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Venereology
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New Advances in Management and Treatment of Sexually Transmitted Infections
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New Advances in Management and Treatment of Sexually Transmitted Infections

A special issue of Venereology (ISSN 2674-0710).

Deadline for manuscript submissions: 31 May 2025 | Viewed by 29812

Special Issue Editor

Prof. Dr. Alessandro Russo

grade E-Mail Website
Guest Editor
Department of Medical and Surgical Sciences, Infectious and Tropical Disease Unit, “Magna Graecia” University of Catanzaro, 88100 Catanzaro, Italy
Interests: infection; MDR pathogens; bacteria; fungal infection; aepsis; antimicrobials
Special Issues, Collections and Topics in MDPI journals

Special Issue Information

Dear Colleagues,

The treatment of sexually transmitted infections (STIs) are considered an important aim for public health. This is due to their high morbidity, mainly represented by the sequelae on reproductive tract infections, risk of cancer and congenital abnormalities as well as the unfavorable outcomes in immunosupressed patients.

On this basis, the knowledge of local epidemiology is the milestone for a universally standardized approach to STIs. Moreover, systematic surveillance of antimicrobial susceptibility and/or testing of specific isolates for susceptibility to the antimicrobial agents provide crucial information for physicians to avoid a treatment failure.

This Special Issue aims to expand the current knowledge on sexually transmitted infections in different stages and on its possible therapeutic exploitation. We aim to address the key roles of mechanisms of infection susceptibility, clinical presentation, and outcomes. Brief reports, reviews, and clinical studies are welcome for consideration.

Prof. Dr. Alessandro Russo
Guest Editor

Manuscript Submission Information

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Please visit the Instructions for Authors page before submitting a manuscript. The Article Processing Charge (APC) for publication in this open access journal is 1000 CHF (Swiss Francs). Submitted papers should be well formatted and use good English. Authors may use MDPI's English editing service prior to publication or during author revisions.

Keywords

  • epidemiology
  • new diagnostic methods
  • infection control
  • MDR pathogens
  • antimicrobial therapy

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Published Papers (10 papers)

