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Viruses
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Mosquito-Borne Virus Discovery, Diagnostics and Vaccines
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Mosquito-Borne Virus Discovery, Diagnostics and Vaccines

A special issue of Viruses (ISSN 1999-4915). This special issue belongs to the section "Invertebrate Viruses".

Deadline for manuscript submissions: closed (31 August 2024) | Viewed by 8675

Special Issue Editors

Dr. Mya Myat Ngwe Tun

E-Mail Website
Guest Editor
1. Department of Virology, Department of Tropical Viral Vaccine Development, Institute of Tropical Medicine, Nagasaki University, Nagasaki 852-8523, Japan
2. Center for Vaccines and Therapeutic Antibodies for Emerging Infectious Diseases, Shimane University, Izumo 690-8504, Japan
Interests: dengue virus; zika virus; chikungunya virus; serology; molecular epidemiology
Special Issues, Collections and Topics in MDPI journals
Dr. Basu Dev Pandey

E-Mail Website
Guest Editor
DEJIMA Infectious Disease Research Alliance (DIDA), Vaccine Research Development Center (VRDC), Nagasaki University, Nagasaki, Japan
Interests: Japanese encephalitis virus; O Nyong Nyong virus; mayaro virus; getah virus; dengue virus; pathogenesis; molecular epidemiology

Special Issue Information

Dear Colleagues,

Mosquito-borne viral diseases have dramatically increased and become challenges for public health systems around the world. Rising urbanization, global travel, climate change and global warming and the migration of populations have expanded the potential for mosquitoes to proliferate, hence causing disease on a wider scale. Mosquito-borne viral diseases are a group of viral illnesses predominantly transmitted by mosquitoes, including viruses from the Flaviviridae and Togaviridae families, which are the most important arboviruses that cause diseases in humans. This trend has raised significant concerns for public health. Despite decades of research, there are currently no approved antiviral drugs or safe and effective vaccines for the prevention and treatment of flavivirus and alphavirus infection.  Hence, it is urgent to understand and determine viral- and host-enhancing mosquito-borne viral diseases to develop vaccines and encourage antiviral drug discovery.

In this Special Issue, we will gather a collection of research papers and reviews considering serological aspects, molecular diagnosis approaches for treating mosquito-borne viral diseases including flaviviruses, such as  DENV (Dengue virus), JEV (Japanese encephalitis virus), ZIKV (Zika virus), YFV (Yellow Fever virus), WNV (West Nile virus) and alphaviruses, such CHIKV (Chikungunya irus), ONNV (O Nyong Nyong virus), SINV (Sinbis virus), SFV (Semliki Forest virus) and RRV (Ross River Virus), as well as virus–host interactions and viral pathogenesis in animal models, to promote the discovery of antiviral drugs discovery and vaccine development. We look forward to receiving your submissions.

Dr. Mya Myat Ngwe Tun
Dr. Basu Dev Pandey
Guest Editors

Manuscript Submission Information

Manuscripts should be submitted online at www.mdpi.com by registering and logging in to this website. Once you are registered, click here to go to the submission form. Manuscripts can be submitted until the deadline. All submissions that pass pre-check are peer-reviewed. Accepted papers will be published continuously in the journal (as soon as accepted) and will be listed together on the special issue website. Research articles, review articles as well as short communications are invited. For planned papers, a title and short abstract (about 100 words) can be sent to the Editorial Office for announcement on this website.

Submitted manuscripts should not have been published previously, nor be under consideration for publication elsewhere (except conference proceedings papers). All manuscripts are thoroughly refereed through a single-blind peer-review process. A guide for authors and other relevant information for submission of manuscripts is available on the Instructions for Authors page. Viruses is an international peer-reviewed open access monthly journal published by MDPI.

Please visit the Instructions for Authors page before submitting a manuscript. The Article Processing Charge (APC) for publication in this open access journal is 2600 CHF (Swiss Francs). Submitted papers should be well formatted and use good English. Authors may use MDPI's English editing service prior to publication or during author revisions.

