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Pneumococcal Conjugate Vaccines and Prevention of Non-invasive and Invasive Pneumococcal...
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Pneumococcal Conjugate Vaccines and Prevention of Non-invasive and Invasive Pneumococcal Diseases

A special issue of Vaccines (ISSN 2076-393X). This special issue belongs to the section "Pathogens-host Immune Interface".

Deadline for manuscript submissions: closed (31 January 2021) | Viewed by 17337

Special Issue Editor

Dr. Nadeem Khan

E-Mail Website
Guest Editor
Department of Biomedical Sciences, School of Medicine and Health Sciences, University of North Dakota, ND, USA
Interests: influenza snd pneumococcal diseases; pneumococcal vaccines; host-pathogen interaction; allergic inflammation

Special Issue Information

Dear Colleagues,

Pneumococcal conjugate vaccines (PCVs) have led to a substantial decline in the pneumococcal bacterial carriage and diseases representative of vaccine serotypes. The success of PCVs has manifested as a result of the direct elimination of serotype-specific carriage of vaccine strains, as well as through an indirect herd effect in nonvaccinated individuals. However, the success of PCVs does not uniformly spread among all the serotypes. While it has shown a tremendous efficacy against some serotypes, the vaccine responses and protection against serotype 3 remain low, and therefore, a formidable challenge, despite the immense overall efficacy of PCVs. Despite the continued success of PCV immunization, nonvaccine colonization and disease-causing serotypes have emerged. This is being addressed by expanding the valency of currently administered PCVs by including the emergent serotypes. However, the current cost of PCVs makes them less likely to be used extensively in developing countries where the need is the highest. Moreover, differences between IPD and AOM strains are being observed more frequently. Finally, the difference between countries is becoming more apparent.

This Special Issue will focus on pneumococcal anticapsular antibody responses and comprehensive analysis of serotype-specific efficacy of PCV formulations across geographies. The issue will focus on the systematic reduction of non-invasive (sinusitis, otitis media, pneumonia) and invasive serotypes after the administration of PCVs in at-risk human populations, i.e., children, the elderly, and immunocompromised. The issue will also focus on nonvaccine emergent serotypes and extension of the valency of new PCVs to address emergent serotypes, as well as newer noncapsular vaccine approaches against pneumococcal diseases.

Dr. Nadeem Khan
Guest Editor

Manuscript Submission Information

Manuscripts should be submitted online at www.mdpi.com by registering and logging in to this website. Once you are registered, click here to go to the submission form. Manuscripts can be submitted until the deadline. All submissions that pass pre-check are peer-reviewed. Accepted papers will be published continuously in the journal (as soon as accepted) and will be listed together on the special issue website. Research articles, review articles as well as short communications are invited. For planned papers, a title and short abstract (about 100 words) can be sent to the Editorial Office for announcement on this website.

Submitted manuscripts should not have been published previously, nor be under consideration for publication elsewhere (except conference proceedings papers). All manuscripts are thoroughly refereed through a single-blind peer-review process. A guide for authors and other relevant information for submission of manuscripts is available on the Instructions for Authors page. Vaccines is an international peer-reviewed open access monthly journal published by MDPI.

Please visit the Instructions for Authors page before submitting a manuscript. The Article Processing Charge (APC) for publication in this open access journal is 2700 CHF (Swiss Francs). Submitted papers should be well formatted and use good English. Authors may use MDPI's English editing service prior to publication or during author revisions.

Keywords

  • Pneumococcal colonization
  • Otitis media
  • Pneumonia
  • Sepsis
  • Opsonophagocytosis
  • Anticapsular antibodies
  • Humoral Immunity
  • CRM197
  • Correlate of protection
  • Serotypes

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Published Papers (3 papers)

