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Viruses
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State-of-the-Art Arbovirus Research in Europe 2023
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State-of-the-Art Arbovirus Research in Europe 2023

A special issue of Viruses (ISSN 1999-4915). This special issue belongs to the section "General Virology".

Deadline for manuscript submissions: 15 August 2024 | Viewed by 4873

Special Issue Editor

Dr. Boris Pastorino

E-Mail Website
Guest Editor
Unité des Virus Émergents (UVE: Aix-Marseille Univ-IRD 190-Inserm 1207-IHU Méditerranée Infection), Aix-Marseille University, EFS-IRBA, Jardin du Pharo, 58 Boulevard Charles Livon, 13007 Marseille, France
Interests: flavivirus; chikungunya virus
Special Issues, Collections and Topics in MDPI journals

Special Issue Information

Dear Colleagues,

The emergence/re-emergence and spread of epidemic arboviral diseases in Europe has made it necessary to reassess surveillance and control strategies. In fact, many viruses are endemic in European countries, including West Nile virus, Usutu virus, tick-borne encephalitis virus and Crimean–Congo hemorrhagic fever virus, as well as other viruses such as the California encephalitis virus antigenic group, for example. In addition, there is an increased risk of introduction and expansion of exotic arthropod vectors and autochthonous transmission of arboviruses, like dengue and chikungunya viruses, following new introductions from endemic areas.

Although Europe was not considered prone to arboviral diseases, recent vector competence and distribution data highlighted the risk of vector-borne disease transmission in Southern Europe. To anticipate and respond to such epidemic threats, there is an urgent need for a large risk assessment involving the global virology community.

In this Special Issue, we will focus on emerging or future arboviral threats in European countries with a review of the current knowledge on the areas of virus circulation, diagnostic tools, vector competence and distribution, as well as existing therapeutic strategies or those in development.

Dr. Boris Pastorino
Guest Editor

Manuscript Submission Information

Manuscripts should be submitted online at www.mdpi.com by registering and logging in to this website. Once you are registered, click here to go to the submission form. Manuscripts can be submitted until the deadline. All submissions that pass pre-check are peer-reviewed. Accepted papers will be published continuously in the journal (as soon as accepted) and will be listed together on the special issue website. Research articles, review articles as well as short communications are invited. For planned papers, a title and short abstract (about 100 words) can be sent to the Editorial Office for announcement on this website.

Submitted manuscripts should not have been published previously, nor be under consideration for publication elsewhere (except conference proceedings papers). All manuscripts are thoroughly refereed through a single-blind peer-review process. A guide for authors and other relevant information for submission of manuscripts is available on the Instructions for Authors page. Viruses is an international peer-reviewed open access monthly journal published by MDPI.

Please visit the Instructions for Authors page before submitting a manuscript. The Article Processing Charge (APC) for publication in this open access journal is 2600 CHF (Swiss Francs). Submitted papers should be well formatted and use good English. Authors may use MDPI's English editing service prior to publication or during author revisions.

Keywords

  • vector-borne disease
  • flavivirus
  • alphavirus
  • phlebovirus
  • arthropod vectors
  • diagnosis
  • arbovirus
  • emerging and re-emerging viruses
  • antiviral treatment
  • vaccine

Published Papers (3 papers)

