Dental Unit Waterlines in Quito and Caracas Contaminated with Nontuberculous Mycobacteria: A Potential Health Risk in Dental Practice
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. Study Design
2.2. Sampling of the Waterlines from the Dental Unit and the Mains
2.3. Bacteriological Analysis of the Water Samples
2.4. Survey on Disinfection Practices
3. Results
3.1. Water Quality in Quito
3.2. Water Quality in Caracas
3.3. Comparison of Water Quality in DUWLs in Caracas and Quito
3.4. Disinfection Practices of DUWLs in Quito and Caracas
4. Discussion
4.1. General Microbiological Quality of Water in the DUWLs
4.2. Nontuberculous Mycobacteria in DUWLs
5. Conclusions
6. Limitations of This Study
Ethics Approval and Consent to Participate
Author Contributions
Funding
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
Abbreviations
DUWL | dental unit waterline |
HPC | heterotrophic plate count |
CFU/mL | colony-forming units per milliliter |
NTM | nontuberculous mycobacteria |
PRA technique | PCR-restriction enzyme analysis |
ADA | American Dental Association |
CDC | Centers for Disease Control and Prevention |
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HPC >500 CFU/mL Main/DUWL | Presence of Coliforms ** % Main/DUWL | Presence of P. aeruginosa % Main/DUWL | Presence of Mycobacteria % Main/DUWL | |||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Quito | 0% | 69% | 0% | 14% | ND * | ND * | 0% | 3% |
Caracas | 64% | 84% | 21% | 23% | 29% | 51% | 36% | 56% |
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Castellano Realpe, O.J.; Gutiérrez, J.C.; Sierra, D.A.; Pazmiño Martínez, L.A.; Prado Palacios, Y.Y.; Echeverría, G.; de Waard, J.H. Dental Unit Waterlines in Quito and Caracas Contaminated with Nontuberculous Mycobacteria: A Potential Health Risk in Dental Practice. Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health 2020, 17, 2348. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph17072348
Castellano Realpe OJ, Gutiérrez JC, Sierra DA, Pazmiño Martínez LA, Prado Palacios YY, Echeverría G, de Waard JH. Dental Unit Waterlines in Quito and Caracas Contaminated with Nontuberculous Mycobacteria: A Potential Health Risk in Dental Practice. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health. 2020; 17(7):2348. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph17072348
Chicago/Turabian StyleCastellano Realpe, Orlando J., Johanna C. Gutiérrez, Deisy A. Sierra, Lourdes A. Pazmiño Martínez, Yrneh Y. Prado Palacios, Gustavo Echeverría, and Jacobus H. de Waard. 2020. "Dental Unit Waterlines in Quito and Caracas Contaminated with Nontuberculous Mycobacteria: A Potential Health Risk in Dental Practice" International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 17, no. 7: 2348. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph17072348