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Volume 10
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10.3390/brainsci10090599
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Article

Conditioned Pain Modulation Effectiveness: An Experimental Study Comparing Test Paradigms and Analyzing Potential Predictors in a Healthy Population

by
María del Rocío Ibancos-Losada
1,
María C. Osuna-Pérez
2,*,
María Yolanda Castellote-Caballero
2 and
Ángeles Díaz-Fernández
2
1
Physiotherapy Clinic Center of Bartolomé Puerta, Jaén-23006, Spain
2
Department of Health Sciences, University of Jaén, Jaén-23071, Spain
*
Author to whom correspondence should be addressed.
Brain Sci. 2020, 10(9), 599; https://doi.org/10.3390/brainsci10090599
Submission received: 13 August 2020 / Revised: 26 August 2020 / Accepted: 28 August 2020 / Published: 30 August 2020
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Applications of Neuromodulation on Pain and Motor Learning)
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Abstract

Conditioned pain modulation (CPM) is an endogenous pain inhibition phenomenon that can be summarized simply as one type of pain being able to inhibit another, which must be in a remote area in relation to the first pain. We aimed to compare the effectiveness of four CPM test paradigms as well as the association of the CPM effect with potential predictors in 72 healthy volunteers. Pressure pain from an algometer was used as the test stimulus, and pain provoked by cold water or ischemic pressure was used as the conditioning stimulus, applied either sequentially or in parallel. No significant differences were found between the test paradigms, although the cold-parallel test showed the most significant effect size (ηP2 = 0.614). No association was found between the CPM effect and sociodemographic variables (age or sex), nor anxiety, depression, catastrophizing, previous history of pain or self-perceived pain tolerance. Nevertheless, a strong association was found between the CPM effect and individual affinity for the stimulus in participants who underwent the cold water test paradigm; this explained around 45% of the total CPM effect when the paradigm (cold water) coincided with personal affinity for the stimulus (“I prefer cold to heat”, “cold is not unpleasant”).
Keywords: conditioned pain modulation (CPM); ischemic pain; cold pain; conditioning stimulus; stimulus parameter conditioned pain modulation (CPM); ischemic pain; cold pain; conditioning stimulus; stimulus parameter

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MDPI and ACS Style

Ibancos-Losada, M.d.R.; Osuna-Pérez, M.C.; Castellote-Caballero, M.Y.; Díaz-Fernández, Á. Conditioned Pain Modulation Effectiveness: An Experimental Study Comparing Test Paradigms and Analyzing Potential Predictors in a Healthy Population. Brain Sci. 2020, 10, 599. https://doi.org/10.3390/brainsci10090599

AMA Style

Ibancos-Losada MdR, Osuna-Pérez MC, Castellote-Caballero MY, Díaz-Fernández Á. Conditioned Pain Modulation Effectiveness: An Experimental Study Comparing Test Paradigms and Analyzing Potential Predictors in a Healthy Population. Brain Sciences. 2020; 10(9):599. https://doi.org/10.3390/brainsci10090599

Chicago/Turabian Style

Ibancos-Losada, María del Rocío, María C. Osuna-Pérez, María Yolanda Castellote-Caballero, and Ángeles Díaz-Fernández. 2020. "Conditioned Pain Modulation Effectiveness: An Experimental Study Comparing Test Paradigms and Analyzing Potential Predictors in a Healthy Population" Brain Sciences 10, no. 9: 599. https://doi.org/10.3390/brainsci10090599

APA Style

Ibancos-Losada, M. d. R., Osuna-Pérez, M. C., Castellote-Caballero, M. Y., & Díaz-Fernández, Á. (2020). Conditioned Pain Modulation Effectiveness: An Experimental Study Comparing Test Paradigms and Analyzing Potential Predictors in a Healthy Population. Brain Sciences, 10(9), 599. https://doi.org/10.3390/brainsci10090599

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