Apoptosis Induction of Agave lechuguilla Torrey Extract on Human Lung Adenocarcinoma Cells (SK-LU-1)
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Results & Discussion
3. Materials and Methods
3.1. Plant Material
3.1.1. Ethanolic Extract from A. lechuguilla
3.1.2. Hydrolysis Extract and Its Fractionated Hydrolyzed Extract of A. lechuguilla
3.2. Polyphenol and Flavonoid Total Quantification
3.3. Antioxidant Capacity Assays
3.4. Mass Spectrometry
3.5. Screening Cells Viability Assay by Sulforhodamine B
3.6. Viability Assay by 3-(4,5-DiMethyl-2-Thiazolyl)-2,5-Diphenyl-2H-Tetrazolium Bromide
3.7. Phosphatidylserine Translocation (Annexin V-APC)
3.8. In Silico Analysis
4. Conclusions
Supplementary Materials
Author Contributions
Funding
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
Abbreviations
7-AAD | 7-amino-actinomycin D |
ACN | Acetonitrile |
ALK | Anaplastic lymphoma kinase |
APC | Aloficocianina |
BID | BH3 interacting-domain death agonist |
Caspases | Cysteine aspartate-specific proteases |
CML | Chronic myelogenous leukemia |
DISC | Death inducing signaling complex |
DMSO | Dimethyl sulfoxide |
DR | Death receptor |
EDTA | 2,2′,2″,2‴-(Ethane-1,2-diyldinitrilo) tetraacetic acid |
EGFR | Epidermal growth factor receptor |
FADD | Fas-associated death domain protein |
FBS | Fetal bovine serum |
FITC | Fluorescein |
IC | Inhibitory concentration |
K-Ras | Kirsten rat sarcoma virus |
LGA | Lamarckian genetic algorithm |
MAPK | Mitogen activated protein kinase |
MEK | MARK/ERK kinase |
MLKL | Mixed lineage kinase domain like protein |
MTT | 3-(4,5-diMethyl-2-Thiazolyl)-2,5-diphenyl-2H-Tetrazolium bromide |
NSCLC | Not-small cell lung cancer |
OD | Optical density |
ORAC | Oxygen radical absorbance capacity |
PBS | Phosphate buffered saline |
PM | Particulate matter |
RIP | Receptor-interacting protein |
RPM | Revolutions per minute |
SCLC | Small cell lung cancer |
SRB | Sulforhodamine B |
tBID | Truncated BID |
TGFβ receptor | Transforming growth factor beta receptor |
TEAC | Trolox equivalent antioxidant capacity |
TCA | Trichloroacetic acid |
TFA | Trifluoroacetic acid |
TNF | Tumor necrosis factor |
Tris | Tris(hydroxymethyl)aminomethane |
UNAM | Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México |
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Extract of A. lechuguilla | Total Polyphenols 1 | Total Flavonoids 2 | TEAC 3 | ORAC 3 |
---|---|---|---|---|
Ethanolic | 23.44 ± 1.47 | 19.62 ± 1.23 | 87.36 ± 3.57 | 1962.99 ± 211.86 |
Hydrolyzed | 37.45 ± 3.57 | 3.08 ± 0.00 | 46.53 ± 0.72 | 1216.83 ± 4.88 |
Fraction | 2.69 ± 0.12 | 1.47 ± 0.00 | 6.12 ± 0.91 | 49.20 ± 0.80 |
Possible Molecule | Rt 1 | m/z | Ions Assignation | CF 2 |
