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7.3
3.8
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Viruses
Special Issues
Molecular Epidemiology of Measles, Mumps, and Rubella
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Molecular Epidemiology of Measles, Mumps, and Rubella

A special issue of Viruses (ISSN 1999-4915). This special issue belongs to the section "Human Virology and Viral Diseases".

Deadline for manuscript submissions: closed (31 August 2024) | Viewed by 2135

Special Issue Editors

Dr. Alberto Severini

E-Mail Website
Guest Editor
Department of Medical Microbiology, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, MB R3E 0W2, Canada
Interests: molecular epidemiology of viruses; HPV epidemiology; vaccine preventable diseases
Joanne Hiebert

E-Mail Website
Guest Editor Assistant
National Microbiology Laboratory, Public Health Agency of Canada, Winnipeg, MB R3E 3M4, Canada
Interests: molecular epidemiology of measles, mumps and rubella viruses; next generation sequencing; role of rubella virus in chronic lesions; development of lab methodologies to improve global measles and rubella surveillance such as point of care tests and lower cost next generation sequencing platforms

Special Issue Information

Dear Colleagues,

Vaccination against measles, mumps and rubella has drastically decreased the incidence, mortality and morbidity of these grave infectious diseases. Several initiatives have been undertaken by individual countries, WHO, the Measles & Rubella Partnership, and others to eradicate measles and rubella. Nonetheless, high quality epidemiological and laboratory surveillance is necessary to confirm the interruption or near elimination of endemic transmission in countries, and to control transmission in endemic countries. For mumps, though global elimination is not yet the focus, countries with high vaccine uptake have experienced a significant reduction in cases and transmission of mumps. However, vaccine immunity waning is strongly suggested by recent mumps outbreaks that predominantly affect vaccinated young adults.  

Along with classic epidemiology, genotyping and sequence analysis are powerful tools for defining measles, mumps and rubella epidemiology, and for documenting interruption of endemic transmission. To ensure a drastic decrease in genetic diversity of these viruses, as we approach elimination, more discriminating genotyping tools, such as extensive sequence analysis of outbreaks, whole genome sequencing, and bioinformatics analysis are required to track endemic and non-endemic transmission.

The aim of this Special Issue of Viruses is to collate papers that explore the molecular approaches used in the global surveillance and epidemiology of measles, mumps and rubella, with varied methodologies to characterise outbreaks and define the transmission of these vaccine-preventable viruses.

Dr. Alberto Severini
Guest Editor

Joanne Hiebert
Guest Editor Assistant

Manuscript Submission Information

Manuscripts should be submitted online at www.mdpi.com by registering and logging in to this website. Once you are registered, click here to go to the submission form. Manuscripts can be submitted until the deadline. All submissions that pass pre-check are peer-reviewed. Accepted papers will be published continuously in the journal (as soon as accepted) and will be listed together on the special issue website. Research articles, review articles as well as short communications are invited. For planned papers, a title and short abstract (about 100 words) can be sent to the Editorial Office for announcement on this website.

Submitted manuscripts should not have been published previously, nor be under consideration for publication elsewhere (except conference proceedings papers). All manuscripts are thoroughly refereed through a single-blind peer-review process. A guide for authors and other relevant information for submission of manuscripts is available on the Instructions for Authors page. Viruses is an international peer-reviewed open access monthly journal published by MDPI.

Please visit the Instructions for Authors page before submitting a manuscript. The Article Processing Charge (APC) for publication in this open access journal is 2600 CHF (Swiss Francs). Submitted papers should be well formatted and use good English. Authors may use MDPI's English editing service prior to publication or during author revisions.