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Research

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11 pages, 1660 KiB  
Communication
The Enhanced Activity of a Plant Mixture from the Brazilian Caatinga Biome against Venereal Trichomonads Confirms the Traditional Use
by Nícolas Luiz Feijó Silva, Patrícia de Brum Vieira, Márcia Vanusa da Silva, Alexandre José Macedo and Tiana Tasca
Venereology 2024, 3(1), 15-25; https://doi.org/10.3390/venereology3010002 - 6 Jan 2024
Viewed by 996
Abstract
Women living in the semi-arid region of Caatinga in the northeast of Brazil report the use of plant mixtures to treat diseases in the genitourinary tract. Plant extracts were obtained from barks to simulate traditional use. The anti-trichomonads activity as well as the [...] Read more.
Women living in the semi-arid region of Caatinga in the northeast of Brazil report the use of plant mixtures to treat diseases in the genitourinary tract. Plant extracts were obtained from barks to simulate traditional use. The anti-trichomonads activity as well as the cytotoxic effect of plant extracts were tested. Herein, we confirmed this traditional knowledge by testing plants aqueous extracts against Trichomonas vaginalis and Tritrichomonas foetus, the etiologic agents of human and bovine trichomoniasis. All plant extracts were active individually against at least one trichomonads species except for Prosopis juliflora and Amburana cearensis. Cedrela sp. was the most active against both trichomonads species. Finally, a mixture of plants used in traditional medicine was evaluated for activity. A mixture containing extracts of the plants Ximenia americana, Anadenanthera colubrina var. cebil, Myracrodruon urundeuva, Sideroxylon obtusifolium, and Amburana cearensis was active against the two trichomonads. This finding confirms the traditional practice by women living in the Caatinga region of using a mixture of plants during sitz baths to treat vaginal infections. Altogether, these results highlight the ethnopharmacological use of Cedrela sp. and of the plant mixture for the treatment of venereal diseases by Caatinga residents. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue New Advances in Management and Treatment of Sexually Transmitted Infections)
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13 pages, 296 KiB  
Article
A Smartphone-Based Pilot HIV Prevention Intervention (Sakhi) among Transgender Women Who Engage in Sex Work in India: Efficacy of a Pre- and Post-Test Quasi-Experimental Trial
by Venkatesan Chakrapani, Pushpesh Kumar, Jasvir Kaur, Murali Shunmugam and Debomita Mukherjee
Venereology 2023, 2(1), 30-42; https://doi.org/10.3390/venereology2010003 - 16 Feb 2023
Cited by 1 | Viewed by 2411
Abstract
Transgender women (TGW) in India, especially those who engage in sex work, are at high risk for HIV. Guided by the information-motivation-behavioral skills model and qualitative formative research findings, Sakhi (girlfriend), a 3-week smartphone-based pilot intervention consisting of short videos (one/week) and text [...] Read more.
Transgender women (TGW) in India, especially those who engage in sex work, are at high risk for HIV. Guided by the information-motivation-behavioral skills model and qualitative formative research findings, Sakhi (girlfriend), a 3-week smartphone-based pilot intervention consisting of short videos (one/week) and text messages (two/week), was implemented using a one-group pre- and post-test design to test its efficacy in promoting condom use and HIV testing among TGW (n = 50) who engage in sex work in Chennai. Changes in outcomes were assessed by conducting multivariable analyses using generalized estimating equations. Participants’ mean age was 26 years, and the mean monthly income was INR 21700 (USD 292). About one-third completed college, and 96% were HIV-negative. Significant changes in the desired direction were observed in the primary outcomes: condom use – decrease in the engagement of condomless anal sex with male partners (12% to 2%, p < 0.05) and HIV testing – increase in intentions to undergo HIV testing every 6 months (34% to 86%, p < 0.001); and in some of the secondary outcomes: decrease in alcohol use before sex, increase in intentions to use condoms consistently and increase in the well-being score. This study demonstrated the feasibility, acceptability, and preliminary efficacy of the Sakhi intervention and warrants a larger randomized trial among diverse subgroups in diverse settings. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue New Advances in Management and Treatment of Sexually Transmitted Infections)
14 pages, 610 KiB  
Article
Determinants of Virological Failure in HIV Patients on Highly Active Antiretroviral Therapy (HAART): A Retrospective Cross-Sectional Study in the Upper East Region of Ghana
by Abdulai Abubakari, Habibu Issah, M. Awell Olives Mutaka and Mubarick Nungbaso Asumah
Venereology 2023, 2(1), 16-29; https://doi.org/10.3390/venereology2010002 - 3 Jan 2023
Cited by 2 | Viewed by 4260
Abstract
Background: Even though highly active antiretroviral therapy (HAART) for HIV (Human Immune Deficiency) patients has considerably improved viral load suppression, more people still struggle to reduce viral loads. The aim of the study was to determine the associated factors of virological failure in [...] Read more.
