Comparative Analysis of Panax ginseng Berries from Seven Cultivars Using UPLC-QTOF/MS and NMR-Based Metabolic Profiling
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. Ginseng Berry Samples
2.2. Standard Constituents and Reagents
2.3. Sample Preparation
2.4. UPLC-QTOF/MS Analysis
2.5. HR-MAS NMR Analysis
3. Results
3.1. Construction of LC-MS Conditions to Profile Various Ginsenosides
3.2. Profiling of Various Ginsenosides from Seven Different Cultivars of Ginseng Berries
3.3. Profiling of Primary Metabolites from Different Cultivars of Ginseng Berries Using HR-MAS NMR
3.4. Pearson Correlation Analysis of Metabolites
4. Discussion
5. Conclusions
Supplementary Materials
Author Contributions
Funding
Conflicts of Interest
Abbreviations
ANOVA | analysis of variance |
ELSD | evaporative light-scattering detector |
ESI | electrospray ionization |
HPLC | high-performance liquid chromatography |
HR-MAS | high-resolution magic angle spinning |
HR-MAS | high-resolution magic angle spinning |
LODs | limits of detection |
MS | mass spectrometry |
NMR | nuclear magnetic resonance |
OPLS-DA | orthogonal partial least squares discriminant analysis |
PCA | principal component analysis |
PLS-DA | partial least squares discriminant analysis |
PPD | protopanaxadiol |
PPT | protopanaxatriol |
QTOF | quadrupole time of flight |
RT | retention time |
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No. | Expected RT (min) | Component Name | Formula | Observed m/z | Observed RT (min) | Adducts | Average of Relative Percentage (%) | ||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
CP | CS | KP | YP | GoP | SW | SU | |||||||
1 | 3.6 | 20-O-Glucoginsenoside Rf | C48H82O19 | 1007.5265 | 3.62 | +HCOO, -H | 0.0732 | 0.0563 | 0.2943 | 0.0764 | 0.0899 | 0.2539 | 0.0787 |
2 | 4.07 | Notoginsenoside R1 | C47H80O18 | 977.5161 | 4.09 | +HCOO, -H | 0.0478 | 0.0570 | 0.7476 | 0.0409 | 0.0511 | 0.4965 | 0.0406 |
3 | 5.35 | Ginsenoside Rg1 | C42H72O14 | 845.4773 | 5.45 | +HCOO, -H | 0.8297 | 0.2613 | 3.4380 | 0.5507 | 0.5116 | 2.4831 | 0.4419 |
4 | 5.66 | Ginsenoside Re | C48H82O18 | 991.5347 | 5.71 | +HCOO, -H | 6.7781 | 7.3395 | 4.5799 | 7.3372 | 6.7865 | 5.3904 | 6.7817 |
5 | 11.2 | vinaginsenoside R4 | C48H82O19 | 1007.5265 | 11.30 | +HCOO, -H | 0.2449 | 0.2195 | 0.2489 | 0.2805 | 0.2415 | 0.3290 | 0.2317 |
6 | 12.11 | Ginsenoside Rf | C42H72O14 | 845.4770 | 12.17 | +HCOO, -H | 0.1992 | 0.1142 | 0.4025 | 0.1991 | 0.2414 | 0.3307 | 0.2202 |
7 | 12.81 | Notoginsenoside R2 | C41H70O13 | 815.4644 | 12.89 | +HCOO, -H | 0.0368 | 0.0528 | 0.5008 | 0.0193 | 0.0384 | 0.2823 | 0.0203 |
8 | 13.43 | Ginsenoside F5 | C41H70O13 | 815.4669 | 13.58 | +HCOO, -H | 0.4852 | 0.4637 | 0.4576 | 0.5050 | 0.4842 | 0.5796 | 0.4123 |
9 | 13.56 | 20(S)-Ginsenoside Rh1 | C36H62O9 | 683.4246 | 13.66 | +HCOO | 0.0128 | 0.0090 | 0.0354 | 0.0114 | 0.0119 | 0.0258 | 0.0107 |
10 | 13.7 | Ginsenoside Rg2 | C42H72O13 | 829.4824 | 13.79 | +HCOO, -H | 0.9250 | 0.9064 | 0.2598 | 0.9042 | 0.8504 | 0.4588 | 1.0673 |
