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Vaccines
Special Issues
Adaptive and Innate Response to Viral Disease
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Adaptive and Innate Response to Viral Disease

A special issue of Vaccines (ISSN 2076-393X). This special issue belongs to the section "Innate and Adaptive Immunity in Vaccination".

Deadline for manuscript submissions: 31 May 2025 | Viewed by 5517

Special Issue Editor

Prof. Dr. Bibo Zhu

E-Mail Website
Guest Editor
College of Veterinary Medicine, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China
Interests: Innate immunity; macrophage-virus interaction; immunopathology; respiratory viruses

Special Issue Information

Dear Colleagues,

Viruses are highly evolved and intracellular pathogens, relying on hijacking host resources to replicate and cause diseases. Innate and adaptive immunity are two fundamental lines of defense mechanisms that have evolved for the host to prevent and control viral infection. Innate immunity generally is the first immunological mechanism to limit viral infection and activate adaptive immunity. The two major divisions of adaptive immunity, B cell-based humoral immunity and T cell-mediated cellular immunity, react much more specifically and powerfully to eliminate viral particles or virally infected cells. However, viruses have evolved sophisticated immune evasion mechanisms to escape being killed by the host’ immune responses. In addition, inappropriate host immunity can lead to immunopathological disorders, such as uncontrolled inflammation, autoimmune diseases, hypersensitivity reactions, etc. Therefore, improved understanding of innate and adaptive immune responses upon viral infection could provide the key insights into a novel aspect of virus–host interaction, with a view toward therapeutic intervention.

The goal of this Special Issue on “Adaptive and Innate Response to Viral Disease” is to highlight recent discoveries in understanding the protective or deleterious roles of adaptive and innate immune responses upon viral infection and viral immune evasion or suppression mechanisms.   

The present Special Issue invites submissions of original research articles and reviews. The research areas may include, but are not limited to, the following: adaptive immune response to viral infection, innate immune response to viral infection, the dynamic interaction of immune cells and viruses, host immunity-mediated immunopathology, and immune evasion or suppression.

We look forward to receiving your contributions.

Prof. Dr. Bibo Zhu
Guest Editor

Manuscript Submission Information

Manuscripts should be submitted online at www.mdpi.com by registering and logging in to this website. Once you are registered, click here to go to the submission form. Manuscripts can be submitted until the deadline. All submissions that pass pre-check are peer-reviewed. Accepted papers will be published continuously in the journal (as soon as accepted) and will be listed together on the special issue website. Research articles, review articles as well as short communications are invited. For planned papers, a title and short abstract (about 100 words) can be sent to the Editorial Office for announcement on this website.

Submitted manuscripts should not have been published previously, nor be under consideration for publication elsewhere (except conference proceedings papers). All manuscripts are thoroughly refereed through a single-blind peer-review process. A guide for authors and other relevant information for submission of manuscripts is available on the Instructions for Authors page. Vaccines is an international peer-reviewed open access monthly journal published by MDPI.

Please visit the Instructions for Authors page before submitting a manuscript. The Article Processing Charge (APC) for publication in this open access journal is 2700 CHF (Swiss Francs). Submitted papers should be well formatted and use good English. Authors may use MDPI's English editing service prior to publication or during author revisions.

Keywords

  • viral diseases
  • innate immune response
  • adaptive immune response
  • immunopathology
  • viral immune evasion

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Published Papers (4 papers)