Background: Even though highly active antiretroviral therapy (HAART) for HIV (Human Immune Deficiency) patients has considerably improved viral load suppression, more people still struggle to reduce viral loads. The aim of the study was to determine the associated factors of virological failure in HIV patients on antiretroviral therapy (ART) in the Upper East Region of Ghana. Methods: A retrospective cross-sectional study involving 366 participants aged 15 years and above who were on HAART for six (6) months or longer with viral load results in 2020. Bivariate and multiple logistic regression analyses were conducted to identify the determinants of virological failure among HIV patients at 95% confidence interval (C.I.) with a significant level pegged at a p value less than 0.05. Results: The prevalence of viral load failure was 47.0% and adherence to antiretroviral therapy was 62.6% among patients on HAART. The significant predicators of virological failure were basic education (AOR (adjusted odds ratio) = 7.36, 95% C.I = 4.91–59.71), High school/Vocational /Technical education (AOR = 4.70, 95% C.I. = 1.90–9.69), monthly salary/income ˂ GHS 375.00 (AOR = 7.20, 95% C.I. = 1.73–29.95), duration on ART for ˂1 year (AOR = 0.27, 95% C.I. = 0.10–0.75), ART regimen (Tenofovir + Lamivudine + Efavirenz) (AOR = 3.26, 95% C.I. = 1.95–11.25), 3–5 times missed medication per month (AOR = 2.86, 95% C.I. = 1.34–6.08) and ≥6 missed medication per month (AOR = 23.87, 95% C.I. = 10.57–53.92). Conclusion: Educational status, salary/income, ART duration, ART combination regimen, and number of doses missed were statistically significantly associated with virological failure in patients on antiretroviral therapy. The majority of the respondents adhered to ART, which led to moderate viral load suppression but lower than the target for 2020. There is the need to strengthen the ongoing accelerated social behavior change communication among patients on ART to enhance adherence in order to attain the new UNAIDS target of 95% viral load suppression by 2030 in the Upper East Region of Ghana. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue New Advances in Management and Treatment of Sexually Transmitted Infections)
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10 pages, 427 KiB  
Article
Trends and Factors Associated with HIV Testing among Adolescent Girls and Young Women in Lesotho: Results from 2004 to 2014 Lesotho Demographic and Health Surveys
by Onalethata Ntshadi Sonny and Alfred Musekiwa
Venereology 2022, 1(3), 262-271; https://doi.org/10.3390/venereology1030019 - 7 Nov 2022
Cited by 2 | Viewed by 2870
Abstract
HIV/AIDS is prevalent among adolescent girls and young women (AGYW) in Lesotho, and among the top five infectious diseases causing a high mortality rate in Africa. The paramount management of HIV is based on screening, prevention, and therapeutic interventions, of which HIV testing [...] Read more.
HIV/AIDS is prevalent among adolescent girls and young women (AGYW) in Lesotho, and among the top five infectious diseases causing a high mortality rate in Africa. The paramount management of HIV is based on screening, prevention, and therapeutic interventions, of which HIV testing and counselling (HTC) is the gateway. The utilization of HTC services among AGYW is limited owing to numerous barriers encountered by this population group. The aim of this study was to assess trends and factors associated with HTC among AGYW in Lesotho. A secondary data analysis was used to analyze data sets extracted from the 2004, 2009, and 2014 Lesotho Demographic Health Surveys (LDHS). The LDHS was conducted using a cross-sectional study design and samples drawn were representative of the whole population of Lesotho. We used descriptive analysis to determine trends in HTC. In determining factors associated with the uptake of HTC, univariate and multivariable logistic regression models were applied on the 2014 LDHS. All analyses were adjusted for unequal sampling probabilities using survey weights. The number of AGYWs analyzed were 2743 in 2004, 2393 in 2009, and 2842 in 2014. The overall prevalence estimates of HTC uptake were 12%, 62.2%, and 72.5%, respectively. For the 15–19 years AGYW, HTC uptake rose from 6.2% (2004), 46.3% (2009), to 57.9% (2014), while for the 20–24 years age group, the rates were 18.7%, 80.2%, and 88.3%, respectively. For the 2842 AGYW in 2014, the odds of ever having an HIV test were significantly higher for those aged 20–24 years (aOR 2.15, 95% CI 1.61 to 2.87, p < 0.001), in a union (aOR 3.21, 95%CI 2.25 to 4.58, p < 0.001), with Mother-to-child transmission of HIV (MTCT) knowledge (aOR 1.53, 95%CI: 1.21 to 1.94, p < 0.001), with HIV non-discriminatory attitudes (aOR 2.50, 95%CI 1.87 to 3.34, p < 0.001), and those who had ever been pregnant (aOR 11.53, 95%CI 7.46 to 17.84, p < 0.001). HTC uptake among AGYW in Lesotho is below expected targets, hence we recommend optimizing access to HTC services, especially for AGYW aged 15–19 years. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue New Advances in Management and Treatment of Sexually Transmitted Infections)
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Review

