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Viruses
Special Issues
Innate Immunity to Virus Infection 2023
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Innate Immunity to Virus Infection 2023

A special issue of Viruses (ISSN 1999-4915). This special issue belongs to the section "Viral Immunology, Vaccines, and Antivirals".

Deadline for manuscript submissions: closed (31 May 2023) | Viewed by 17939

Printed Edition Available!
A printed edition of this Special Issue is available here.

Special Issue Editors

Prof. Dr. Caijun Sun

E-Mail Website
Guest Editor
School of Public Health (Shenzhen), Sun Yat-Sen University, Shenzhen 518107, China
Interests: vaccine; innate immunity; antiviral drugs; HIV-1; SARS-CoV-2; influenza
Special Issues, Collections and Topics in MDPI journals
Prof. Dr. Feng Ma

E-Mail Website
Guest Editor
Suzhou Institute of Systems Medicine, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Peking Union Medical College, Suzhou 215123, China
Interests: antiviral immunity; immunometabolism; infectious diseases; inflammation
Special Issues, Collections and Topics in MDPI journals

Special Issue Information

Dear Colleagues,

Emerging and re-emerging outbreaks of highly pathogenic viruses have been becoming a severe crisis for global public health. As the first line of host defense against viral infections, the interferon (IFN)-mediated innate immunity and a variety of IFN-stimulated genes (ISGs) are well-known to play a critical role in interfering with virus entry and replication. Thus, it is of great importance to deeply understand the comprehensive interplay between innate immunity and virus infection, which will provide insights into developing novel antiviral therapeutics and vaccines. In this special issue, we welcome novel findings related to innate immunity to viral infection, including but not limited to interferon (IFN)-stimulated genes (ISGs), IFN signaling pathways, antiviral immunity, inflammation, immunometabolism, vaccine-related innate immunity, broadly antiviral drugs, and so on.

Prof. Dr. Caijun Sun
Prof. Dr. Feng Ma
Guest Editors

Manuscript Submission Information

Manuscripts should be submitted online at www.mdpi.com by registering and logging in to this website. Once you are registered, click here to go to the submission form. Manuscripts can be submitted until the deadline. All submissions that pass pre-check are peer-reviewed. Accepted papers will be published continuously in the journal (as soon as accepted) and will be listed together on the special issue website. Research articles, review articles as well as short communications are invited. For planned papers, a title and short abstract (about 100 words) can be sent to the Editorial Office for announcement on this website.

Submitted manuscripts should not have been published previously, nor be under consideration for publication elsewhere (except conference proceedings papers). All manuscripts are thoroughly refereed through a single-blind peer-review process. A guide for authors and other relevant information for submission of manuscripts is available on the Instructions for Authors page. Viruses is an international peer-reviewed open access monthly journal published by MDPI.

Please visit the Instructions for Authors page before submitting a manuscript. The Article Processing Charge (APC) for publication in this open access journal is 2600 CHF (Swiss Francs). Submitted papers should be well formatted and use good English. Authors may use MDPI's English editing service prior to publication or during author revisions.

Keywords

  • innate immunity
  • interferon (IFN)
  • IFN-stimulated genes (ISGs)
  • IFN signaling pathways
  • antiviral immunity
  • inflammation
  • immunometabolism
  • vaccine
  • broadly antiviral drug

Published Papers (11 papers)

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Editorial

Jump to: Research, Review

3 pages, 190 KiB  
Editorial
Special Issue: “Innate Immunity to Virus Infection, 1st Edition”
by Congcong Wang, Feng Ma and Caijun Sun
Viruses 2023, 15(10), 2060; https://doi.org/10.3390/v15102060 - 7 Oct 2023
Cited by 1 | Viewed by 972
Abstract
Frequent outbreaks of emerging and re-emerging pathogenic viruses have become one of the major challenges for global public health [...] Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Innate Immunity to Virus Infection 2023)