---|---|---|---|---|
Ethanolic extract of A. lechuguilla | ||||
Tigogenin-glycoside or Neotigogenin-glycoside or Smilagenin-glycoside or Sarsasapogenin-glycoside | 0.42 | 417.339 579.396 741.450 903.506 1035.549 1197.605 | [M + H] [M + Hex + H] [M + Hex + Hex + H] [M + Hex + Hex + Hex + H] [M + Hex + Hex + Hex + Pent + H] [M + Hex + Hex + Hex + Pent + Hex + H] | C56H92O27 |
Hecogenin-glycoside or Sisalagenin-glycoside or Gloriogenin-glycoside or Yuccagenin-glycoside | 0.56 | 431.336 593.375 755.429 917.484 1049.528 1211.584 | [M + H] [M + Hex +H] [M + Hex + Hex + H] [M + Hex + Hex + Hex + H] [M + Hex + Hex + Hex + Pent + H] [M + Hex + Hex + Hex + Pent + Hex + H] | C56H90O28 |
Kaempferol | 5.06 | 245.082 269.085 287.096 | [M − C2H2O + H] [M − H2O + H] [M + H] | C15H10O6 |
Quercetin | 5.44 | 257.082 285.080 303.091 | [M − H2O − CO +H] [M − H2O + H] [M + H] | C15H10O7 |
Diosgenin-glycoside or Yamogenin-glycoside | 6.09 | 415.325 577.381 709.424 871.479 1003.523 | [M + H] [M + Hex + H] [M + Hex + Pent + H] [M + Hex + Pent + Hex + H] [M + Hex + Pent + Hex + Hex + H] | C50H80O22 |
Tigogenin-glycoside or Neotigogenin-glycoside or Smilagenin-glycoside or Sarsasapogenin-glycoside | 6.34 | 417.342 579.397 741.451 903.506 1065.561 1197.606 | [M + H] [M + Hex + H] [M + Hex + Hex + H] [M + Hex + Hex + Hex + H] [M + Hex + Hex + Hex + Hex + H] [M + Hex + Hex + Hex + Hex + Pent + H] | C56H92O27 |
Tigogenin-glycoside or Neotigogenin-glycoside or Smilagenin-glycoside or Sarsasapogenin-glycoside | 6.57 | 417.341 579.396 741.451 903.506 1035.550 | [M + H] [M + Hex + H] [M + Hex + Hex + H] [M + Hex + Hex + Hex + H] [M + Hex + Hex + Hex + Pent + H] | C50H82O22 |
Hydrolyzed extract of A. lechuguilla | ||||
Unknow | 0.54 | 701.503 475.332 340.264 | ND | ND |
Unknow | 0.68 | 701.503 475.332 | ND | ND |
Kaempferol | 4.97 | 245.082 269.085 287.096 | [M − C2H2O + H] [M − H2O + H] [M + H] | C15H10O6 |
Quercetin | 5.34 | 245.082 257.085 261.135 285.080 303.091 | [M − C2H2O2 + H] [M − H2O − CO + H] [M − C2H2O + H][M − H2O + H] [M + H] | C15H10O7 |
Diosgenin or Yamogenin | 5.36 | 415.155 | [M + H] [M + Na + H] | C27H42O3 |
Tigogenin or Neotigogenin or Smilagenin or Sarsasapogenin | 6.92 | 417.342 | [M + H] | C27H44O3 |
Unknow | 7.12 | 449.326 | ND | ND |
Biflavonoid (isomer) | 8.37 | 230.251 245.083 261.135 304.304 579.397 | [Quercetin − 2CO − H2O + H] [Quercetin − C2H2O2 + H] [Quercetin − C2H2O + H] [Quercetin + 2H] [Quercetin + Afzelequin + 3H] | C30H22O12 |
Biflavonoid (isomer) | 8.56 | 230.251 245.083 261.135 304.304 579.397 | [Quercetin − 2CO − H2O + H] [Quercetin − C2H2O2 + H] [Quercetin − C2H2O + H] [Quercetin + 2H] [Quercetin + Afzelequin + 3H] | C30H22O12 |