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Research

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13 pages, 723 KiB  
Article
Detection of West Nile and Usutu Virus RNA in Autumn Season in Wild Avian Hosts in Northern Italy
by Carmela Musto, Marco Tamba, Mattia Calzolari, Arianna Rossi, Annalisa Grisendi, Katia Marzani, Paolo Bonilauri and Mauro Delogu
Viruses 2023, 15(8), 1771; https://doi.org/10.3390/v15081771 - 20 Aug 2023
Cited by 1 | Viewed by 1042
Abstract
West Nile (WNV) and Usutu (USUV) viruses are two mosquito-borne viruses belonging to the family Flaviviridae and genus Flavivirus. The natural transmission cycle of WNV and USUV involves mosquitoes and birds, while mammals are thought to be accidental hosts. The goal of this [...] Read more.
West Nile (WNV) and Usutu (USUV) viruses are two mosquito-borne viruses belonging to the family Flaviviridae and genus Flavivirus. The natural transmission cycle of WNV and USUV involves mosquitoes and birds, while mammals are thought to be accidental hosts. The goal of this study was to report—in the context of “off-season monitoring” and passive surveillance—the detection of WNV and USUV RNA in wild birds. To this end, we analyzed biological samples of wild birds in Northern Italy, from October to May, hence outside of the regional monitoring period (June-September). The virological investigations for the detection of USUV and WNV RNA were performed using real-time PCR on frozen samples of the brain, myocardium, kidney, and spleen. In a total sample of 164 wild birds belonging to 27 different species, sequences of both viruses were detected: four birds (2.44%) were positive for WNV and five (3.05%) for USUV. Off-season infections of WNV and especially USUV are still widely discussed and only a few studies have been published to date. To the best of our knowledge, this study is the first report on the detection of USUV RNA until December 22nd. Although further studies are required, our results confirm the viral circulation out-of-season of Flavivirus in wild birds, suggesting reconsidering the epidemiological monitoring period based on each individual climate zone and taking into consideration global warming which will play an important role in the epidemiology of vector-borne diseases. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue State-of-the-Art Arbovirus Research in Europe 2023)
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11 pages, 2496 KiB  
Article
Inferring Evolutionary Timescale of Omsk Hemorrhagic Fever Virus
by Artem N. Bondaryuk, Olga I. Belykh, Evgeny I. Andaev and Yurij S. Bukin
Viruses 2023, 15(7), 1576; https://doi.org/10.3390/v15071576 - 19 Jul 2023
Cited by 1 | Viewed by 1400
Abstract
Until 2020, there were only three original complete genome (CG) nucleotide sequences of Omsk hemorrhagic fever virus (OHFV) in GenBank. For this reason, the evolutionary rate and divergence time assessments reported in the literature were based on the E gene sequences, but notably [...] Read more.
Until 2020, there were only three original complete genome (CG) nucleotide sequences of Omsk hemorrhagic fever virus (OHFV) in GenBank. For this reason, the evolutionary rate and divergence time assessments reported in the literature were based on the E gene sequences, but notably without temporal signal evaluation, such that their reliability is unclear. As of July 2022, 47 OHFV CG sequences have been published, which enables testing of temporal signal in the data and inferring unbiased and reliable substitution rate and divergence time values. Regression analysis in the TempEst software demonstrated a stronger clocklike behavior in OHFV samples for the complete open reading frame (ORF) data set (R2 = 0.42) than for the E gene data set (R2 = 0.11). Bayesian evaluation of temporal signal indicated very strong evidence, with a log Bayes factor of more than 5, in favor of temporal signal in all data sets. Our results based on the complete ORF sequences showed a more precise OHFV substitution rate (95% highest posterior density (HPD) interval, 9.1 × 10−5–1.8 × 10−4 substitutions per site per year) and tree root height (416–896 years ago) compared with previous assessments. The rate obtained is significantly higher than tick-borne encephalitis virus by at least 3.8-fold. The phylogenetic analysis and past population dynamics reconstruction revealed the declining trend of OHFV genetic diversity, but there was phylogenomic evidence that implicit virus subpopulations evolved locally and underwent an exponential growth phase. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue State-of-the-Art Arbovirus Research in Europe 2023)
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Review

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27 pages, 4217 KiB  
Review
Review on Main Arboviruses Circulating on French Guiana, An Ultra-Peripheric European Region in South America
by Timothee Bonifay, Paul Le Turnier, Yanouk Epelboin, Luisiane Carvalho, Benoit De Thoisy, Félix Djossou, Jean-Bernard Duchemin, Philippe Dussart, Antoine Enfissi, Anne Lavergne, Rémi Mutricy, Mathieu Nacher, Sébastien Rabier, Stanislas Talaga, Antoine Talarmin, Dominique Rousset and Loïc Epelboin
Viruses 2023, 15(6), 1268; https://doi.org/10.3390/v15061268 - 29 May 2023
Cited by 4 | Viewed by 1753
Abstract
French Guiana (FG), a French overseas territory in South America, is susceptible to tropical diseases, including arboviruses. The tropical climate supports the proliferation and establishment of vectors, making it difficult to control transmission. In the last ten years, FG has experienced large outbreaks [...] Read more.
French Guiana (FG), a French overseas territory in South America, is susceptible to tropical diseases, including arboviruses. The tropical climate supports the proliferation and establishment of vectors, making it difficult to control transmission. In the last ten years, FG has experienced large outbreaks of imported arboviruses such as Chikungunya and Zika, as well as endemic arboviruses such as dengue, Yellow fever, and Oropouche virus. Epidemiological surveillance is challenging due to the differing distributions and behaviors of vectors. This article aims to summarize the current knowledge of these arboviruses in FG and discuss the challenges of arbovirus emergence and reemergence. Effective control measures are hampered by the nonspecific clinical presentation of these diseases, as well as the Aedes aegypti mosquito’s resistance to insecticides. Despite the high seroprevalence of certain viruses, the possibility of new epidemics cannot be ruled out. Therefore, active epidemiological surveillance is needed to identify potential outbreaks, and an adequate sentinel surveillance system and broad virological diagnostic panel are being developed in FG to improve disease management. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue State-of-the-Art Arbovirus Research in Europe 2023)
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