Research

Jump to: Editorial, Review

13 pages, 3132 KiB  
Article
Multiple Porcine Innate Immune Signaling Pathways Are Involved in the Anti-PEDV Response
by Youwen Zhang, Yulin Xu, Sen Jiang, Shaohua Sun, Jiajia Zhang, Jia Luo, Qi Cao, Wanglong Zheng, François Meurens, Nanhua Chen and Jianzhong Zhu
Viruses 2023, 15(8), 1629; https://doi.org/10.3390/v15081629 - 26 Jul 2023
Cited by 1 | Viewed by 1162
Abstract
Porcine epidemic diarrhea virus (PEDV) has caused great damage to the global pig industry. Innate immunity plays a significant role in resisting viral infection; however, the exact role of innate immunity in the anti-PEDV response has not been fully elucidated. In this study, [...] Read more.
Porcine epidemic diarrhea virus (PEDV) has caused great damage to the global pig industry. Innate immunity plays a significant role in resisting viral infection; however, the exact role of innate immunity in the anti-PEDV response has not been fully elucidated. In this study, we observed that various porcine innate immune signaling adaptors are involved in anti-PEDV (AJ1102-like strain) activity in transfected Vero cells. Among these, TRIF and MAVS showed the strongest anti-PEDV activity. The endogenous TRIF, MAVS, and STING were selected for further examination of anti-PEDV activity. Agonist stimulation experiments showed that TRIF, MAVS, and STING signaling all have obvious anti-PEDV activity. The siRNA knockdown assay showed that TRIF, MAVS, and STING are also all involved in anti-PEDV response, and their remarkable effects on PEDV replication were confirmed in TRIF−/−, MAVS−/− and STING−/− Vero cells via the CRISPR approach. For further verification, the anti-PEDV activity of TRIF, MAVS, and STING could be reproduced in porcine IPEC-DQ cells treated with siRNAs. In summary, this study reveals that multiple pattern-recognition receptor (PRR) signaling pathways of porcine innate immunity play an important role in the anti-PEDV infection, providing new and useful antiviral knowledge for prevention and control of PEDV spreading. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Innate Immunity to Virus Infection 2023)
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18 pages, 3065 KiB  
Article
Alternative Splicing of RIOK3 Engages the Noncanonical NFκB Pathway during Rift Valley Fever Virus Infection
by Thomas Charles Bisom, Hope Smelser, Jean-Marc Lanchy and J. Stephen Lodmell
Viruses 2023, 15(7), 1566; https://doi.org/10.3390/v15071566 - 18 Jul 2023
Cited by 2 | Viewed by 1209
Abstract
Although the noncanonical NFκB pathway was originally identified as a cellular pathway contributing to lymphoid organogenesis, in the past 20 years, its involvement in innate immunity has become more appreciated. In particular, the noncanonical NFκB pathway has been found to be activated and [...] Read more.
Although the noncanonical NFκB pathway was originally identified as a cellular pathway contributing to lymphoid organogenesis, in the past 20 years, its involvement in innate immunity has become more appreciated. In particular, the noncanonical NFκB pathway has been found to be activated and even exploited by some RNA viruses during infection. Intriguingly, activation of this pathway has been shown to have a role in disrupting transcription of type 1 interferon (IFN), suggesting a rationale for why this response could be co-opted by some viruses. Rift Valley fever virus (RVFV) is a trisegmented ambisense RNA virus that poses a considerable threat to domestic livestock and human health. Previously, we showed the atypical kinase RIOK3 is important for mounting an IFN response to RVFV infection of human epithelial cells, and shortly following infection with RVFV (MP12 strain), RIOK3 mRNA is alternatively spliced to its X2 isoform that encodes a truncated RIOK3 protein. Alternative splicing of RIOK3 mRNA has an inhibitory effect on the IFN response but also stimulates an NFκB-mediated inflammatory response. Here, we demonstrate alternative splicing of RIOK3 mRNA is associated with activation of the noncanonical NFκB pathway and suggest this pathway is co-opted by RVFV (MP12) to enhance viral success during infection. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Innate Immunity to Virus Infection 2023)