Hecogenin or Sisalagenin or Gloriogenin or Yuccagenin. | 10.01 | 431.296 453.216 | [M + H] [M + Na + H] | C27H42O4 |
Extract fraction of A. lechuguilla | ||||
Kaempferol | 4.99 | 245.082 269.085 287.096 | [M − C2H2O + H] [M − H2O + H] [M + H] | C15H10O6 |
Quercetin | 5.33 | 257.085 285.080 303.091 | [M − H2O − CO + H] [M − H2O + H] [M + H] | C15H10O7 |
Unknow | 6.48 | 269.086 365.111 | ND | ND |
Biflavonoid (isomer) | 8.54 | 245.083 304.306 579.399 601.381 | [Quercetin − C2H2O2 + H] [Quercetin + 2H] [Quercetin + Afzelequin + 3H] [Quercetin + Afzelequin + Na + 3H] | C30H22O12 |
Biflavonoid (isomer) | 8.88 | 245.083 304.306 579.399 601.381 | [Quercetin − C2H2O2 + H] [Quercetin + 2H] [Quercetin + Afzelequin + 3H] [Quercetin + Afzelequin + Na + 3H] | C30H22O12 |
Grow Inhibition 1 [%] | ||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Control | HCT-15 | MCF-7 | PC-3 | U-251 | SK-LU-1 | K-562 |
1.2 ± 0.5 | 33.4 ± 3.6 | 10.5 ± 4.0 | 11.5 ± 1.8 | 24.0 ± 2.6 | 75.7 ± 2.3 | 17.1 ± 1.0 |
Treatment [h] | Live Cells | Early Apoptotic Cells | Late Apoptotic Cells | Necrosis Cells | Total Apoptosis |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
[%] | |||||
Control | 87.00 | 3.19 | 6.72 | 3.13 | 9.91 |
6 | 79.50 | 3.56 | 11.00 | 5.96 | 14.56 |
12 | 66.20 | 8.11 | 12.00 | 13.70 | 20.11 |
24 | 59.30 | 17.30 | 22.5 | 0.99 | 39.80 |
Molecular Docking | Hydrogen Bonds | Polar Interactions | Hydrophobic Interactions | |||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Protein/Enzyme | Free Energy a/Kib | Ligand | Atom/aa | DST c | Atom/aa | DST c | Atom/aa | DST c |
Death Receptor Signaling | ||||||||
Fas/CD95 | +0.38/--- +0.13/--- +0.13/--- +0.48/--- | Docetaxel Kaempferol Quercetin Biflavonoid | --- O1/W189 --- --- | --- 3.18 --- --- | --- --- --- --- | --- --- --- --- | --- --- --- --- | --- --- --- --- |
TNF-R1 | −6.35/245.01 +21.13/--- −5.03/206.98 −4.63/405.84 | Docetaxel Kaempferol Quercetin Biflavonoid | O8/T89 O11/T89 --- --- --- O6/T89 O7/T89 O5/T147 --- --- --- O3/T89 --- --- --- --- --- --- --- --- | 3.11 3.44 --- --- --- 2.89 3.01 3.09 --- --- --- 2.81 --- --- --- --- --- --- --- --- | O12/T89 H4/T89 O2/T89 O9/T89 --- H3/T89 H4/T89 O4/N92 O3/N92 H2/N34 H2/T147 O9/S81 H18/S81 H14/T89 O9/N92 H18/N92 H17/E135 O7/E135 H16/E135 O8/E135 | 3.71 3.35 3.84 3.50 --- 2.23 2.05 3.70 3.81 3.76 3.63 3.37 3.49 2.04 3.00 2.07 1.99 3.03 2.13 2.90 | --- --- --- --- --- C14/P90 C15/P90 C8/V91 --- --- --- C13/P90 C30/P90 C21/P90 C24/P90 --- --- --- --- --- | --- --- --- --- --- 3.34 3.52 3.48 --- --- --- 3.75 3.64 3.61 3.80 --- --- --- --- --- |
