Epigenetic Inactivation of the Tumor Suppressor IRX1 Occurs Frequently in Lung Adenocarcinoma and Its Silencing Is Associated with Impaired Prognosis
Abstract
:Simple Summary
Abstract
1. Introduction
2. Results
2.1. Epigenetic Silencing of IRX1 in Cancer Cells
2.2. Epigenetic Inactivation of IRX1 in Lung Adenocarcinoma Is Correlated with Impaired Prognosis
2.3. Downregulation of IRX1 Is Associated with Increased EZH2 and DNMT3A Expression
2.4. Overexpression of IRX1 Is Associated with Fragmented Nuclei and Induction of BAX
3. Discussion
4. Materials and Methods
4.1. Cell lines, Lung Cancer Tissues, and Controls
4.2. Cell Culture and Treatment of Cell Lines
4.3. DNA Isolation and Methylation Analysis
4.4. Patient Biospecimen
4.5. RNA Expression Analysis
4.6. Plasmids
4.7. Genetic and Epigenetic Editing
4.8. Fluorescent Microscopy
4.9. Data and Statistical Analysis
5. Conclusions
Supplementary Materials
Author Contributions
Funding
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Hallmarks 1 | GSE33532 [44] | GSE19804 [43] | TCGALUAD | GSE63074 [45] |
---|---|---|---|---|
E2F_targets 2 | 1.1 × 10−6 | 1.0 × 10−15 | 1.7 × 10−19 | 6.2 × 10−9 |
Myc_targets_V1 2 | 1.1 × 10−6 | 5.2 × 10−3 | - | - |
mTORC1_signaling 2 | 9.2 × 10−5 | 1.6 × 10−4 | 3.6 × 10−3 | 9.0 × 10−3 |
G2M_checkpoint 2 | 5.6 × 10−4 | 1.6 × 10−11 | 1.3 × 10−10 | 1.4 × 10−4 |
EMT 2 | - | 6.3 × 10−4 | - | - |
myogenesis 3 | - | 1.3 × 10−3 | - | - |
p53_pathway 3 | - | - | 3.6 × 10−3 | - |
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Küster, M.M.; Schneider, M.A.; Richter, A.M.; Richtmann, S.; Winter, H.; Kriegsmann, M.; Pullamsetti, S.S.; Stiewe, T.; Savai, R.; Muley, T.; et al. Epigenetic Inactivation of the Tumor Suppressor IRX1 Occurs Frequently in Lung Adenocarcinoma and Its Silencing Is Associated with Impaired Prognosis. Cancers 2020, 12, 3528. https://doi.org/10.3390/cancers12123528
Küster MM, Schneider MA, Richter AM, Richtmann S, Winter H, Kriegsmann M, Pullamsetti SS, Stiewe T, Savai R, Muley T, et al. Epigenetic Inactivation of the Tumor Suppressor IRX1 Occurs Frequently in Lung Adenocarcinoma and Its Silencing Is Associated with Impaired Prognosis. Cancers. 2020; 12(12):3528. https://doi.org/10.3390/cancers12123528
Chicago/Turabian StyleKüster, Miriam M., Marc A. Schneider, Antje M. Richter, Sarah Richtmann, Hauke Winter, Mark Kriegsmann, Soni S. Pullamsetti, Thorsten Stiewe, Rajkumar Savai, Thomas Muley, and et al. 2020. "Epigenetic Inactivation of the Tumor Suppressor IRX1 Occurs Frequently in Lung Adenocarcinoma and Its Silencing Is Associated with Impaired Prognosis" Cancers 12, no. 12: 3528. https://doi.org/10.3390/cancers12123528