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16 pages, 6278 KiB  
Article
Synergistic Effect of Treatment with Highly Pathogenic Porcine Reproductive and Respiratory Syndrome Virus and Lipopolysaccharide on the Inflammatory Response of Porcine Pulmonary Microvascular Endothelial Cells
by Xinyue Yao, Wanwan Dai, Siyu Yang, Zhaoli Wang, Qian Zhang, Qinghui Meng and Tao Zhang
Viruses 2023, 15(7), 1523; https://doi.org/10.3390/v15071523 - 8 Jul 2023
Cited by 1 | Viewed by 1183
Abstract
The highly pathogenic porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus (HP-PRRSV) often causes secondary bacterial infection in piglets, resulting in inflammatory lung injury and leading to high mortality rates and significant economic losses in the pig industry. Microvascular endothelial cells (MVECs) play a crucial [...] Read more.
The highly pathogenic porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus (HP-PRRSV) often causes secondary bacterial infection in piglets, resulting in inflammatory lung injury and leading to high mortality rates and significant economic losses in the pig industry. Microvascular endothelial cells (MVECs) play a crucial role in the inflammatory response. Previous studies have shown that HP-PRRSV can infect porcine pulmonary MVECs and damage the endothelial glycocalyx. To further understand the role of pulmonary MVECs in the pathogenesis of HP-PRRSV and its secondary bacterial infection, in this study, cultured porcine pulmonary MVECs were stimulated with a HP-PRRSV HN strain and lipopolysaccharide (LPS). The changes in gene expression profiles were analyzed through transcriptome sequencing, and the differentially expressed genes were verified using qRT-PCR, Western blot, and ELISA. Furthermore, the effects on endothelial barrier function and regulation of neutrophil trans-endothelial migration were detected using the Transwell model. HP-PRRSV primarily induced differential expression of numerous genes associated with immune response, including IFIT2, IFIT3, VCAM1, ITGB4, and CCL5, whereas LPS triggered an inflammatory response involving IL6, IL16, CXCL8, CXCL14, and ITGA7. Compared to the individual effect of LPS, when given after HN-induced stimulation, it caused a greater number of changes in inflammatory molecules, such as VCAM1, IL1A, IL6, IL16, IL17D, CCL5, ITGAV, IGTB8, and TNFAIP3A, a more significant reduction in transendothelial electrical resistance, and higher increase in neutrophil transendothelial migration. In summary, these results suggest a synergistic effect of HP-PRRSV and LPS on the inflammatory response of porcine pulmonary MVECs. This study provides insights into the mechanism of severe lung injury caused by secondary bacterial infection following HP-PRRSV infection from the perspective of MVECs, emphasizing the vital role of pulmonary MVECs in HP-PRRSV infection. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Innate Immunity to Virus Infection 2023)
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12 pages, 2115 KiB  
Article
Enhancement of SARS-CoV-2 N Antigen-Specific T Cell Functionality by Modulating the Autophagy-Mediated Signal Pathway in Mice
by Ziyu Wen, Yue Yuan, Yangguo Zhao, Haohang Wang, Zirong Han, Minchao Li, Jianhui Yuan and Caijun Sun
Viruses 2023, 15(6), 1316; https://doi.org/10.3390/v15061316 - 2 Jun 2023