DR4 | −4.29/712.86 −4.39/607.34 −4.78/315.05 −5.12/176.35 | Docetaxel Kaempferol Quercetin Biflavonoid | O6/R158 --- --- --- --- --- --- --- --- --- --- --- --- --- --- O1/T129 O5/T129 --- --- --- --- | 3.33 --- --- --- --- --- --- --- --- --- --- --- --- --- --- 3.41 3.02 --- --- --- --- | H4/T129 O7/E155 H3/E155 O7/R158 H3/R158 O5/R158 H2/R158 H2/T149 H15/T129 O1/T129 O1/E155 O2/E155 O4/E155 O2/R158 O5/H270 O1/E155 O2/E155 O4/E155 O2/R158 H15/T129 O5/H270 --- --- --- | 3.51 2.90 2.00 3.49 3.41 3.80 3.68 3.67 2.26 3.75 3.36 3.31 3.86 3.31 3.38 3.87 3.64 3.46 3.17 2.26 3.38 --- --- --- | --- --- --- --- --- --- --- --- --- C13/V152 --- --- --- --- --- --- --- --- --- C23/V152 C24/V152 C30/V152 C13/C180 C14/C180 | --- --- --- --- --- --- --- --- --- 3.26 --- --- --- --- --- --- --- --- --- 3.35 3.61 3.39 3.72 3.29 |
DR5 | −1.73/53.64 × 103 −5.85/6.76 × 103 +6.28/--- +204.31/--- | Docetaxel Kaempferol Quercetin Biflavonoid | O7/S22 O5/S22 H2/S22 H2/P23 --- --- --- --- --- | 3.15 3.17 3.50 3.72 --- --- --- --- --- | --- O3/R39 H1/R39 O1/D40 O2/D40 O4/D40 H1/D40 --- --- | --- 3.55 3.16 3.08 3.77 3.64 3.85 --- --- | --- --- --- --- --- --- --- --- --- | --- --- --- --- --- --- --- --- --- |
Mitochondrial Control of Apoptosis | ||||||||
tBID | −3.24/4.21 × 103 −2.40/17.55 × 103 −2.69/10.58 × 103 −2.77/9.29 × 103 | Docetaxel Kaempferol Quercetin Biflavonoid | O10/R84 O3/S78 O6/R63 O7/R63 O7/R71 O6/R71 O3/S78 O11/R71 O9/S78 | 2.57 2.19 2.68 1.95 1.76 1.88 1.88 2.95 2.17 | --- --- --- --- --- --- --- --- --- | --- --- --- --- --- --- --- --- --- | --- --- --- --- --- --- --- --- --- | --- --- --- --- --- --- --- --- --- |
Bax | +0.02/--- −5.33/122.89 +0.13/--- +0.46/--- | Docetaxel Kaempferol Quercetin Biflavonoid | --- --- --- --- --- --- --- --- --- --- --- --- | --- --- --- --- --- --- --- --- --- --- --- --- | --- H1/D31 O2/D31 O4/D31 O5/N31 O5/S98 H2/S98 O2/T151 O4/S154 O4/L203 --- --- | --- 3.33 3.36 3.29 3.70 3.52 3.65 3.58 3.57 3.76 --- --- | --- --- --- --- --- --- --- --- --- --- --- --- | --- --- --- --- --- --- --- --- --- --- --- --- |
Bak | +0.14/--- +0.51/--- +0.13/--- +0.42/--- | Docetaxel Kaempferol Quercetin Biflavonoid | --- --- --- --- | --- --- --- --- | --- --- --- --- | --- --- --- --- | --- --- --- --- | --- --- --- --- |
Bcl-2 | +0.04/--- +0.51/--- +0.13/--- +0.42/--- | Docetaxel Kaempferol Quercetin Biflavonoid | --- --- --- --- | --- --- --- --- | --- --- --- --- | --- --- --- --- | --- --- --- --- | --- --- --- --- |
Caspases | ||||||||