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13 pages, 1391 KiB  
Review
Point-of-Care Assays to Trichomonas vaginalis Diagnosis: The Road So Far
by Anna Victória Bernardes e Borges, Hugo Felix Perini, Eliete Almeida Alvin, Anielle Christine Almeida Silva and Marcos Vinicius da Silva
Venereology 2024, 3(3), 107-119; https://doi.org/10.3390/venereology3030009 - 11 Jul 2024
Viewed by 930
Abstract
Trichomonas vaginalis infection represents the most prevalent non-viral, curable parasitic sexually transmitted infection (STI) worldwide. The demand for precise and cost-effective point-of-care (POC) tests is paramount in the pursuit of STI epidemic control, ensuring expeditious patient diagnosis and therapeutic interventions. In the present [...] Read more.
Trichomonas vaginalis infection represents the most prevalent non-viral, curable parasitic sexually transmitted infection (STI) worldwide. The demand for precise and cost-effective point-of-care (POC) tests is paramount in the pursuit of STI epidemic control, ensuring expeditious patient diagnosis and therapeutic interventions. In the present study, we searched academic databases, including PubMed (US National Library of Medicine and the National Institutes of Health), Scopus, and Web of Science, employing the following keywords: “Trichomonas vaginalis”, “diagnosis”, “point-of-care tests”, and “rapid diagnosis”, to provide information about the development and effectiveness of POC tests to identify T. vaginalis. Present assays for T. vaginalis exhibit suboptimal performance, and the integration of advanced technologies, notably nanotechnologies, emerges as a formidable instrumentality for augmenting diagnostic precision while curtailing expenditure. In this review, we provide an encompassing survey of cutting-edge POC tests for T. vaginalis diagnosis and offer an outlook on future prospects in this domain. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue New Advances in Management and Treatment of Sexually Transmitted Infections)
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16 pages, 818 KiB  
Review
From Wet Mount to Nucleic Acid Amplification Techniques: Current Diagnostic Methods and Future Perspectives Based on Patenting of New Assays, Stains, and Diagnostic Images for Trichomonas vaginalis Detection
by Fernanda Gomes Cardoso, Mariana Dicki Freitas, Tiana Tasca and Graziela Vargas Rigo
Venereology 2024, 3(1), 35-50; https://doi.org/10.3390/venereology3010004 - 18 Mar 2024
Viewed by 1917
Abstract
Trichomoniasis is the most common non-viral sexually transmitted infection (STI) in the world. The estimated global prevalence in 2016 was 156 million adults aged 15–49. However, these data are underestimated, since the most used diagnostic method is the wet mount, which has low [...] Read more.
Trichomoniasis is the most common non-viral sexually transmitted infection (STI) in the world. The estimated global prevalence in 2016 was 156 million adults aged 15–49. However, these data are underestimated, since the most used diagnostic method is the wet mount, which has low sensitivity, the information regarding the estimated duration of infection is limited and there is evidence of undiagnosed asymptomatic cases in both sexes. Currently 80% of cases—including both sexes—are asymptomatic, which makes the disease silent and chronic in course, leading to complications. The aim of this review was to discuss the diagnostic methods for T. vaginalis detection that are currently available and applicable in the clinical laboratory routine. Overall, nucleic acid amplification techniques are the best option for T. vaginalis detection, with higher sensitivity and specificity than other tests. Although these techniques present higher cost, their implementation should be supported to ensure correct trichomoniasis diagnosis and treatment beyond contributing to questions on epidemiology and control. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue New Advances in Management and Treatment of Sexually Transmitted Infections)
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14 pages, 278 KiB  
Review
Doxycycline in STI Prophylaxis—A Literature Review
by Andrzej Załęski, Mariusz Sapuła, Agnieszka Lembas and Alicja Wiercińska-Drapało
Venereology 2024, 3(1), 1-14; https://doi.org/10.3390/venereology3010001 - 29 Dec 2023
Viewed by 2601
Abstract
