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Viruses
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Iridoviruses, 2nd Edition
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Iridoviruses, 2nd Edition

A special issue of Viruses (ISSN 1999-4915). This special issue belongs to the section "Animal Viruses".

Deadline for manuscript submissions: 30 April 2025 | Viewed by 3415

Special Issue Editors

Prof. Dr. Jian Zhang

E-Mail Website
Guest Editor
School of Ocean, Yantai University, Yantai 264005, China
Interests: iridovirus; anti-viral immune responses of teleost; innate immunity; host-virus interaction
Special Issues, Collections and Topics in MDPI journals
Dr. Thomas B. Waltzek

E-Mail Website
Guest Editor
Department of Infectious Diseases and Immunology, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL 32611, USA
Interests: viral phylodynamics; epidemiology; diagnostics; taxonomy
Special Issues, Collections and Topics in MDPI journals

Special Issue Information

Dear Colleagues,

Iridoviruses are large, icosahedral viruses with double-stranded DNA genomes ranging in size from 103 to 220 kbp that infect a diverse array of invertebrates and cold-blooded (ectothermic) vertebrates. Currently, the complete genomic sequences of more than 40 iridoviruses are available. The current International Committee on Taxonomy of Viruses (ICTV) report classifies members of the family Iridoviridae into two subfamilies: Alphairidovirinae and Betairidovirinae. The former comprises three genera (Ranavirus, Megalocytivirus, and Lymphocystivirus), which mainly infect ectothermic vertebrates, as does the latter (Iridovirus, Chloriridovirus, and Decapodiridovirus), whose members infect primarily invertebrates. Among these genera, ranaviruses and megalocytiviruses are significant pathogens affecting vertebrates, leading to high levels of mortality in commercially and ecologically important fish and amphibians. Recently emerged Decapodiridoviruses have demonstrated a detrimental impact on crustaceans and have thus received increasing attention. This Special Issue aims to publish all types of manuscripts (i.e., reviews, research articles, and short communications) covering a wide range of topics related to iridoviruses, including, but not limited to: the biology of iridoviruses, the pathogenesis of iridoviruses, virus-host interactions, immune responses to iridoviruses, the identification of new species and/or new iridovirus variants, and iridoviruses-based vaccines.

Prof. Dr. Jian Zhang
Dr. Thomas B. Waltzek
Guest Editors

Manuscript Submission Information

Manuscripts should be submitted online at www.mdpi.com by registering and logging in to this website. Once you are registered, click here to go to the submission form. Manuscripts can be submitted until the deadline. All submissions that pass pre-check are peer-reviewed. Accepted papers will be published continuously in the journal (as soon as accepted) and will be listed together on the special issue website. Research articles, review articles as well as short communications are invited. For planned papers, a title and short abstract (about 100 words) can be sent to the Editorial Office for announcement on this website.

Submitted manuscripts should not have been published previously, nor be under consideration for publication elsewhere (except conference proceedings papers). All manuscripts are thoroughly refereed through a single-blind peer-review process. A guide for authors and other relevant information for submission of manuscripts is available on the Instructions for Authors page. Viruses is an international peer-reviewed open access monthly journal published by MDPI.

Please visit the Instructions for Authors page before submitting a manuscript. The Article Processing Charge (APC) for publication in this open access journal is 2600 CHF (Swiss Francs). Submitted papers should be well formatted and use good English. Authors may use MDPI's English editing service prior to publication or during author revisions.

Keywords

  • iridovirus
  • viral immune evasion
  • anti-viral immune responses
  • viral vaccine
  • viral pathogenesis
  • viral epidemiology

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Related Special Issue

Published Papers (5 papers)