Cited by 3 | Viewed by 1599
Abstract
The frequent SARS-CoV-2 variants have caused a continual challenge, weakening the effectiveness of current vaccines, and thus it is of great importance to induce robust and conserved T cellular immunity for developing the next-generation vaccine against SARS-CoV-2 variants. In this study, we proposed [...] Read more.
The frequent SARS-CoV-2 variants have caused a continual challenge, weakening the effectiveness of current vaccines, and thus it is of great importance to induce robust and conserved T cellular immunity for developing the next-generation vaccine against SARS-CoV-2 variants. In this study, we proposed a conception of enhancing the SARS-CoV-2 specific T cell functionality by fusing autophagosome-associated LC3b protein to the nucleocapsid (N) (N-LC3b). When compared to N protein alone, the N-LC3b protein was more effectively targeted to the autophagosome/lysosome/MHC II compartment signal pathway and thus elicited stronger CD4+ and CD8+ T cell immune responses in mice. Importantly, the frequency of N-specific polyfunctional CD4+ and CD8+ T cells, which can simultaneously secrete multiple cytokines (IFN-γ+/IL-2+/TNF-α+), in the N-LC3b group was significantly higher than that in the N alone group. Moreover, there was a significantly improved T cell proliferation, especially for CD8+ T cells in the N-LC3b group. In addition, the N-LC3b also induced a robust humoral immune response, characterized by the Th1-biased IgG2a subclass antibodies against the SARS-CoV-2 N protein. Overall, these findings demonstrated that our strategy could effectively induce a potential SARS-CoV-2 specific T cellular immunity with enhanced magnitude, polyfunctionality, and proliferation, and thus provided insights to develop a promising strategy for the design of a novel universal vaccine against SARS-CoV-2 variants and other emerging infectious diseases. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Innate Immunity to Virus Infection 2023)
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16 pages, 2668 KiB  
Article
IFITM3 Inhibits SARS-CoV-2 Infection and Is Associated with COVID-19 Susceptibility
by Fengwen Xu, Geng Wang, Fei Zhao, Yu Huang, Zhangling Fan, Shan Mei, Yu Xie, Liang Wei, Yamei Hu, Conghui Wang, Shan Cen, Chen Liang, Lili Ren, Fei Guo and Jianwei Wang
Viruses 2022, 14(11), 2553; https://doi.org/10.3390/v14112553 - 18 Nov 2022
Cited by 10 | Viewed by 1828
Abstract
SARS-CoV-2 has become a global threat to public health. Infected individuals can be asymptomatic or develop mild to severe symptoms, including pneumonia, respiratory distress, and death. This wide spectrum of clinical presentations of SARS-CoV-2 infection is believed in part due to the polymorphisms [...] Read more.
SARS-CoV-2 has become a global threat to public health. Infected individuals can be asymptomatic or develop mild to severe symptoms, including pneumonia, respiratory distress, and death. This wide spectrum of clinical presentations of SARS-CoV-2 infection is believed in part due to the polymorphisms of key genetic factors in the population. In this study, we report that the interferon-induced antiviral factor IFITM3 inhibits SARS-CoV-2 infection by preventing SARS-CoV-2 spike-protein-mediated virus entry and cell-to-cell fusion. Analysis of a Chinese COVID-19 patient cohort demonstrates that the rs12252 CC genotype of IFITM3 is associated with SARS-CoV-2 infection risk in the studied cohort. These data suggest that individuals carrying the rs12252 C allele in the IFITM3 gene may be vulnerable to SARS-CoV-2 infection and thus may benefit from early medical intervention. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Innate Immunity to Virus Infection 2023)
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Review

