Antimicrobial, Antiproliferative and Proapoptotic Activities of Extract, Fractions and Isolated Compounds from the Stem of Erythroxylum caatingae Plowman
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Results and Discussion
2.1. Antimicrobial Activity
2.2. Cytotoxicity Activity
2.3. Study of the Mechanisms of Action of the Phases of Erythroxylum caatingae
2.3.1. Annexin/PI Cell Death Assay
2.3.2. Measurement of the Mitochondrial Membrane Potential
3. Experimental Section
3.1. Chemicals
3.2. Plant Material
3.3. Extraction and Isolation
3.4. Microorganisms
3.5. Cell Lines and Cell Culture
3.6. Animals
3.7. Antimicrobial Activity
3.8. Cell Viability Assay (MTT Assay)
3.9. Hemolytic Assay
3.10. Analysis of the Mechanisms Involved in the Cytotoxic Activity
3.10.1. Annexin/PI Cell Death Assay
3.10.2. Measurement of the Mitochondrial
3.11. Statistical Analysis
4. Conclusions
Acknowledgments
References
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Zone of Inhibition (mm) | ||||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Microorganisms | 1 | 2 | 3 | 4 | 5 | 6 | 7 | 8 | Kanamicin (30 μg/disc) | ketoconazole (300 μg/disc) |
S. aureus | 10.5 ± 0.7 | 10.0 ± 0.0 | 11.0 ± 0.7 | 12.0 ± 0.0 | 12.0 ± 0.0 | 0.0 | 10.5 ± 0.7 | 0.0 | 28 | - |
M. luteus | 21.5 ± 2.1 | 26.0 ± 1.4 | 28.5 ± 0.7 | 28.5 ± 0.7 | 29.5 ± 0.7 | 13.5 ± 0.7 | 26.0 ± 0.0 | 0.0 | 34 | - |
B. subitilis | 10.0 ± 0.0 | 10.0 ± 0.0 | 13.5 ± 0.7 | 13.5 ± 0.7 | 13.0 ± 0.7 | 0.0 | 12.0 ± 0.0 | 0.0 | 29 | - |
M. smegmatis | 14.0 ± 1.4 | 22.5 ± 0.7 | 30.0 ± 0.0 | 31.5 ± 1.4 | 30.0 ± 0.0 | 15.0 ± 0.0 | 15.0 ± 0.0 | 0.0 | 40 | - |
E. faecalis | 0.0 | 0.0 | 11.5 ± 0.7 | 11.5 ± 0.7 | 12.5 ± 0.7 | 0.0 | 17.0 ± 0.0 | 0.0 | 13 | - |
E. coli | 0.0 | 0.0 | 0.0 | 0.0 | 0.0 | 0.0 | 0.0 | 0.0 | 15 | - |
S. marcescens | 0.0 | 0.0 | 0.0 | 0.0 | 0.0 | 0.0 | 0.0 | 0.0 | 15 | - |
P. aeruginosa | 0.0 | 0.0 | 0.0 | 0.0 | 0.0 | 0.0 | 0.0 | 0.0 | 20 | - |
C. albicans | 0.0 | 0.0 | 19.0 ± 1.4 | 19.0 ± 1.4 | 18.0 ± 1.4 | 0.0 | 18.0 ± 0.0 | 0.0 | - | 24 |
Microorganisms | Minimum Inhibitory Concentration (μg/mL) | ||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
1 | 2 | 3 | 4 | 5 | 6 | 7 | |
S. aureus | n.t. | n.t. | n.t. | 250 | 250 | n.t. | n.t. |
M. luteus | 250 | 250 | n.t. | <31.25 | <31.25 | 250 | <31.25 |
B. subtilis | n.t. | n.t. | n.t. | 250 | 250 | n.t. | 125 |
M. smegmatis | 500 | 500 | n.t. | 125 | 125 | 1000 | 125 |
E. faecalis | n.t. | n.t. | n.t. | n.t. | 500 | n.t. | 500 |
C. albicans | n.t. | n.t. | n.t. | 250 | 125 | n.t. | 125 |
Microorganisms | Minimum Bacteriostatic Concentration (μg/mL) | ||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
1 | 2 | 3 | 4 | 5 | 6 | 7 | |
S. aureus | n.t. | n.t. | n.t. | 1000 | 500 | n.t. | n.t. |
