexico has historically been high, and its burden during the COVID-19 pandemic is currently not well understood. Our objective was to assess the burden of dengue-related disability-adjusted life years (DALYs) between 2020 and 2022. We conducted a cross-sectional analysis of databases resulting from an epidemiological surveillance of vector-borne diseases and computed DALYs using the protocol of the Global Burden of Disease (GBD) study 2019. Our results showed that there were 218,807 incident cases of dengue during the study period, resulting in 951 deaths. The calculated DALYs (and their 95% confidence intervals) were 8121 (7897–8396), 4733 (4661–4820), and 8461 (8344–8605) in 2020, 2021, and 2022, respectively. The DALY rates (per 100,000) were 6.5 (6.3–6.6), 3.8 (3.7–3.9), and 6.7 (6.6–6.8), respectively. The rates for 2020 and 2022 were similar to the historical mean (6.4, p = 0.884), whereas the rate for 2021 was lower than the mean. Premature mortality (years of life lost, YLL) contributed to 91% of the total burden. Our findings suggest that dengue fever remained a significant cause of disease burden during the COVID-19 pandemic, especially in terms of premature mortality. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Advances in Emerging and Re-emerging Infectious Diseases)
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17 pages, 531 KiB  
Systematic Review
Coinfection with Strongyloides and SARS-CoV-2: A Systematic Review
by Elena C. Rosca, Carl Heneghan, Elizabeth A. Spencer, Annette Plüddemann, Susanna Maltoni, Sara Gandini, Igho J. Onakpoya, David Evans, John M. Conly and Tom Jefferson
Trop. Med. Infect. Dis. 2023, 8(5), 248; https://doi.org/10.3390/tropicalmed8050248 - 25 Apr 2023
Cited by 2 | Viewed by 2833
Abstract
Background: Treatments for COVID-19, including steroids, might exacerbate Strongyloides disease in patients with coinfection. We aimed to systematically review clinical and laboratory features of SARS-CoV-2 and Strongyloides coinfection, investigate possible interventions, assess outcomes, and identify research gaps requiring further attention. Methods: We searched [...] Read more.
Background: Treatments for COVID-19, including steroids, might exacerbate Strongyloides disease in patients with coinfection. We aimed to systematically review clinical and laboratory features of SARS-CoV-2 and Strongyloides coinfection, investigate possible interventions, assess outcomes, and identify research gaps requiring further attention. Methods: We searched two electronic databases, LitCOVID and WHO, up to August 2022, including SARS-CoV-2 and Strongyloides coinfection studies. We adapted the World Health Organization—Uppsala Monitoring Centre (WHO-UMC) system for standardized case causality assessment to evaluate if using corticosteroids or other immunosuppressive drugs in COVID-19 patients determined acute manifestations of strongyloidiasis. Results: We included 16 studies reporting 25 cases of Strongyloides and SARS-CoV-2 coinfection: 4 with hyperinfection syndrome; 2 with disseminated strongyloidiasis; 3 with cutaneous reactivation of strongyloidiasis; 3 with isolated digestive symptoms; and 2 with solely eosinophilia, without clinical manifestations. Eleven patients were asymptomatic regarding strongyloidiasis. Eosinopenia or normal eosinophil count was reported in 58.3% of patients with Strongyloides reactivation. Steroids were given to 18/21 (85.7%) cases. A total of 4 patients (19.1%) received tocilizumab and/or Anakirna in addition to steroids. Moreover, 2 patients (9.5%) did not receive any COVID-19 treatment. The causal relationship between Strongyloides reactivation and COVID-19 treatments was considered certain (4% of cases), probable (20% of patients), and possible (20% of patients). For 8% of cases, it was considered unlikely that COVID-19 treatment was associated with strongyloidiasis reactivations; the relationship between the Strongyloides infection and administration of COVID-19 treatment was unassessable/unclassifiable in 48% of cases. Of 13 assessable cases, 11 (84.6%) were considered to be causally associated with Strongyloides, ranging from certain to possible. Conclusions: Further research is needed to assess the frequency and risk of Strongyloides reactivation in SARS-CoV-2 infection. Our limited data using causality assessment supports recommendations that clinicians should screen and treat for Strongyloides infection in patients with coinfection who receive immunosuppressive COVID-19 therapies. In addition, the male gender and older age (over 50 years) may be predisposing factors for Strongyloides reactivation. Standardized guidelines should be developed for reporting future research. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Advances in Emerging and Re-emerging Infectious Diseases)
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16 pages, 1938 KiB  
Systematic Review
Trends in ELISA-Based Flavivirus IgG Serosurveys: A Systematic Review
by Fatima Ericka S. Vista, Ourlad Alzeus G. Tantengco, Micah D. Dispo, Danna Mae S. Opiso, Christian Luke D. C. Badua, John Patrick Z. Gerardo, Juan Raphael M. Perez, Karol Ann T. Baldo, Day-Yu Chao and Leslie Michelle M. Dalmacio
Trop. Med. Infect. Dis. 2023, 8(4), 224; https://doi.org/10.3390/tropicalmed8040224 - 13 Apr 2023
Cited by 3 | Viewed by 2840
Abstract
Flaviviruses include virus species that are major public health threats worldwide. To determine the immunity landscape of these viruses, seroprevalence studies are often performed using IgG ELISA, which is a simple and rapid alternative to the virus neutralization test. In this review, we [...] Read more.
Flaviviruses include virus species that are major public health threats worldwide. To determine the immunity landscape of these viruses, seroprevalence studies are often performed using IgG ELISA, which is a simple and rapid alternative to the virus neutralization test. In this review, we aim to describe the trends in flavivirus IgG ELISA-based serosurveys. A systematic literature review using six databases was performed to collate cohort and cross-sectional studies performed on the general population. A total of 204 studies were included in this review. The results show that most studies were performed on dengue virus (DENV), whereas Japanese Encephalitis Virus (JEV) was the least studied. For geographic distribution, serosurveys followed known disease prevalence. Temporally, the number of serosurveys increased after outbreaks and epidemics except for JEV, for which studies were performed to demonstrate the effectiveness of vaccination campaigns. Commercial kits were more commonly used than in-house assays for DENV, West Nile Virus (WNV), and Zika virus (ZIKV). Overall, most studies employed an indirect ELISA format, and the choice of antigens varied per virus. This review shows that flavivirus epidemiology is related to the regional and temporal distribution of serosurveys. It also highlights that endemicity, cross-reactivities, and kit availabilities affect assay choice in serosurveys. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Advances in Emerging and Re-emerging Infectious Diseases)
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