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12 pages, 2726 KiB  
Article
Asparagine Availability Is a Critical Limiting Factor for Infectious Spleen and Kidney Necrosis Virus Replication
by Baofu Ma, Fangying Li, Xiaozhe Fu, Xia Luo, Qiang Lin, Hongru Liang, Yinjie Niu and Ningqiu Li
Viruses 2024, 16(10), 1540; https://doi.org/10.3390/v16101540 - 29 Sep 2024
Viewed by 376
Abstract
Infectious spleen and kidney necrosis virus (ISKNV) has brought huge economic loss to the aquaculture industry. Through interfering with the viral replication and proliferation process that depends on host cells, its pathogenicity can be effectively reduced. In this study, we investigated the role [...] Read more.
Infectious spleen and kidney necrosis virus (ISKNV) has brought huge economic loss to the aquaculture industry. Through interfering with the viral replication and proliferation process that depends on host cells, its pathogenicity can be effectively reduced. In this study, we investigated the role of asparagine metabolites in ISKNV proliferation. The results showed that ISKNV infection up-regulated the expression of some key enzymes of the asparagine metabolic pathway in Chinese perch brain (CPB) cells. These key enzymes, including glutamic oxaloacetic transaminase 1/2 (GOT1/2) and malate dehydrogenase1/2 (MDH1/2) associated with the malate-aspartate shuttle (MAS) pathway and asparagine synthetase (ASNS) involved in the asparagine biosynthesis pathway, were up-regulated during ISKNV replication and release stages. In addition, results showed that the production of ISKNV was significantly reduced by inhibiting the MAS pathway or reducing the expression of ASNS by 1.3-fold and 0.6-fold, respectively, indicating that asparagine was a critical limiting metabolite for ISKNV protein synthesis. Furthermore, when asparagine was added to the medium without glutamine, ISKNV copy number was restored to 92% of that in the complete medium, indicating that ISKNV could be fully rescued from the absence of glutamine by supplementing asparagine. The above results indicated that asparagine was a critical factor in limiting the effective replication of ISKNV, which provided a new idea for the treatment of aquatic viral diseases. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Iridoviruses, 2nd Edition)
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11 pages, 6820 KiB  
Article
Isolation, Identification and Genomic Analysis of Orange-Spotted Grouper Iridovirus Hainan Strain in China
by Helong Cao, Dongzhuo Zhang, Guanghui Mu, Siting Wu, Yurong Tu, Qiwei Qin and Jingguang Wei
Viruses 2024, 16(10), 1513; https://doi.org/10.3390/v16101513 - 24 Sep 2024
Viewed by 468
Abstract
The orange-spotted grouper (Epinephelus coioides) is an important mariculture fish in China. However, in recent years, with the rapid development of aquaculture activities, outbreaks of viral diseases have affected the grouper aquaculture industry, causing severe economic losses. In the present study, [...] Read more.
The orange-spotted grouper (Epinephelus coioides) is an important mariculture fish in China. However, in recent years, with the rapid development of aquaculture activities, outbreaks of viral diseases have affected the grouper aquaculture industry, causing severe economic losses. In the present study, we isolated and identified a virus from diseased, orange-spotted groupers from an aquaculture farm in Hainan Province, China. The isolated virus was identified as orange-spotted grouper iridovirus, hence named the orange-spotted grouper iridovirus Hainan strain (OSGIV-HN-2018-001). OSGIV-HN-2018-001 induces a cytopathic effect after the infection of mandarin fish (Siniperca chuatsi) brain clonal passage (SBC) cells. In addition, the cytoplasm of the OSGIV-HN-2018-001-infected SBC cells was found to contain a large number of hexagonal virus particles with a diameter of approximately 134 nm. Using the Illumina NovaSeq system, we assembled the sequence data and annotated the complete genome of OSGIV-HN-2018-001 (GenBank accession number: PP974677), which consisted of 110,699 bp and contained 122 open reading frames (ORFs). Phylogenetic tree analysis showed that OSGIV-HN-2018-001 was most closely related to ISKNV-ASB-23. The cumulative mortality rate of groupers infected with OSGIV-HN-2018-001 reached 100% on day 8. The spleens were enlarged and blackened after the dissection of the dying groupers. These results contribute to the understanding of the molecular regulatory mechanism of the iridovirus infection and provide a basis for iridovirus prevention. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Iridoviruses, 2nd Edition)
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14 pages, 2524 KiB  
Article
Isolation and Characterization of a Frog Virus 3 Strain from a Wood Frog (Rana sylvatica) in Wood Buffalo National Park
by Samantha R. Logan, Sibelle Torres Vilaça, Joe-Felix Bienentreu, Danna M. Schock, David Lesbarrères and Craig R. Brunetti
Viruses 2024, 16(9), 1411; https://doi.org/10.3390/v16091411 - 3 Sep 2024
Viewed by 559
Abstract
Members of the Iridoviridae family, genus Ranavirus, represent a group of globally emerging pathogens of ecological and economic importance. In 2017, an amphibian die-off of wood frogs (Rana sylvatica) and boreal chorus frogs (Pseudacris maculata) was reported in [...] Read more.
