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Viruses
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Advances in Animal Influenza Virus Research: Third Edition
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Advances in Animal Influenza Virus Research: Third Edition

A special issue of Viruses (ISSN 1999-4915). This special issue belongs to the section "Animal Viruses".

Deadline for manuscript submissions: closed (15 July 2024) | Viewed by 8454

Special Issue Editors

Dr. Chiara Chiapponi

E-Mail Website
Guest Editor
WOAH Reference Laboratory for Swine Influenza, Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale della Lombardia ed Emilia-Romagna, 25124 Brescia, Italy
Interests: swine influenza; virus NGS sequencing; influenza D virus; influenza A virus
Special Issues, Collections and Topics in MDPI journals
Dr. Ana Moreno

E-Mail Website
Guest Editor
Virology Department, Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale della Lombardia ed Emilia-Romagna, Via Bianchi 9, 25124 Brescia, Italy
Interests: avian and swine influenza A viruses; influenza D viruses; coronaviruses; suid herpesvirus
Special Issues, Collections and Topics in MDPI journals

Special Issue Information

Dear Colleagues,

In recent years, there has been a significant increase in the number of influenza A virus infections globally in both humans and animals. Of particular concern recently has been the worldwide spread of HPAIV H5, involving a large number of domestic and wild avian species and with recent reports of infections in mammals and wild animals. In 2009, there was a new influenza pandemic from a virus of swine origin, and since 2013, there have been several cases of HP and LPAIV H7N9 viruses in poultry with subsequent transmission to humans in China. Swine influenza viruses are also of great concern due to the frequent occurrence of reassortment events and the high antigenic and genetic variability of circulating strains, with negative implications for both the pig industry and public health. The ecology of influenza A viruses is very complex and involves a wide range of avian and mammalian host species. Influenza viruses have high mutation rates and are constantly evolving, allowing the virus to adapt rapidly to changes in the host environment, thus crossing the species barrier and leading to the emergence of new viruses with pandemic potential.

Other influenza B, C, and D viruses are also to be considered, and their importance should not be underestimated. Influenza D viruses, discovered only in 2011, were found to be present in cattle, but their ability to infect other species including humans is not yet well understood.

The aim of this third volume of the Special Issue is to provide a complete overview of all aspects relating to animal influenza viruses, such as the ecology of infection, epidemiology and populations at risk, pathogenesis, diagnosis, genetic and antigenic characterization of circulating viruses, phylogenetic analyses, and reassortment and spillover events. Reports of human cases of animal influenza viruses are encouraged. Research papers, review articles, and short communications are invited.

Dr. Chiara Chiapponi
Dr. Ana Moreno
Guest Editors

Manuscript Submission Information

Manuscripts should be submitted online at www.mdpi.com by registering and logging in to this website. Once you are registered, click here to go to the submission form. Manuscripts can be submitted until the deadline. All submissions that pass pre-check are peer-reviewed. Accepted papers will be published continuously in the journal (as soon as accepted) and will be listed together on the special issue website. Research articles, review articles as well as short communications are invited. For planned papers, a title and short abstract (about 100 words) can be sent to the Editorial Office for announcement on this website.

Submitted manuscripts should not have been published previously, nor be under consideration for publication elsewhere (except conference proceedings papers). All manuscripts are thoroughly refereed through a single-blind peer-review process. A guide for authors and other relevant information for submission of manuscripts is available on the Instructions for Authors page. Viruses is an international peer-reviewed open access monthly journal published by MDPI.

Please visit the Instructions for Authors page before submitting a manuscript. The Article Processing Charge (APC) for publication in this open access journal is 2600 CHF (Swiss Francs). Submitted papers should be well formatted and use good English. Authors may use MDPI's English editing service prior to publication or during author revisions.

Keywords

  • animal influenza viruses
  • human infections
  • animal infections
  • epidemiology
  • pathogenesis
  • genetic characterization
  • antigenic characterization
  • reassortment events
  • spillover

Published Papers (7 papers)