M. luteus | 250 | 500 | n.t. | <31.25 | <31.25 | >2000 | <31.25 |
B. subtilis | n.t. | n.t. | n.t. | 1000 | 500 | n.t. | 250 |
M. smegmatis | 1000 | 1000 | n.t. | 500 | 250 | 1,000 | 250 |
E. faecalis | n.t. | n.t. | n.t. | n.t. | 1000 | n.t. | 1000 |
C. albicans | n.t. | n.t. | n.t. | 500 | 500 | n.t. | 250 |
Products/Extracts | Cell Line, IC50 (μg/mL) | EC50 (μg/mL) | ||
---|---|---|---|---|
HEp-2 | NCI-H292 | K562 | ||
1 | >50 | >50 | >50 | n.t. |
2 | >50 | >50 | >50 | n.t. |
3 | >50 | 25.76 ± 1.71 | >50 | >2000 |
4 | >50 | 25.50 ± 1.08 | >50 | >2000 |
5 | 40.59 ± 0.72 | 28.19 ± 2.09 | 13.10 ± 0.63 | >2000 |
6 | 34.12 ± 1.01 | 20.37 ± 0.75 | 9.86 ± 0.56 | 403.24 ± 9.64 |
7 | 8.25 ± 0.36 | 34.39 ± 1.71 | 11.21 ± 0.46 | 1036.52 ± 35.17 |
8 | 31.42 ± 1.01 | 15.79 ± 1.01 | 33.58 ± 1.33 | 510.00 ± 8.60 |
9 | >50 | >50 | >50 | n.t. |
10 | >50 | >50 | 9.36 ± 0.77 | >250 |
11 | >50 | >50 | >50 | n.t. |
Etoposide | 6.10 ± 0.19 | 2.75 ± 0.10 | 4.48 ± 0.23 | n.t. |
© 2012 by the authors; licensee Molecular Diversity Preservation International, Basel, Switzerland. This article is an open-access article distributed under the terms and conditions of the Creative Commons Attribution license (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/3.0/).
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Aguiar, J.S.; Araújo, R.O.; Do Desterro Rodrigues, M.; Sena, K.X.F.R.; Batista, A.M.; Guerra, M.M.P.; Oliveira, S.L.; Tavares, J.F.; Silva, M.S.; Nascimento, S.C.; et al. Antimicrobial, Antiproliferative and Proapoptotic Activities of Extract, Fractions and Isolated Compounds from the Stem of Erythroxylum caatingae Plowman. Int. J. Mol. Sci. 2012, 13, 4124-4140. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms13044124
Aguiar JS, Araújo RO, Do Desterro Rodrigues M, Sena KXFR, Batista AM, Guerra MMP, Oliveira SL, Tavares JF, Silva MS, Nascimento SC, et al. Antimicrobial, Antiproliferative and Proapoptotic Activities of Extract, Fractions and Isolated Compounds from the Stem of Erythroxylum caatingae Plowman. International Journal of Molecular Sciences. 2012; 13(4):4124-4140. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms13044124
Chicago/Turabian StyleAguiar, Jaciana S., Rosilma O. Araújo, Maria Do Desterro Rodrigues, Kêsia X. F. R. Sena, André M. Batista, Maria M. P. Guerra, Steno L. Oliveira, Josean F. Tavares, Marcelo S. Silva, Silene C. Nascimento, and et al. 2012. "Antimicrobial, Antiproliferative and Proapoptotic Activities of Extract, Fractions and Isolated Compounds from the Stem of Erythroxylum caatingae Plowman" International Journal of Molecular Sciences 13, no. 4: 4124-4140. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms13044124