Casp-3 | −6.79/10.47 −6.15/30.95 +0.13/--- +0.43/--- | Docetaxel Kaempferol Quercetin Biflavonoid | O6/Y204 O11/Y204 --- --- --- --- --- --- --- --- O1/H121 O5/Q161 O1/C163 H2/R64 H2/Q161 H2/A162 --- --- | 3.40 3.17 --- --- --- --- --- --- --- --- 3.12 3.09 3.44 3.80 3.73 3.57 --- --- | O4/T62 H1/T62 O12/H121 N1/H121 H5/H121 O8/Y204 O2/Y204 --- --- --- O5/R64 O6/E123 H3/E123 O4/Y204 H1/Y204 O3/R207 --- --- | 3.83 3.52 3.53 3.71 2.90 3.07 3.57 --- --- --- 3.38 2.76 1.82 3.26 3.59 3.62 --- --- | C26/H121 C43/C163 C35/C163 C29/C163 C33/C163 C38/C163 C8/F256 C4/F256 C23/F256 C21/F256 C1/C163 C2/C163 C3/C163 C4/C163 --- --- --- --- | 3.71 3.17 3.25 3.83 3.41 3.75 3.76 3.76 3.25 3.58 3.45 3.35 3.76 3.66 --- --- --- --- |
Casp-8 | −1.94/38.07 × 103 −1.05/170.68 × 103 −1.13/147.65 × 103 −0.41/502.84 | Docetaxel Kaempferol Quercetin Biflavonoid | --- --- --- --- --- --- --- --- --- | --- --- --- --- --- --- --- --- --- | --- O1/L224 --- --- --- --- --- --- --- | --- 3.20 --- --- --- --- --- --- --- | C39/K224 --- C7/K224 C11/K224 O3/K224 C1/K224 C6/L224 C27/K224 O8/K224 | 3.55 --- 3.68 3.56 3.75 3.67 3.75 3.53 3.88 |
Necroptosis | ||||||||
RIP1 | ND −7.66/2.44 −7.64/2.53 +63.84/--- | Docetaxel Kaempferol Quercetin Biflavonoid | ND --- --- --- --- --- --- --- --- --- --- --- --- --- --- --- --- --- --- --- --- | ND --- --- --- --- --- --- --- --- --- --- --- --- --- --- --- --- --- --- --- --- | ND O5/N68 H2/R71 --- --- --- --- --- --- --- --- O5/H136 H2/H136 --- --- --- --- --- --- --- --- | ND 3.68 3.65 --- --- --- --- --- --- --- --- 3.72 2.91 --- --- --- --- --- --- --- --- | ND C10/L70 C8/L78 C11/L78 C13/L78 C13/L90 C15/L90 C11/M92 C13/M92 C15/M92 C14/M92 C7/V75 C11/V75 C2/V76 C3/V76 C14/L78 C14/M92 C12M92 C15/M92 C11/L129 --- | ND 3.42 3.38 3.34 3.62 3.41 3.65 3.48 3.03 3.11 3.32 3.66 3.55 3.66 3.59 3.89 3.41 3.87 3.88 3.44 --- |
MLKL | ND −4.98/225.37 −5.28/135.30 +0.58/--- | Docetaxel Kaempferol Quercetin Biflavonoid | ND --- --- --- --- --- --- --- --- --- --- O1/L230 --- --- --- --- --- --- --- --- --- --- | ND --- --- --- --- --- --- --- --- --- --- 3.00 --- --- --- --- --- --- --- --- --- --- | ND O3/R210 H1/R210 O1/K230 H2/K230 O5/E250 H2/E250 O2/S335 O1/N336 O2/N336 H3/E351 O3/R210 O7/Q236 H4/Q236 O5/E250 H2/E250 O6/K331 H3/L331 O1/N336 O2/N336 O4/N336 --- | ND 3.46 3.85 3.39 3.77 3.06 2.09 3.85 3.59 3.67 2.16 3.81 3.38 3.74 3.00 2.06 3.21 3.30 3.88 3.79 3.42 --- | ND C10/L338 C9/A348 C10/A348 --- --- --- --- --- --- --- C11/L338 C9/A348 C11/A348 --- --- --- --- --- --- --- --- | ND 3.59 3.56 3.65 --- --- --- --- --- --- --- 3.66 3.42 3.46 --- --- --- --- --- --- -- --- |
FADD | ND +0.51/--- +0.13/--- +0.45/--- | Docetaxel Kaempferol Quercetin Biflavonoid | ND --- --- --- | ND --- --- --- | ND --- --- --- | ND --- --- --- | ND --- --- --- | ND --- --- --- |
Epidermal Growth Factor Receptor (MAPK/ERK Pathway), Transforming Growth Factor B Receptor & Multidrug Resistance Protein 1 | ||||||||