Keywords

  • measles
  • mumps
  • rubella
  • molecular epidemiology
  • next generation sequencing
  • analysis of outbreaks
  • vaccine preventable diseases

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Published Papers (2 papers)

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13 pages, 2624 KiB  
Article
Serologic Cross-Reactivity between the Mumps Virus Vaccine Genotype A Strain and the Circulating Genotype G Strain
by Sabaparvin Shaikh, Michael Carpenter, Lisa Lin, Jasmine Rae Frost, Elizabeth McLachlan, Derek Stein, Paul Van Caeseele and Alberto Severini
Viruses 2024, 16(9), 1434; https://doi.org/10.3390/v16091434 - 8 Sep 2024
Viewed by 872
Abstract
Recent mumps outbreaks have been observed in vaccinated young adults due to the mumps virus (MuV) of genotype G, whereas the current vaccine is a mixture of two genotype A strains. These outbreaks could be attributed to waning vaccine immunity or the antigenic [...] Read more.
Recent mumps outbreaks have been observed in vaccinated young adults due to the mumps virus (MuV) of genotype G, whereas the current vaccine is a mixture of two genotype A strains. These outbreaks could be attributed to waning vaccine immunity or the antigenic differences between the HN and F glycoproteins in the vaccine and circulating MuV. These glycoproteins are essential targets for the immune system, and antigenic variations may reduce the recognition of mumps antibodies, rendering the population susceptible to the MuV. We established stable cell lines expressing the MuV glycoproteins to study cross-reactivity between genotype A and genotype G. Cross-reactivity between the genotypes was evaluated via immunofluorescence using patient sera from vaccinated individuals, infected individuals, and vaccinated individuals infected with genotype G. Titer ratios showed that the vaccinated individuals exhibited a titer 3.68 times higher for the HN protein and 2.3 times higher for the F protein when comparing genotype A with genotype G. In contrast, the infected individuals showed a lower titer for genotype A compared with genotype G, at 0.43 and 0.33 for the HN and F proteins, respectively. No difference in titer ratio was observed for individuals vaccinated and subsequently infected with mumps. These findings suggest that antigenic variations between the two genotypes may potentially result in immune escape of the circulating strain, resulting in individuals susceptible to the MuV. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Molecular Epidemiology of Measles, Mumps, and Rubella)
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15 pages, 4022 KiB  
Article
Genomic Characterization of Three Canadian Mumps Outbreaks Demonstrates Endemic Transmission in Canada
by Jasmine Rae Frost, Grace Eunchong Seo, Kerry Dust, Jared Bullard, Peter Daley, Jason J. LeBlanc, Joanne Hiebert, Elizabeth McLachlan and Alberto Severini
Viruses 2024, 16(8), 1280; https://doi.org/10.3390/v16081280 - 10 Aug 2024
Viewed by 863
Abstract
Despite the provision of a mumps vaccination program in Canada for over three decades, mumps has not reached elimination. Instead, a re-emergence has been observed in vaccinated populations, particularly in young adults. These outbreaks have been almost exclusively due to genotype G infections, [...] Read more.
Despite the provision of a mumps vaccination program in Canada for over three decades, mumps has not reached elimination. Instead, a re-emergence has been observed in vaccinated populations, particularly in young adults. These outbreaks have been almost exclusively due to genotype G infections, a trend that has been seen in other countries with high mumps vaccination rates. To characterize mumps outbreaks in Canada, genomes from samples from Manitoba (n = 209), Newfoundland (n = 25), and Nova Scotia (n = 48) were sequenced and analysed by Bayesian inference. Whole genome sequencing was shown to be highly discriminatory for outbreak investigations compared to traditional Sanger sequencing. The results showed that mumps virus genotype G most likely circulated endemically in Canada and between Canada and the US. Overall, this Canadian outbreak data from different provinces and ancestral strains demonstrates the benefits of molecular genomic data to better characterize mumps outbreaks, but also suggests genomics could further our understanding of the reasons for potential immune escape of mumps genotype G and evolution in highly vaccinated populations. With a possible endemic circulation of mumps genotype G and the remaining risk of new imported cases, increased surveillance and alternative vaccination strategies may be required for Canada to reach the current target for mumps or a future elimination status. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Molecular Epidemiology of Measles, Mumps, and Rubella)
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