Members of the Iridoviridae family, genus Ranavirus, represent a group of globally emerging pathogens of ecological and economic importance. In 2017, an amphibian die-off of wood frogs (Rana sylvatica) and boreal chorus frogs (Pseudacris maculata) was reported in Wood Buffalo National Park, Canada. Isolation and complete genomic sequencing of the tissues of a wood frog revealed the presence of a frog virus 3 (FV3)-like isolate, Rana sylvatica ranavirus (RSR), with a genome size of 105,895 base pairs, 97 predicted open reading frames (ORFs) bearing sequence similarity to FV3 (99.98%) and a FV3-like isolate from a spotted salamander in Maine (SSME; 99.64%). Despite high sequence similarity, RSR had a unique genomic composition containing ORFs specific to either FV3 or SSME. In addition, RSR had a unique 13 amino acid insertion in ORF 49/50L. No differences were found in the in vitro growth kinetics of FV3, SSME, and RSR; however, genomic differences between these isolates were in non-core genes, implicated in nucleic acid metabolism and immune evasion. This study highlights the importance of viral isolation and complete genomic analysis as these not only provide information on ranavirus spatial distribution but may elucidate genomic factors contributing to host tropism and pathogenicity. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Iridoviruses, 2nd Edition)
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15 pages, 5804 KiB  
Article
ISKNV Triggers AMPK/mTOR-Mediated Autophagy Signaling through Oxidative Stress, Inducing Antioxidant Enzyme Expression and Enhancing Viral Replication in GF-1 Cells
by Tsai-Ching Hsueh, Pin-Han Chen and Jiann-Ruey Hong
Viruses 2024, 16(6), 914; https://doi.org/10.3390/v16060914 - 4 Jun 2024
Cited by 1 | Viewed by 870
Abstract
Infectious spleen and kidney necrosis virus (ISKNV) infections can induce the process of host cellular autophagy but have rarely been identified within the molecular autophagy signaling pathway. In the present study, we demonstrated that ISKNV induces ROS-mediated oxidative stress signals for the induction [...] Read more.
Infectious spleen and kidney necrosis virus (ISKNV) infections can induce the process of host cellular autophagy but have rarely been identified within the molecular autophagy signaling pathway. In the present study, we demonstrated that ISKNV induces ROS-mediated oxidative stress signals for the induction of 5′AMP-activated protein kinase/mechanistic target of rapamycin kinase (AMPK/mTOR)-mediated autophagy and upregulation of host antioxidant enzymes in fish GF-1 cells. We also examined ISKNV-induced oxidative stress, finding that reactive oxidative species (ROS) increased by 1.5-fold and 2.5-fold from day 2 to day 3, respectively, as assessed by the H2DCFDA assay for tracing hydrogen peroxide (H2O2), which was blocked by NAC treatment in fish GF-1 cells. Furthermore, ISKNV infection was shown to trigger oxidative stress/Nrf2 signaling from day 1 to day 3; this event was then correlated with the upregulation of antioxidant enzymes such as Cu/ZnSOD and MnSOD and was blocked by the antioxidant NAC. Using an MDC assay, TEM analysis and autophagy marker LC3-II/I ratio, we found that ROS stress can regulate autophagosome formation within the induction of autophagy, which was inhibited by NAC treatment in GF-1 cells. Through signal analysis, we found that AMPK/mTOR flux was modulated through inhibition of mTOR and activation of AMPK, indicating phosphorylation levels of mTOR Ser 2448 and AMPK Thr 172 from day 1 to day 3; however, this process was reversed by NAC treatment, which also caused a reduction in virus titer (TCID50%) of up to 1000 times by day 3 in GF-1 cells. Thus, ISKNV-induced oxidative stress signaling is blocked by antioxidant NAC, which can also either suppress mTOR/AMPK autophagic signals or reduce viral replication. These findings may provide the basis for the creation of DNA control and treatment strategies. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Iridoviruses, 2nd Edition)
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13 pages, 4100 KiB  
Brief Report
Cytokinins Reduce Viral Replication and Alter Plaque Morphology of Frog Virus 3 In Vitro
by Mark Seegobin, Samantha R. Logan, R. J. Neil Emery and Craig R. Brunetti
Viruses 2024, 16(6), 826; https://doi.org/10.3390/v16060826 - 23 May 2024
Viewed by 785
Abstract
Cytokinins (CKs) are a group of N6-substituted signaling molecules whose biosynthesis and metabolism have been documented in all kingdoms of life, including vertebrates. While their biological relevance in vertebrate systems continues to be elucidated, they have broadly been documented with therapeutic [...] Read more.
Cytokinins (CKs) are a group of N6-substituted signaling molecules whose biosynthesis and metabolism have been documented in all kingdoms of life, including vertebrates. While their biological relevance in vertebrate systems continues to be elucidated, they have broadly been documented with therapeutic effects in exogenous applications. In this study, we evaluated the virostatic potential of four types of CKs including, N6-isopentenyladenine (iP), N6-isopentenyladenosine (iPR), N6-isopentenyladenosine-5′monophosphate (iPMP), and 2-methylthiol-N6-isopentenyladenosine (2MeSiPR) against the ranavirus type species, frog virus 3 (FV3). Following concurrent treatment and infection, iP and iPR reduced viral replication by 33.8% and 59.6%, respectively, in plaque formation assays. A decrease in viral replication was also observed when CK exposure was limited to 12 h prior to infection, where iP and iPR reduced viral replication by 31% and 23.75%, respectively. Treatment with iP and iPR was also marked by 48% and 60% decreases in viral load over 72 h, respectively, as measured in single step growth curves. Plaque morphology was altered in vitro, as iP and iPR treatment increased plaque area by 83% and 112% with lytic zone formation also becoming more prevalent in corresponding treatments. Treatment with iPMP and 2MeSiPR resulted in no effect on viral kinetics in vitro. The results of this study are the first to provide evidence of CK antiviral activity against a DNA virus and highlight the importance of their structure for therapeutic investigations. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Iridoviruses, 2nd Edition)
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