Keywords

  • mosquito-borne viruses
  • diagnostic approach
  • serology
  • molecular epidemiology
  • pathogenesis
  • antiviral drug
  • vaccine development
  • vitro assay
  • vivo assay (animal model)

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Published Papers (5 papers)

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Research

16 pages, 2624 KiB  
Article
Epidemiology and Ecology of Usutu Virus Infection and Its Global Risk Distribution
by Jiahao Chen, Yuanyuan Zhang, Xiaoai Zhang, Meiqi Zhang, Xiaohong Yin, Lei Zhang, Cong Peng, Bokang Fu, Liqun Fang and Wei Liu
Viruses 2024, 16(10), 1606; https://doi.org/10.3390/v16101606 - 12 Oct 2024
Viewed by 1027
Abstract
Usutu virus (USUV) is an emerging mosquito-transmitted flavivirus with increasing incidence of human infection and geographic expansion, thus posing a potential threat to public health. In this study, we established a comprehensive spatiotemporal database encompassing USUV infections in vectors, animals, and humans worldwide [...] Read more.
Usutu virus (USUV) is an emerging mosquito-transmitted flavivirus with increasing incidence of human infection and geographic expansion, thus posing a potential threat to public health. In this study, we established a comprehensive spatiotemporal database encompassing USUV infections in vectors, animals, and humans worldwide by an extensive literature search. Based on this database, we characterized the geographic distribution and epidemiological features of USUV infections. By employing boosted regression tree (BRT) models, we projected the distributions of three main vectors (Culex pipiens, Aedes albopictus, and Culiseta longiareolata) and three main hosts (Turdus merula, Passer domesticus, and Ardea cinerea) to obtain the mosquito index and bird index. These indices were further incorporated as predictors into the USUV infection models. Through an ensemble learning model, we achieved a decent model performance, with an area under the curve (AUC) of 0.992. The mosquito index contributed significantly, with relative contributions estimated at 25.51%. Our estimations revealed a potential exposure area for USUV spanning 1.80 million km2 globally with approximately 1.04 billion people at risk. This can guide future surveillance efforts for USUV infections, especially for countries located within high-risk areas and those that have not yet conducted surveillance activities. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Mosquito-Borne Virus Discovery, Diagnostics and Vaccines)
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11 pages, 4588 KiB  
Article
Predominance of Dengue Virus Serotype-1/Genotype-I in Eastern and Southeastern Ethiopia
by Mesfin Mengesha Tsegaye, Adamu Tayachew Mekonnen, Daniel Tsega Gebretsion, Tesfaye Gelanew, Dawit Hailu Alemayehu, Dessalegn Abeje Tefera, Tamirayehu Seyoum Woldemichael, Bethlehem Adnew Getaneh, Eleni Kidane Abera, Gadissa Gutema Jebessa, Asefa Konde Korkiso, Mengistu Biru Tessema, Admikew Agunie Asfaw, Yoseph Asrat Temre, Mesfin Wossen, Anne Piantadosi, Huachen Zhu, Alemseged Abdissa, Adane Mihret and Andargachew Mulu
Viruses 2024, 16(8), 1334; https://doi.org/10.3390/v16081334 - 21 Aug 2024
Viewed by 887
Abstract
We determined the dengue virus (DENV) serotypes and genotypes in archived serum samples that were collected during the 2014–2016 and 2021 dengue outbreaks in Dire Dawa City and the Somali region in Ethiopia. DENV serotype 1 (DENV-1) was predominant followed by DENV serotype [...] Read more.
We determined the dengue virus (DENV) serotypes and genotypes in archived serum samples that were collected during the 2014–2016 and 2021 dengue outbreaks in Dire Dawa City and the Somali region in Ethiopia. DENV serotype 1 (DENV-1) was predominant followed by DENV serotype 2 (DENV-2). Thirteen of the DENV-1 strains were assigned to Genotype-I, while the remaining two were found to be Genotype-III. All three DENV-2 strains were assigned the Cosmopolitan Genotype. The DENV strains responsible for the outbreaks are genetically closely related to the DENV strains that circulated in neighboring and Asian countries. The findings also showed continued local transmission of a monophyletic lineage and a co-circulation of DENV-1 and DENV-2 during the outbreaks. There is a need to strengthen DENV genomic surveillance capacity for the early detection of circulating serotypes, and prevent devastating consequences of future outbreaks due to the co-circulation of different serotypes. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Mosquito-Borne Virus Discovery, Diagnostics and Vaccines)