Background: Since the implementation of pre-exposure prophylaxis (PrEP) in HIV prevention, a significant increase in the prevalence of other sexually transmitted infections (STIs) has been reported, especially among men who have sex with men (MSM). Doxycycline is being examined as a potential pharmacological [...] Read more.
Background: Since the implementation of pre-exposure prophylaxis (PrEP) in HIV prevention, a significant increase in the prevalence of other sexually transmitted infections (STIs) has been reported, especially among men who have sex with men (MSM). Doxycycline is being examined as a potential pharmacological agent in preventing these infections. This review aims to summarize available data on the effectiveness and potential side effects of doxycycline for the prevention of bacterial STIs. Methods: We reviewed the National Library of Medicine and the National Center of Biotechnology Information in order to find clinical trials and relevant observational studies regarding doxycycline usage in STI prophylaxis. Results: Doxycycline prophylaxis reduced the risk of acquiring chlamydia, syphilis, and, in a majority of the trials, the risk of gonorrhea. The clinical trials on doxycycline STI prophylaxis were underpowered to determine if doxycycline promotes the selection of resistance in Neisseria gonorrhoeae and Chlamydia trachomatis. Additionally, no serious side effects of this preventive measure have been reported. None of the studies aimed to compare the efficacy of post- and pre-exposure prophylaxis of STDs with doxycycline. Conclusions: The preliminary results regarding STI prophylaxis with doxycycline seem to be promising. Further research is needed to determine the potential risk of doxycycline prophylactic prescription. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue New Advances in Management and Treatment of Sexually Transmitted Infections)
16 pages, 405 KiB  
Review
School-Based Interventions on Human Papillomavirus in Africa: A Systematic Scoping Review
by Jimoh Amzat, Kehinde Kazeem Kanmodi, Kafayat Aminu and Eyinade Adeduntan Egbedina
Venereology 2023, 2(1), 43-58; https://doi.org/10.3390/venereology2010004 - 18 Feb 2023
Cited by 8 | Viewed by 2971
Abstract
School-age youth constitute a neglected but highly vulnerable group concerning sexual health risks in low-resource countries. Robust evidence concerning the research landscape of school-based interventions on human papillomavirus in Africa is currently lacking. Therefore, this systematic scoping review (SSR) aims to map evidence [...] Read more.
School-age youth constitute a neglected but highly vulnerable group concerning sexual health risks in low-resource countries. Robust evidence concerning the research landscape of school-based interventions on human papillomavirus in Africa is currently lacking. Therefore, this systematic scoping review (SSR) aims to map evidence about school-based HPV interventions and identify emerging themes, gaps and lessons learned in Africa. This review was guided by Joanna Brigg’s Institute’s guidelines for SSRs and reported based on the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Metanalysis for Scoping Reviews. Five databases—PubMed, CINAHL, PsycINFO, SCOPUS, and Allied and Complementary Medicine—were searched for relevant literature using appropriate search terms and Boolean operators. The retrieved literature was extracted, deduplicated and screened using the Rayyan software. Only those articles which met the eligibility criteria were included for data charting, collation, and summarization. Ten articles were included in this review. The articles demonstrate that a life-course approach is significant in health intervention. School-based health interventions help reach adolescents in a dynamic life stage, affecting their vulnerability to sexual health risks. The school-based interventions serve as an ideal platform to offer HPV peer education, improving their HPV knowledge and subsequent testing services and enhancing their acceptability for screening and vaccination. Cervical cancer education and screening can be effectively combined in HPV health services for women. While the studies are geographically diverse, such effective interventions, which help reduce bottlenecks in accessing HPV screening and vaccination, are very few in Africa. In conclusion, school-based intervention is a viable strategy that can be adopted for adolescent protection from HPV-induced diseases. However, the current evidence on the impact of these interventions, particularly HPV vaccination, is inadequate. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue New Advances in Management and Treatment of Sexually Transmitted Infections)