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19 pages, 906 KiB  
Review
The Innate Immune Response in DENV- and CHIKV-Infected Placentas and the Consequences for the Fetuses: A Minireview
by Felipe de Andrade Vieira Alves, Priscila Conrado Guerra Nunes, Laíza Vianna Arruda, Natália Gedeão Salomão and Kíssila Rabelo
Viruses 2023, 15(9), 1885; https://doi.org/10.3390/v15091885 - 6 Sep 2023
Cited by 1 | Viewed by 1263
Abstract
Dengue virus (DENV) and chikungunya (CHIKV) are arthropod-borne viruses belonging to the Flaviviridae and Togaviridae families, respectively. Infection by both viruses can lead to a mild indistinct fever or even lead to more severe forms of the diseases, which are characterized by a [...] Read more.
Dengue virus (DENV) and chikungunya (CHIKV) are arthropod-borne viruses belonging to the Flaviviridae and Togaviridae families, respectively. Infection by both viruses can lead to a mild indistinct fever or even lead to more severe forms of the diseases, which are characterized by a generalized inflammatory state and multiorgan involvement. Infected mothers are considered a high-risk group due to their immunosuppressed state and the possibility of vertical transmission. Thereby, infection by arboviruses during pregnancy portrays a major public health concern, especially in countries where epidemics of both diseases are regular and public health policies are left aside. Placental involvement during both infections has been already described and the presence of either DENV or CHIKV has been observed in constituent cells of the placenta. In spite of that, there is little knowledge regarding the intrinsic earlier immunological mechanisms that are developed by placental cells in response to infection by both arboviruses. Here, we approach some of the current information available in the literature about the exacerbated presence of cells involved in the innate immune defense of the placenta during DENV and CHIKV infections. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Innate Immunity to Virus Infection 2023)
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20 pages, 2077 KiB  
Review
The Host Cytoskeleton Functions as a Pleiotropic Scaffold: Orchestrating Regulation of the Viral Life Cycle and Mediating Host Antiviral Innate Immune Responses
by Meilin Li, Dingkun Peng, Hongwei Cao, Xiaoke Yang, Su Li, Hua-Ji Qiu and Lian-Feng Li
Viruses 2023, 15(6), 1354; https://doi.org/10.3390/v15061354 - 12 Jun 2023
Cited by 3 | Viewed by 1734
Abstract
Viruses are obligate intracellular parasites that critically depend on their hosts to initiate infection, complete replication cycles, and generate new progeny virions. To achieve these goals, viruses have evolved numerous elegant strategies to subvert and utilize different cellular machinery. The cytoskeleton is often [...] Read more.
Viruses are obligate intracellular parasites that critically depend on their hosts to initiate infection, complete replication cycles, and generate new progeny virions. To achieve these goals, viruses have evolved numerous elegant strategies to subvert and utilize different cellular machinery. The cytoskeleton is often one of the first components to be hijacked as it provides a convenient transport system for viruses to enter the cell and reach the site of replication. The cytoskeleton is an intricate network involved in controlling the cell shape, cargo transport, signal transduction, and cell division. The host cytoskeleton has complex interactions with viruses during the viral life cycle, as well as cell-to-cell transmission once the life cycle is completed. Additionally, the host also develops unique, cytoskeleton-mediated antiviral innate immune responses. These processes are also involved in pathological damages, although the comprehensive mechanisms remain elusive. In this review, we briefly summarize the functions of some prominent viruses in inducing or hijacking cytoskeletal structures and the related antiviral responses in order to provide new insights into the crosstalk between the cytoskeleton and viruses, which may contribute to the design of novel antivirals targeting the cytoskeleton. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Innate Immunity to Virus Infection 2023)
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21 pages, 419 KiB  
Review
Autoantibodies to Interferons in Infectious Diseases
by Eugenia Quiros-Roldan, Alessandra Sottini, Simona Giulia Signorini, Federico Serana, Giorgio Tiecco and Luisa Imberti
Viruses 2023, 15(5), 1215; https://doi.org/10.3390/v15051215 - 22 May 2023
Cited by 9 | Viewed by 2373
Abstract
Anti-cytokine autoantibodies and, in particular, anti-type I interferons are increasingly described in association with immunodeficient, autoimmune, and immune-dysregulated conditions. Their presence in otherwise healthy individuals may result in a phenotype characterized by a predisposition to infections with several agents. For instance, anti-type I [...] Read more.