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27 pages, 6289 KiB  
Article
Dengue Virus and Zika Virus Seroprevalence in the South Pacific Populations of the Cook Islands and Vanuatu
by Charlotte E. B. Saretzki, Gerhard Dobler, Elizabeth Iro, Nicole Heussen and Thomas Küpper
Viruses 2024, 16(5), 807; https://doi.org/10.3390/v16050807 - 19 May 2024
Viewed by 1628
Abstract
Arboviral diseases are serious threats to global health with increasing prevalence and potentially severe complications. Significant arthropod-borne viruses are the dengue viruses (DENV 1-4), the Zika virus (ZIKV), and the chikungunya virus (CHIKV). Among the areas most affected is the South Pacific Region [...] Read more.
Arboviral diseases are serious threats to global health with increasing prevalence and potentially severe complications. Significant arthropod-borne viruses are the dengue viruses (DENV 1-4), the Zika virus (ZIKV), and the chikungunya virus (CHIKV). Among the areas most affected is the South Pacific Region (SPR). Here, arboviruses not only cause a high local burden of disease, but the region has also proven to contribute to their global spread. Outpatient serum samples collected between 08/2016 and 04/2017 on three islands of the island states of Vanuatu and the Cook Islands were tested for anti-DENV- and anti-ZIKV-specific antibodies (IgG) using enzyme-linked immunosorbent assays (ELISA). ELISA test results showed 89% of all test sera from the Cook Islands and 85% of the Vanuatu samples to be positive for anti-DENV-specific antibodies. Anti-ZIKV antibodies were identified in 66% and 52%, respectively, of the test populations. Statistically significant differences in standardized immunity levels were found only at the intranational level. Our results show that in both the Cook Islands and Vanuatu, residents were exposed to significant Flavivirus transmission. Compared to other seroprevalence studies, the marked difference between ZIKV immunity levels and previously published CHIKV seroprevalence rates in our study populations is surprising. We propose the timing of ZIKV and CHIKV emergence in relation to recurrent DENV outbreaks and the impact of seasonality as explanatory external factors for this observation. Our data add to the knowledge of arboviral epidemics in the SPR and contribute to a better understanding of virus spread, including external conditions with potential influence on outbreak dynamics. These data may support preventive and rapid response measures in the affected areas, travel-related risk assessment, and infection identification in locals and returning travelers. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Mosquito-Borne Virus Discovery, Diagnostics and Vaccines)
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8 pages, 534 KiB  
Article
Retrospective Analysis of Severe Dengue by Dengue Virus Serotypes in a Population with Social Security, Mexico 2023
by Porfirio Felipe Hernández Bautista, David Alejandro Cabrera Gaytán, Clara Esperanza Santacruz Tinoco, Alfonso Vallejos Parás, Julio Elias Alvarado Yaah, Bernardo Martínez Miguel, Yu Mei Anguiano Hernández, Lumumba Arriaga Nieto, Alejandro Moctezuma Paz, Leticia Jaimes Betancourt, Yadira Pérez Andrade, Oscar Cruz Orozco, Gabriel Valle Alvarado and Mónica Grisel Rivera Mahey
Viruses 2024, 16(5), 769; https://doi.org/10.3390/v16050769 - 13 May 2024
Viewed by 1777
Abstract
Background: Risk factors for severe dengue manifestations have been attributed to various factors, including specific serotypes, sex, and age. Mexico has seen the re-emergence of DENV-3, which has not circulated in a decade. Objective: To describe dengue serotypes by age, sex, and their [...] Read more.