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Research

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12 pages, 1463 KiB  
Article
Etiology of Clinical Community-Acquired Pneumonia in Swedish Children Aged 1–59 Months with High Pneumococcal Vaccine Coverage—The TREND Study
by Annika Eklundh, Samuel Rhedin, Malin Ryd-Rinder, Maria Andersson, Jesper Gantelius, Giulia Gaudenzi, Magnus Lindh, Ville Peltola, Matti Waris, Pontus Nauclér, Andreas Mårtensson and Tobias Alfvén
Vaccines 2021, 9(4), 384; https://doi.org/10.3390/vaccines9040384 - 14 Apr 2021
Cited by 10 | Viewed by 6462
Abstract
(1) Immunization with pneumococcal conjugate vaccines has decreased the burden of community-acquired pneumonia (CAP) in children and likely led to a shift in CAP etiology. (2) The Trial of Respiratory infections in children for ENhanced Diagnostics (TREND) enrolled children 1-59 months with clinical [...] Read more.
(1) Immunization with pneumococcal conjugate vaccines has decreased the burden of community-acquired pneumonia (CAP) in children and likely led to a shift in CAP etiology. (2) The Trial of Respiratory infections in children for ENhanced Diagnostics (TREND) enrolled children 1-59 months with clinical CAP according to the World Health Organization (WHO) criteria at Sachs’ Children and Youth Hospital, Stockholm, Sweden. Children with rhonchi and indrawing underwent “bronchodilator challenge”. C-reactive protein and nasopharyngeal PCR detecting 20 respiratory pathogens, were collected from all children. Etiology was defined according to an a priori defined algorithm based on microbiological, biochemical, and radiological findings. (3) Of 327 enrolled children, 107 (32%) required hospitalization; 91 (28%) received antibiotic treatment; 77 (24%) had a chest X-ray performed; and 60 (18%) responded to bronchodilator challenge. 243 (74%) episodes were classified as viral, 11 (3%) as mixed viral-bacterial, five (2%) as bacterial, two (0.6%) as atypical bacterial and 66 (20%) as undetermined etiology. After exclusion of children responding to bronchodilator challenge, the proportion of bacterial and mixed viral-bacterial etiology was 1% and 4%, respectively. (4) The novel TREND etiology algorithm classified the majority of clinical CAP episodes as of viral etiology, whereas bacterial etiology was uncommon. Defining CAP in children <5 years is challenging, and the WHO definition of clinical CAP is not suitable for use in children immunized with pneumococcal conjugate vaccines. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Pneumococcal Conjugate Vaccines and Prevention of Non-invasive and Invasive Pneumococcal Diseases)
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12 pages, 1070 KiB  
Article
Pneumococcal Competition Modulates Antibiotic Resistance in the Pre-Vaccination Era: A Modelling Study
by José Lourenço, Yair Daon, Andrea Gori and Uri Obolski
Vaccines 2021, 9(3), 265; https://doi.org/10.3390/vaccines9030265 - 16 Mar 2021
Cited by 4 | Viewed by 2347
Abstract
The ongoing emergence of antibiotic resistant strains and high frequencies of antibiotic resistance of Streptococcus pneumoniae poses a major public health challenge. How and which ecological and evolutionary mechanisms maintain the coexistence of antibiotic resistant and susceptible strains remains largely an open question. [...] Read more.
The ongoing emergence of antibiotic resistant strains and high frequencies of antibiotic resistance of Streptococcus pneumoniae poses a major public health challenge. How and which ecological and evolutionary mechanisms maintain the coexistence of antibiotic resistant and susceptible strains remains largely an open question. We developed an individual-based, stochastic model expanding on a previous pneumococci modelling framework. We explore how between- and within-host mechanisms of competition can sustain observed levels of resistance to antibiotics in the pre-vaccination era. Our framework considers that within-host competition for co-colonization between resistant and susceptible strains can arise via pre-existing immunity (immunological competition) or intrinsic fitness differences due to resistance costs (ecological competition). We find that beyond stochasticity, population structure or movement, competition at the within-host level can explain observed resistance frequencies. We compare our simulation results to pneumococcal antibiotic resistance data in the European region using approximate Bayesian computation. Our results demonstrate that ecological competition for co-colonization can explain the variation in co-existence of resistant and susceptible pneumococci observed in the pre-vaccination era. Furthermore, we show that within-host pneumococcal competition can facilitate the maintenance of resistance in the pre-vaccination era. Accounting for these competition-related components of pneumococcal dynamics can improve our understanding of drivers for the emergence and maintenance of antibiotic resistance in pneumococci. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Pneumococcal Conjugate Vaccines and Prevention of Non-invasive and Invasive Pneumococcal Diseases)
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Review

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21 pages, 1298 KiB  
Review
Pneumonia and Invasive Pneumococcal Diseases: The Role of Pneumococcal Conjugate Vaccine in the Era of Multi-Drug Resistance
by Chiara Scelfo, Francesco Menzella, Matteo Fontana, Giulia Ghidoni, Carla Galeone and Nicola Cosimo Facciolongo
Vaccines 2021, 9(5), 420; https://doi.org/10.3390/vaccines9050420 - 22 Apr 2021
Cited by 27 | Viewed by 7859
Abstract
Streptococcus pneumoniae related diseases are a leading cause of morbidity and mortality, especially in children and in the elderly population. It is transmitted to other individuals through droplets and it can spread to other parts of the human host, causing a wide spectrum [...] Read more.
Streptococcus pneumoniae related diseases are a leading cause of morbidity and mortality, especially in children and in the elderly population. It is transmitted to other individuals through droplets and it can spread to other parts of the human host, causing a wide spectrum of clinical syndromes, affecting between 10 and 100 cases per 100,000 people in Europe and the USA. In order to reduce morbidity and mortality caused by this agent, pneumococcal vaccines have been developed over the years and have shown incredible effectiveness in reducing the spread of this bacterium and the development of related diseases, obtaining a significant reduction in mortality, especially in developing countries. However, considerable problems are emerging mainly due to the replacement phenomenon, multi-drug resistance, and the high production costs of conjugated vaccines. There is still a debate about the indications given by various countries to different age groups; this is one of the reasons for the diffusion of different serotypes. To cope with these problems, significant efforts have been made in the research field to further improve vaccination serotypes coverage. On the other hand, an equally important commitment by health care systems to all age group populations is needed to improve vaccination coverage. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Pneumococcal Conjugate Vaccines and Prevention of Non-invasive and Invasive Pneumococcal Diseases)
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