Anti-cytokine autoantibodies and, in particular, anti-type I interferons are increasingly described in association with immunodeficient, autoimmune, and immune-dysregulated conditions. Their presence in otherwise healthy individuals may result in a phenotype characterized by a predisposition to infections with several agents. For instance, anti-type I interferon autoantibodies are implicated in Coronavirus Disease 19 (COVID-19) pathogenesis and found preferentially in patients with critical disease. However, autoantibodies were also described in the serum of patients with viral, bacterial, and fungal infections not associated with COVID-19. In this review, we provide an overview of anti-cytokine autoantibodies identified to date and their clinical associations; we also discuss whether they can act as enemies or friends, i.e., are capable of acting in a beneficial or harmful way, and if they may be linked to gender or immunosenescence. Understanding the mechanisms underlying the production of autoantibodies could improve the approach to treating some infections, focusing not only on pathogens, but also on the possibility of a low degree of autoimmunity in patients. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Innate Immunity to Virus Infection 2023)
18 pages, 872 KiB  
Review
Interleukins, Chemokines, and Tumor Necrosis Factor Superfamily Ligands in the Pathogenesis of West Nile Virus Infection
by Emna Benzarti, Kristy O. Murray and Shannon E. Ronca
Viruses 2023, 15(3), 806; https://doi.org/10.3390/v15030806 - 22 Mar 2023
Cited by 5 | Viewed by 2098
Abstract
West Nile virus (WNV) is a mosquito-borne pathogen that can lead to encephalitis and death in susceptible hosts. Cytokines play a critical role in inflammation and immunity in response to WNV infection. Murine models provide evidence that some cytokines offer protection against acute [...] Read more.
West Nile virus (WNV) is a mosquito-borne pathogen that can lead to encephalitis and death in susceptible hosts. Cytokines play a critical role in inflammation and immunity in response to WNV infection. Murine models provide evidence that some cytokines offer protection against acute WNV infection and assist with viral clearance, while others play a multifaceted role WNV neuropathogenesis and immune-mediated tissue damage. This article aims to provide an up-to-date review of cytokine expression patterns in human and experimental animal models of WNV infections. Here, we outline the interleukins, chemokines, and tumor necrosis factor superfamily ligands associated with WNV infection and pathogenesis and describe the complex roles they play in mediating both protection and pathology of the central nervous system during or after virus clearance. By understanding of the role of these cytokines during WNV neuroinvasive infection, we can develop treatment options aimed at modulating these immune molecules in order to reduce neuroinflammation and improve patient outcomes. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Innate Immunity to Virus Infection 2023)
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16 pages, 6083 KiB  
Review
Emerging Role of Interferon-Induced Noncoding RNA in Innate Antiviral Immunity
by Jie Min, Wenjun Liu and Jing Li
Viruses 2022, 14(12), 2607; https://doi.org/10.3390/v14122607 - 23 Nov 2022
Cited by 6 | Viewed by 1425
Abstract
Thousands of unique noncoding RNAs (ncRNAs) exist within the genomes of higher eukaryotes. Upon virus infection, the host generates interferons (IFNs), which initiate the expression of hundreds of interferon-stimulated genes (ISGs) through IFN receptors on the cell surface, establishing a barrier as the [...] Read more.
Thousands of unique noncoding RNAs (ncRNAs) exist within the genomes of higher eukaryotes. Upon virus infection, the host generates interferons (IFNs), which initiate the expression of hundreds of interferon-stimulated genes (ISGs) through IFN receptors on the cell surface, establishing a barrier as the host’s antiviral innate immunity. With the development of novel RNA-sequencing technology, many IFN-induced ncRNAs have been identified, and increasing attention has been given to their functions as regulators involved in the antiviral innate immune response. IFN-induced ncRNAs regulate the expression of viral proteins, IFNs, and ISGs, as well as host genes that are critical for viral replication, cytokine and chemokine production, and signaling pathway activation. This review summarizes the complex regulatory role of IFN-induced ncRNAs in antiviral innate immunity from the above aspects, aiming to improve understanding of ncRNAs and provide reference for the basic research of antiviral innate immunity. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Innate Immunity to Virus Infection 2023)
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