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Research

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22 pages, 4569 KiB  
Article
Spontaneous Lethal Outbreak of Influenza A Virus Infection in Vaccinated Sows on Two Farms Suggesting the Occurrence of Vaccine-Associated Enhanced Respiratory Disease with Eosinophilic Lung Pathology
by Wencke Reineking, Isabel Hennig-Pauka, Ludger Schröder, Ulf Höner, Elena Schreiber, Lukas Geiping, Simon Lassnig, Marta C. Bonilla, Marion Hewicker-Trautwein and Nicole de Buhr
Viruses 2024, 16(6), 955; https://doi.org/10.3390/v16060955 - 13 Jun 2024
Viewed by 817
Abstract
Influenza A virus (IAV) infections in swine are usually subclinical, but they can reach high morbidity rates. The mortality rate is normally low. In this study, six vaccinated, spontaneously deceased sows revealed IAV infection and enhanced neutrophilic bronchopneumonia with unexpectedly large numbers of [...] Read more.
Influenza A virus (IAV) infections in swine are usually subclinical, but they can reach high morbidity rates. The mortality rate is normally low. In this study, six vaccinated, spontaneously deceased sows revealed IAV infection and enhanced neutrophilic bronchopneumonia with unexpectedly large numbers of infiltrating eosinophils. The purpose of this study was to characterize these lung lesions with special emphasis on the phenotypes of inflammatory cells, the presence of eosinophilic peroxidase (EPO), and neutrophil extracellular traps (NETs). The number of Sirius red-stained eosinophils was significantly higher in the lungs of IAV-infected sows compared to healthy pigs, indicating a migration of eosinophils from blood vessels into the lung tissue stimulated by IAV infection. The detection of intra- and extracellular EPO in the lungs suggests its contribution to pulmonary damage. The presence of CD3+ T lymphocytes, CD20+ B lymphocytes, and Iba-1+ macrophages indicates the involvement of cell-mediated immune responses in disease progression. Furthermore, high numbers of myeloperoxidase-positive cells were detected. However, DNA-histone-1 complexes were reduced in IAV-infected sows, leading to the hypothesis that NETs are not formed in the IAV-infected sows. In conclusion, our findings in the lungs of IAV-infected vaccinated sows suggest the presence of so far unreported field cases of vaccine-associated enhanced respiratory disease. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Advances in Animal Influenza Virus Research: Third Edition)
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17 pages, 802 KiB  
Article
Detection and Characterization of Influenza A Virus Endemic Circulation in Suckling and Nursery Pigs Originating from Vaccinated Farms in the Same Production System
by Alessandra Silva Dias, Amy L. Vincent Baker, Rodney B. Baker, Jianqiang Zhang, Michael A. Zeller, Pravina Kitikoon and Phillip C. Gauger
Viruses 2024, 16(4), 626; https://doi.org/10.3390/v16040626 - 18 Apr 2024
Viewed by 1169
Abstract
Inactivated influenza A virus (IAV) vaccines help reduce clinical disease in suckling piglets, although endemic infections still exist. The objective of this study was to evaluate the detection of IAV in suckling and nursery piglets from IAV-vaccinated sows from farms with endemic IAV [...] Read more.
Inactivated influenza A virus (IAV) vaccines help reduce clinical disease in suckling piglets, although endemic infections still exist. The objective of this study was to evaluate the detection of IAV in suckling and nursery piglets from IAV-vaccinated sows from farms with endemic IAV infections. Eight nasal swab collections were obtained from 135 two-week-old suckling piglets from four farms every other week from March to September 2013. Oral fluid samples were collected from the same group of nursery piglets. IAV RNA was detected in 1.64% and 31.01% of individual nasal swabs and oral fluids, respectively. H1N2 was detected most often, with sporadic detection of H1N1 and H3N2. Whole-genome sequences of IAV isolated from suckling piglets revealed an H1 hemagglutinin (HA) from the 1B.2.2.2 clade and N2 neuraminidase (NA) from the 2002A clade. The internal gene constellation of the endemic H1N2 was TTTTPT with a pandemic lineage matrix. The HA gene had 97.59% and 97.52% nucleotide and amino acid identities, respectively, to the H1 1B.2.2.2 used in the farm-specific vaccine. A similar H1 1B.2.2.2 was detected in the downstream nursery. These data demonstrate the low frequency of IAV detection in suckling piglets and downstream nurseries from farms with endemic infections in spite of using farm-specific IAV vaccines in sows. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Advances in Animal Influenza Virus Research: Third Edition)
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14 pages, 1106 KiB  
Article
In Ovo Models to Predict Virulence of Highly Pathogenic Avian Influenza H5-Viruses for Chickens and Ducks
by Luca Bordes, José L. Gonzales, Sandra Vreman, Sandra Venema, Nadia Portier, Evelien A. Germeraad, Wim H. M. van der Poel and Nancy Beerens
Viruses 2024, 16(4), 563; https://doi.org/10.3390/v16040563 - 4 Apr 2024
Viewed by 1098
Abstract
Highly pathogenic avian influenza (HPAI) H5-viruses are circulating in wild birds and are repeatedly introduced to poultry causing outbreaks in the Netherlands since 2014. The largest epizootic ever recorded in Europe was caused by HPAI H5N1 clade 2.3.4.4b viruses in the period 2021–2022. [...] Read more.
Highly pathogenic avian influenza (HPAI) H5-viruses are circulating in wild birds and are repeatedly introduced to poultry causing outbreaks in the Netherlands since 2014. The largest epizootic ever recorded in Europe was caused by HPAI H5N1 clade 2.3.4.4b viruses in the period 2021–2022. The recent H5-clade 2.3.4.4 viruses were found to differ in their virulence for chickens and ducks. Viruses causing only mild disease may remain undetected, increasing the risk of virus spread to other farms, wild birds and mammals. We developed in ovo models to determine the virulence of HPAI viruses for chickens and ducks, which are fast and have low costs. The virulence of five contemporary H5-viruses was compared studying replication rate, average time to death and virus spread in the embryo. Remarkable differences in virulence were observed between H5-viruses and between poultry species. The H5N1-2021 virus was found to have a fast replication rate in both the chicken and duck in ovo models, but a slower systemic virus dissemination compared to three other H5-clade 2.3.4.4b viruses. The results show the potential of in ovo models to quickly determine the virulence of novel HPAI viruses, and study potential virulence factors which can help to better guide the surveillance in poultry. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Advances in Animal Influenza Virus Research: Third Edition)
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17 pages, 6911 KiB  
Article
Proteomic and Lipidomic Profiling of Calves Experimentally Co-Infected with Influenza D Virus and Mycoplasma bovis: Insights into the Host–Pathogen Interactions
by Ignacio Alvarez, Mariette Ducatez, Yongzhi Guo, Adrien Lion, Anna Widgren, Marc Dubourdeau, Vincent Baillif, Laure Saias, Siamak Zohari, Jonas Bergquist, Gilles Meyer, Jean-Francois Valarcher and Sara Hägglund
Viruses 2024, 16(3), 361; https://doi.org/10.3390/v16030361 - 27 Feb 2024
Cited by 1 | Viewed by 1095
Abstract
The role of Influenza D virus (IDV) in bovine respiratory disease remains unclear. An in vivo experiment resulted in increased clinical signs, lesions, and pathogen replication in calves co-infected with IDV and Mycoplasma bovis (M. bovis), compared to single-infected calves. [...] Read more.
The role of Influenza D virus (IDV) in bovine respiratory disease remains unclear. An in vivo experiment resulted in increased clinical signs, lesions, and pathogen replication in calves co-infected with IDV and Mycoplasma bovis (M. bovis), compared to single-infected calves. The present study aimed to elucidate the host–pathogen interactions and profile the kinetics of lipid mediators in the airways of these calves. Bronchoalveolar lavage (BAL) samples collected at 2 days post-infection (dpi) were used for proteomic analyses by liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS). Additionally, lipidomic analyses were performed by LC-MS/MS on BAL samples collected at 2, 7 and 14 dpi. Whereas M. bovis induced the expression of proteins involved in fibrin formation, IDV co-infection counteracted this coagulation mechanism and downregulated other acute-phase response proteins, such as complement component 4 (C4) and plasminogen (PLG). The reduced inflammatory response against M. bovis likely resulted in increased M. bovis replication and delayed M. bovis clearance, which led to a significantly increased abundance of oxylipids in co-infected calves. The identified induced oxylipids mainly derived from arachidonic acid; were likely oxidized by COX-1, COX-2, and LOX-5; and peaked at 7 dpi. This paper presents the first characterization of BAL proteome and lipid mediator kinetics in response to IDV and M. bovis infection in cattle and raises hypotheses regarding how IDV acts as a co-pathogen in bovine respiratory disease. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Advances in Animal Influenza Virus Research: Third Edition)
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Review