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Research

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18 pages, 3044 KiB  
Article
Interferon Epsilon-Mediated Antiviral Activity Against Human Metapneumovirus and Respiratory Syncytial Virus
by Iván Martínez-Espinoza, Pius I. Babawale, Hannah Miletello, Nagarjuna R. Cheemarla and Antonieta Guerrero-Plata
Vaccines 2024, 12(10), 1198; https://doi.org/10.3390/vaccines12101198 - 21 Oct 2024
Viewed by 1252
Abstract
Background: Interferon epsilon (IFN-ε) is a type I IFN that plays a critical role in the host immune response against pathogens. Despite having demonstrated antiviral activity in macrophages and mucosal tissues such as the female reproductive tract and the constitutive expression in mucosal [...] Read more.
Background: Interferon epsilon (IFN-ε) is a type I IFN that plays a critical role in the host immune response against pathogens. Despite having demonstrated antiviral activity in macrophages and mucosal tissues such as the female reproductive tract and the constitutive expression in mucosal tissues such as the lung, the relevance of IFN-ε against respiratory viral infections remains elusive. Results: We present, for the first time, the expression of IFN-ε in alveolar epithelial cells and primary human bronchial epithelial cells grown in an air–liquid interface (ALI) in response to human metapneumovirus (HMPV) and respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) infection. The molecular characterization of the IFN-ε induction by the viruses indicates that the expression of RIG-I is necessary for an optimal IFN-ε expression. Furthermore, treatment of the airway epithelial cells with rhIFN-ε induced the expression of IFN-stimulated genes (ISGs) and significantly restricted the viral replication of HMPV and RSV. Conclusions: These findings underscore the relevance of IFN-ε against viral infections in the respiratory tract. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Adaptive and Innate Response to Viral Disease)
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11 pages, 1068 KiB  
Article
Immunogenicity of Hepatitis B Vaccination in Patients with Ulcerative Colitis on Infliximab Is Attenuated Compared to Those on 5-Aminosalicylic Acid Therapies: A Prospective Observational Study
by Mohammad Shehab, Fatema Alrashed, Munerah Alyaseen, Zainab Safar, Tunrayo Adekunle, Ahmad Alfadhli and Talat Bessissow
Vaccines 2024, 12(4), 364; https://doi.org/10.3390/vaccines12040364 - 27 Mar 2024
Viewed by 1834
Abstract
Introduction: Hepatitis B virus (HBV) infection has been associated with chronic hepatitis and cirrhosis. Patients with inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) may be at a higher risk of HBV infection reactivation, especially those on biologic therapies. This study intends to compare the effectiveness of [...] Read more.
Introduction: Hepatitis B virus (HBV) infection has been associated with chronic hepatitis and cirrhosis. Patients with inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) may be at a higher risk of HBV infection reactivation, especially those on biologic therapies. This study intends to compare the effectiveness of the HBV vaccine in patients with ulcerative colitis (UC) on infliximab (IFX) compared to those on 5-aminosalicylic acid (5-ASA). Methods: Patients with UC aged >18 years old were prospectively enrolled in the study. The patients were divided into two groups: patients treated with 5-ASA (control group) and patients treated with IFX (study group). HBV vaccination was administered (20 mcg) following the standard regimen, and Hepatitis B serum antibody (HbsAb) titers were assessed three months after the final dose. The response to HBV vaccines was categorized as an ‘adequate’ immune response (≥10 IU/L) and ‘effective’ immune response (≥100 IU/L). Results: In our final analysis of 118 patients with UC, 54.2% were male and 52.5% had extensive colitis. HBsAb titer levels were significantly higher in the 5-ASA group (126.7 ± 37.5) compared to the IFX group (55.5 ± 29.4). Stratifying HBsAb levels into two categories (≥10–99 IU/L and ≥100 IU/L) revealed a significantly greater proportion of subjects in the 5-ASA group with levels ≥100 IU/L compared to the IFX group (76.7% vs. 12.1%, p < 0.001). Logistic regression analysis demonstrated that patients with UC receiving 5-ASA were 23.94 times more likely to exhibit HBsAb levels ≥ 100 compared to those treated with IFX (OR = 23.94, 95% CI 8.89–64.49). Conclusion: The immune response to hepatitis B vaccination in patients with ulcerative colitis treated with IFX is attenuated compared to those treated with 5-ASA. Therefore, emphasizing the importance of HBV vaccination for patients with IBD before starting anti-TNF therapy, especially IFX, and advocating for screening is imperative in high-risk countries. Determining what levels of HBsAb provide protection and what happens to the levels over time after a booster dose are important clinical questions to be answered by follow-up studies. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Adaptive and Innate Response to Viral Disease)
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11 pages, 252 KiB  
Article
Seroprevalence for Measles, Varicella, Mumps and Rubella in the Trainee Obstetric Population: A Survey in Southern Italy
by Brunella Perfetto, Giovanna Paduano, Elena Grimaldi, Vincenza Sansone, Giovanna Donnarumma and Gabriella Di Giuseppe
Vaccines 2024, 12(3), 335; https://doi.org/10.3390/vaccines12030335 - 20 Mar 2024
Cited by 4 | Viewed by 1435
Abstract
Background: Despite the efforts of the World Health Organization, some childhood viral diseases, for which there is already an effective vaccine, have not yet been eradicated. Among these, we find varicella, mumps, measles, and rubella, which although in most cases have a benign [...] Read more.
Background: Despite the efforts of the World Health Organization, some childhood viral diseases, for which there is already an effective vaccine, have not yet been eradicated. Among these, we find varicella, mumps, measles, and rubella, which although in most cases have a benign course, can in some cases be responsible for infectious outbreaks, especially in nosocomial settings. The aim of this study was to verify the immunological situation of a cohort of trainee obstetricians in Campania regarding varicella, mumps, measles, and rubella to be used as an example for the evaluation of possible preventive strategies to avoid infectious outbreaks. Methods: All the samples collected and sent to the laboratory were eligible for analysis and have been included in the study. Specific IgG for varicella, measles, mumps, and rubella were assayed on serum samples taken from 517 trainee obstetricians using the enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) technique. The seropositivity results were statistically analyzed by correlating them to age group and gender. Results: The results obtained show that a percentage of trainee obstetricians tested do not have an effective immunological coverage against at least one of the vaccine-preventable diseases considered, especially for mumps. Conclusions: Therefore, it is proposed to extend surveillance to other professionals in contact with frail patients and increase awareness of vaccination campaigns. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Adaptive and Innate Response to Viral Disease)