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10 pages, 327 KiB  
Review
Treatment of Sexually Transmitted Infections (STIs) Caused by Neisseria gonorrhoeae and the Global Shortage of Antibiotics
by José Luis Rodrigues Martins, Emerith Mayra Hungria Pinto, Salomão Antonio Oliveira, Fernanda Almeida Costa Gomes and Osmar Nascimento Silva
Venereology 2022, 1(3), 235-244; https://doi.org/10.3390/venereology1030017 - 24 Oct 2022
Viewed by 3349
Abstract
The gonorrhoea caused by the bacterium Neisseria gonorrhoeae remains a major global public health problem with high morbidity. Gonorrhoea can affect both women and men, being more prevalent in sexually active young individuals. Even after infection from N. gonorrhoeae, many patients may [...] Read more.
The gonorrhoea caused by the bacterium Neisseria gonorrhoeae remains a major global public health problem with high morbidity. Gonorrhoea can affect both women and men, being more prevalent in sexually active young individuals. Even after infection from N. gonorrhoeae, many patients may remain asymptomatic, making the diagnosis and adequate treatment of the disease difficult. The treatment and control of gonorrhoea have been difficult in recent years in most populations, being an example of how behavioural, social, and demographic factors can influence the epidemiology of an infectious disease. The emergence of strains of N. gonorrhoeae resistant to multiple antimicrobials, especially to extended-spectrum cephalosporins, indicates that gonorrhoea has the potential to become untreatable in the current reality of treatment options, especially in places that have a high prevalence of gonococcal infections. The loss of available and effective treatment options can lead to significant increases in new cases of the disease, as well as increased morbidity and mortality. This review provides an overview of current therapeutic options for gonorrhoea, as well as ongoing experimental studies and clinical trials with new antigonococcal agents. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue New Advances in Management and Treatment of Sexually Transmitted Infections)
13 pages, 1129 KiB  
Review
A Review of Monkeypox: The New Global Health Emergency
by Kritika Srinivasan Rajsri and Mana Rao
Venereology 2022, 1(2), 199-211; https://doi.org/10.3390/venereology1020014 - 5 Sep 2022
Cited by 12 | Viewed by 6292
Abstract
Monkeypox, once a rare zoonotic disease, has been endemic to some African countries since its original identification among humans in 1970. Since then, cases in non-endemic regions have been linked to returning travelers or those who had contact with transported animals. The causative [...] Read more.
Monkeypox, once a rare zoonotic disease, has been endemic to some African countries since its original identification among humans in 1970. Since then, cases in non-endemic regions have been linked to returning travelers or those who had contact with transported animals. The causative agent, Monkeypox virus, belongs to Orthopoxviruses, the same family as Variola—the causative organism for smallpox. Although most monkeypox outbreaks until recently were linked to zoonotic transmission, secondary human–human transmission in smallpox-unvaccinated individuals was observed in a small proportion of overall cases. Smallpox was declared to be eradicated in 1980, and since its eradication, Monkeypox virus has been the most significant poxvirus to cause human disease. The 2022 monkeypox outbreak marks a significant paradigm shift in the human and poxvirus association, with new modes of transmission and concerns of viral evolution and entrenchment as a sexually transmitted disease. Monkeypox clinically resembles smallpox but is far milder. At this time, there are no approved therapies for monkeypox, and antiviral agents effective against smallpox are being utilized. Additionally, preventive strategies being utilized include smallpox vaccinations such as JYNNEOS and ACAM2000. In this narrative review, we discuss the virology, epidemiology, transmission, clinical manifestations, diagnosis, management, and prevention strategies associated with monkeypox. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue New Advances in Management and Treatment of Sexually Transmitted Infections)
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