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14 pages, 1005 KiB  
Review
Exploring Potential Intermediates in the Cross-Species Transmission of Influenza A Virus to Humans
by Chung-Young Lee
Viruses 2024, 16(7), 1129; https://doi.org/10.3390/v16071129 - 14 Jul 2024
Viewed by 572
Abstract
The influenza A virus (IAV) has been a major cause of several pandemics, underscoring the importance of elucidating its transmission dynamics. This review investigates potential intermediate hosts in the cross-species transmission of IAV to humans, focusing on the factors that facilitate zoonotic events. [...] Read more.
The influenza A virus (IAV) has been a major cause of several pandemics, underscoring the importance of elucidating its transmission dynamics. This review investigates potential intermediate hosts in the cross-species transmission of IAV to humans, focusing on the factors that facilitate zoonotic events. We evaluate the roles of various animal hosts, including pigs, galliformes, companion animals, minks, marine mammals, and other animals, in the spread of IAV to humans. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Advances in Animal Influenza Virus Research: Third Edition)
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14 pages, 565 KiB  
Review
Role of miRNA in Highly Pathogenic H5 Avian Influenza Virus Infection: An Emphasis on Cellular and Chicken Models
by Dibakar Chowdhury, Md. Nayeem, Hillary A. Vanderven and Subir Sarker
Viruses 2024, 16(7), 1102; https://doi.org/10.3390/v16071102 - 9 Jul 2024
Viewed by 515
Abstract
The avian influenza virus, particularly the H5N1 strain, poses a significant and ongoing threat to both human and animal health. Recent outbreaks have affected domestic and wild birds on a massive scale, raising concerns about the virus’ spread to mammals. This review focuses [...] Read more.
The avian influenza virus, particularly the H5N1 strain, poses a significant and ongoing threat to both human and animal health. Recent outbreaks have affected domestic and wild birds on a massive scale, raising concerns about the virus’ spread to mammals. This review focuses on the critical role of microRNAs (miRNAs) in modulating pro-inflammatory signaling pathways during the pathogenesis of influenza A virus (IAV), with an emphasis on highly pathogenic avian influenza (HPAI) H5 viral infections. Current research indicates that miRNAs play a significant role in HPAI H5 infections, influencing various aspects of the disease process. This review aims to synthesize recent findings on the impact of different miRNAs on immune function, viral cytopathogenicity, and respiratory viral replication. Understanding these mechanisms is essential for developing new therapeutic strategies to combat avian influenza and mitigate its effects on both human and animal populations. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Advances in Animal Influenza Virus Research: Third Edition)
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Other