Review

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16 pages, 1281 KiB  
Review
Host Innate and Adaptive Immunity Against African Swine Fever Virus Infection
by Tianqi Zhang, Zixun Lu, Jia Liu, Yang Tao, Youhui Si, Jing Ye, Shengbo Cao and Bibo Zhu
Vaccines 2024, 12(11), 1278; https://doi.org/10.3390/vaccines12111278 - 13 Nov 2024
Viewed by 560
Abstract
Africa swine fever virus (ASFV) is the causative agent of African swine fever (ASF), a highly contagious hemorrhagic disease that can result in up to 100% lethality in both wild and domestic swine, regardless of breed or age. The ongoing ASF pandemic poses [...] Read more.
Africa swine fever virus (ASFV) is the causative agent of African swine fever (ASF), a highly contagious hemorrhagic disease that can result in up to 100% lethality in both wild and domestic swine, regardless of breed or age. The ongoing ASF pandemic poses significant threats to the pork industry and food security, with serious implications for the sanitary and socioeconomic system. Due to the limited understanding of ASFV pathogenesis and immune protection mechanisms, there are currently no safe and effective vaccines or specific treatments available, complicating efforts for prevention and control. This review summarizes the current understanding of the intricate interplay between ASFV and the host immune system, encompassing both innate and adaptive immune responses to ASFV infection, as well as insights into ASFV pathogenesis and immunosuppression. We aim to provide comprehensive information to support fundamental research on ASFV, highlighting existing gaps and suggesting future research directions. This work may serve as a theoretical foundation for the rational design of protective vaccines against this devastating viral disease. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Adaptive and Innate Response to Viral Disease)
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