Background: Risk factors for severe dengue manifestations have been attributed to various factors, including specific serotypes, sex, and age. Mexico has seen the re-emergence of DENV-3, which has not circulated in a decade. Objective: To describe dengue serotypes by age, sex, and their association with disease severity in dengue-positive serum samples from epidemiological surveillance system units. Materials and Methods: A descriptive analysis was conducted to evaluate the frequency of dengue severity by sex, age, disease quarter, geographical location, and dengue virus serotypes. The study was conducted using laboratory samples from confirmed dengue cases through RT-qPCR from the epidemiological surveillance laboratory network of the Mexican Social Security Institute, Mexico. Simple frequencies and proportions were calculated using the z-test for proportional differences between groups. Bivariate analysis with adjusted Chi2 was performed, and binary logistic regression models were constructed using the forward Wald method considering the model’s predictive capacity. The measure of association was the odds ratio, with 95% confidence intervals. Statistical significance was set to an alpha level of <0.05. Results: In 2023, 10,441 samples were processed for dengue RT-qPCR at the IMSS, with a predominance of serotype DENV-3 (64.4%). The samples were mostly from women (52.0%) and outpatient cases (63.3%). The distribution of dengue severity showed significant variations by age, with a lower proportion of severe cases in young children and a higher proportion in the 5- to 14-year-old group. Hospitalizations increased significantly with severity. Warm regions had more cases overall and severity. Cases were most frequent from July to September. While DENV-2 was associated with severity, DENV-4 was not. Binary regression identified higher risk in women, age extremes, and DENV-2, with an overall predictive model of 58.5%. Conclusions: Women, age groups at the extremes of life, and the DENV-2 serotype presented severe risk of dengue in a population with social security in Mexico during 2023. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Mosquito-Borne Virus Discovery, Diagnostics and Vaccines)
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17 pages, 3665 KiB  
Article
Molecular and Entomological Characterization of 2023 Dengue Outbreak in Dhading District, Central Nepal
by Sandesh Rimal, Sabin Shrestha, Sunita Wagle Paudel, Yogendra Shah, Govinda Bhandari, Kishor Pandey, Anjana Kharbuja, Merveille Kapandji, Ishan Gautam, Rajshree Bhujel, Yuki Takamatsu, Rudramani Bhandari, Chonticha Klungthong, Sanjaya Kumar Shrestha, Stefan Fernandez, Gathsaurie Neelika Malavige, Basu Dev Pandey, Takeshi Urano, Kouichi Morita, Mya Myat Ngwe Tun and Shyam Prakash Dumreadd Show full author list remove Hide full author list
Viruses 2024, 16(4), 594; https://doi.org/10.3390/v16040594 - 12 Apr 2024
Viewed by 2652
Abstract
In 2023, Nepal faced its second largest dengue outbreak ever, following a record-breaking number of dengue cases in 2022, characterized by the expansion of infections into areas of higher altitudes. However, the characteristics of the 2023 circulating dengue virus (DENV) and the vector [...] Read more.
In 2023, Nepal faced its second largest dengue outbreak ever, following a record-breaking number of dengue cases in 2022, characterized by the expansion of infections into areas of higher altitudes. However, the characteristics of the 2023 circulating dengue virus (DENV) and the vector density remain poorly understood. Therefore, we performed DENV serotyping, clinical and laboratory assessment, and entomological analysis of the 2023 outbreak in central Nepal. A total of 396 fever cases in Dhading hospital suspected of being DENV positive were enrolled, and blood samples were collected and tested by different techniques including PCR. Of these, 278 (70.2%) had confirmed DENV infection. Multiple serotypes (DENV-1, -2, and -3) were detected. DENV-2 (97.5%) re-emerged after six years in Dhading while DENV-3 was identified for the first time. Dengue inpatients had significantly higher frequency of anorexia, myalgia, rash, diarrhea, nausea, vomiting, abdominal pain, and thrombocytopenia (p < 0.05). In this area, Aedes mosquitoes largely predominated (90.7%) with the majority being A. aegypti (60.7%). We also found high levels of Aedes index (20.0%) and container index (16.7%). We confirmed multiple DENV serotype circulation with serotype re-emergence and new serotype introduction, and high vector density in 2023. These findings call for the urgent initiation and scaling up of DENV molecular surveillance in human and mosquito populations for dengue control and prevention in Nepal. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Mosquito-Borne Virus Discovery, Diagnostics and Vaccines)
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