11 | 14.51 | Ginsenoside Ra3 | C59H100O27 | 1285.6185 | 14.27 | +HCOO, -H | 0.0033 | 0.0023 | 0.0032 | 0.0022 | 0.0026 | 0.0027 | 0.0031 |
12 | 14.35 | Ginsenoside Ra2 | C58H98O26 | 1255.6049 | 14.52 | +HCOO, -H | 0.0054 | 0 | 0.0057 | 0.0051 | 0.0031 | 0.0027 | 0.0038 |
13 | 14.53 | Ginsenoside Rb1 | C54H92O23 | 1153.5806 | 14.72 | +HCOO, -H | 0.5071 | 0.4411 | 0.4727 | 0.4999 | 0.3281 | 0.4326 | 0.4280 |
14 | 15.12 | Malonyl ginsenoside Rb1 | C57H94O26 | 1193.5794 | 15.24 | -H | 3.0830 | 2.9241 | 2.6016 | 3.1462 | 2.5714 | 2.5060 | 3.1080 |
15 | 15.69 | Ginsenoside Ro | C48H76O19 | 955.4726 | 15.73 | -H | 0.0486 | 0.0705 | 0.0530 | 0.0437 | 0.0621 | 0.0506 | 0.0563 |
16 | 16.3 | Ginsenoside Rb2 | C53H90O22 | 1123.5710 | 16.48 | +HCOO, -H | 0.9968 | 1.0124 | 1.1320 | 0.9467 | 0.9372 | 1.1441 | 0.9034 |
17 | 18.34 | Ginsenoside Rd | C48H82O18 | 991.5318 | 18.58 | +HCOO, -H | 1.6839 | 1.4716 | 1.7702 | 1.4030 | 1.4115 | 1.7513 | 1.3188 |
18 | 19.11 | Malonyl ginsenoside Rd | C51H84O21 | 1031.5279 | 19.32 | -H | 5.0173 | 4.8832 | 4.3847 | 4.8414 | 5.1380 | 4.6440 | 4.9302 |
19 | 23.46 | Ginsenoside Rg4 | C42H70O12 | 811.4684 | 23.75 | +HCOO, -H | 0.0430 | 0.0489 | 0.0249 | 0.0459 | 0.0397 | 0.0310 | 0.0488 |
20 | 23.5 | Compound O | C47H80O17 | 961.5136 | 23.77 | +HCOO, -H | 0.0930 | 0.0498 | 0.0527 | 0.0439 | 0.0610 | 0.0338 | 0.0317 |
21 | 24.28 | Ginsenoside F4 | C42H70O12 | 811.4695 | 24.52 | +HCOO, -H | 0.0964 | 0.1100 | 0.0566 | 0.1013 | 0.0864 | 0.0678 | 0.1077 |
22 | 24.68 | Ginsenoside Rh4 | C36H60O8 | 665.4140 | 24.90 | +HCOO | 0.0003 | 0.0001 | 0.0024 | 0.0003 | 0.0002 | 0.0016 | 0.0003 |
23 | 25.19 | Ginsenoside F2 | C42H72O13 | 829.4626 | 25.44 | +HCOO, -H | 0.0655 | 0.0346 | 0.0276 | 0.0238 | 0.0333 | 0.0201 | 0.0185 |
24 | 26.01 | Ginsenoside Rg3-S | C42H72O13 | 829.4784 | 26.19 | +HCOO, -H | 0.0240 | 0.0252 | 0.0219 | 0.0198 | 0.0224 | 0.0199 | 0.0223 |
25 | 27.35 | Compound K | C36H62O8 | 667.4320 | 27.54 | +HCOO | 0.0028 | 0.0060 | 0.0038 | 0.0039 | 0.0034 | 0.0038 | 0.0043 |
26 | 27.55 | Ginsenoside Rg5 | C42H70O12 | 811.4685 | 27.75 | -H | 0.0135 | 0.0153 | 0.0157 | 0.0135 | 0.0140 | 0.0134 | 0.0148 |
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Yoon, D.; Choi, B.-R.; Kim, Y.-C.; Oh, S.M.; Kim, H.-G.; Kim, J.-U.; Baek, N.-I.; Kim, S.; Lee, D.Y. Comparative Analysis of Panax ginseng Berries from Seven Cultivars Using UPLC-QTOF/MS and NMR-Based Metabolic Profiling. Biomolecules 2019, 9, 424. https://doi.org/10.3390/biom9090424
Yoon D, Choi B-R, Kim Y-C, Oh SM, Kim H-G, Kim J-U, Baek N-I, Kim S, Lee DY. Comparative Analysis of Panax ginseng Berries from Seven Cultivars Using UPLC-QTOF/MS and NMR-Based Metabolic Profiling. Biomolecules. 2019; 9(9):424. https://doi.org/10.3390/biom9090424
Chicago/Turabian StyleYoon, Dahye, Bo-Ram Choi, Young-Chang Kim, Seon Min Oh, Hyoung-Geun Kim, Jang-Uk Kim, Nam-In Baek, Suhkmann Kim, and Dae Young Lee. 2019. "Comparative Analysis of Panax ginseng Berries from Seven Cultivars Using UPLC-QTOF/MS and NMR-Based Metabolic Profiling" Biomolecules 9, no. 9: 424. https://doi.org/10.3390/biom9090424