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7 pages, 688 KiB  
Case Report
Natural Infection with Highly Pathogenic Avian Influenza A/H5N1 Virus in Pet Ferrets
by Anna Golke, Dawid Jańczak, Olga Szaluś-Jordanow, Tomasz Dzieciątkowski, Rafał Sapierzyński, Agata Moroz-Fik, Marcin Mickiewicz and Tadeusz Frymus
Viruses 2024, 16(6), 931; https://doi.org/10.3390/v16060931 - 8 Jun 2024
Viewed by 2502
Abstract
The study involved five ferrets from one household in Poland, comprising three sick 9-week-old juveniles, their healthy mother, and another clinically normal adult, admitted to the veterinary clinic in June 2023. The juvenile ferrets displayed significant lethargy and a pronounced unwillingness to move [...] Read more.
The study involved five ferrets from one household in Poland, comprising three sick 9-week-old juveniles, their healthy mother, and another clinically normal adult, admitted to the veterinary clinic in June 2023. The juvenile ferrets displayed significant lethargy and a pronounced unwillingness to move with accompanying pulmonary distress. Prompted by concurrent outbreaks of A/H5N1 influenza virus infections in Polish cats, point-of-care tests were conducted that revealed type A influenza antigens in the throat swabs of all five ferrets. Despite treatment, one juvenile ferret exhibited dyspnea and neurological symptoms and eventually died. The two remaining ferrets recovered fully, including one severely affected showing persistent dyspnea and incoordination without fever that recovered after 11 days of treatment. In the RT-qPCR, the throat swabs collected from all surviving ferrets as well as the samples of lungs, trachea, heart, brain, pancreas, liver, and intestine of the succumbed ferret were found positive for A/H5N1 virus RNA. To our best knowledge, this is the first documented natural A/H5N1 avian influenza in domestic ferrets kept as pets. In addition, this outbreak suggests the possibility of asymptomatic A/H5N1 virus shedding by ferrets, highlighting their zoonotic potential and the advisability of excluding fresh or frozen poultry from their diet to reduce the A/H5N1 virus transmission risks. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Advances in Animal Influenza Virus Research: Third Edition)
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