EGFR | ND −6.16/30.34 −6.82/10.10 +7.77/--- | Docetaxel Kaempferol Quercetin Biflavonoid | ND O2/S262 O4/S262 --- --- --- --- O2/S262 O4/S262 --- --- --- --- --- --- | ND 3.20 2.88 --- --- --- --- 2.96 2.82 --- --- --- --- --- --- | ND H2/H280 O6/D238 H3/D238 O3/H280 O4/S282 --- O5/H280 H2/H280 O6/D238 H3/D238 H4/D238 --- --- --- | ND 3.16 3.07 2.27 3.61 3.77 --- 3.87 3.05 2.85 1.89 3.72 --- --- --- | ND C8/P242 C15/L245 C14/L245 C12/L245 C9/P242 C10/P242 C8/P242 C13/L245 C15/L245 C14/L245 C10/L245 C11/P242 C9/P242 --- | ND 3.11 3.51 3.01 3.28 3.40 3.34 3.08 3.10 3.39 3.80 3.51 3.20 3.55 --- |
TGFβ receptor | ND +0.51/--- +0.13/--- +0.44/--- | Docetaxel Kaempferol Quercetin Biflavonoid | ND --- --- ---- | ND --- --- --- | ND --- --- --- | ND --- --- --- | ND --- --- --- | ND --- --- --- |
K-Ras | ND −6.72/11.93 −7.45/3.45 −6.59/14.71 | Docetaxel Kaempferol Quercetin Biflavonoid | ND --- --- --- --- --- --- --- --- O5/S145 H2/D119 H2/S145 H2/K147 O12/K117 H21/L120 --- --- --- --- --- | ND --- --- --- --- --- --- --- --- 3.43 3.07 3.60 3.81 3.36 3.86 --- --- --- --- --- | ND O6/S17 H3/S17 H1/D30 H3/T35 O5/D119 H2/D119 O5/S145 H2/S145 O7/S17 H4/S17 O5/D119 --- H18/S17 O6/D30 H16/D30 H15/D119 O5/D119 O4/K147 O5/K147 | ND 3.41 2.50 3.88 3.89 3.10 2.18 3.66 3.14 3.63 3.47 2.92 --- 3.57 3.46 3.83 2.00 2.76 3.55 3.54 | ND C11/A18 --- --- --- --- --- --- --- C4/A18 --- --- --- C9/Y32 --- --- --- --- --- --- | ND 3.32 --- --- --- --- --- --- --- 3.88 --- --- --- 3.81 --- --- --- --- --- --- |
ALK | ND −3.01/6.25 × 103 −2.77/9.29 × 103 +180.68/--- | Docetaxel Kaempferol Quercetin Biflavonoid | ND --- --- --- --- --- --- --- --- --- --- --- --- | ND --- --- --- --- --- --- --- --- --- --- --- --- | ND O5/E1167 H2/E1167 O6/D1203 H3/D1203 H2/D1270 O5/D1270 O7/N1254 H4/N1254 O6/D1270 H3/D1270 O7/D1270 --- | ND 3.53 3.74 3.01 2.19 2.74 2.71 3.54 3.13 3.13 2.48 3.72 --- | ND C3/L1256 C5/L1256 O6/L1256 C11/L1256 C13/L1256 --- C1/L1256 C2/L1256 C6/L1256 C7/L1256 C8/L1256 --- | ND 3.74 3.37 3.46 3.17 3.44 --- 3.31 3.42 3.53 3.59 3.42 --- |
MEK | ND +0.51/--- +0.14/--- +0.90/--- | Docetaxel Kaempferol Quercetin Biflavonoid | ND --- --- --- | ND --- --- --- | ND --- ---- --- | ND --- --- --- | ND --- --- --- | ND --- --- --- |
MAPK | ND −3.34/3.58 × 103 −3.43/3.08 × 103 −2.64/11.70 × 103 | Docetaxel Kaempferol Quercetin Biflavonoid | ND O4/S51 --- --- --- --- --- O7/S51 H4/N49 H4/S51 O12/S51 H21/S51 --- | ND 3.03 --- --- --- --- --- 3.32 3.55 2.93 3.22 3.31 --- | ND O3/N49 H1/N49 O2/S51 O3/S51 H1/S51 H3/R56 O2/S51 H1/R56 O7/N49 O3/N49 H14/N49 --- | ND 3.47 3.57 3.67 3.76 3.88 3.12 3.78 3.13 2.91 3.90 3.54 --- | ND C12/L53 --- --- --- --- --- --- --- --- C22/V35 C23/V35 C19/P33 | ND 3.54 --- --- --- --- --- --- --- --- 3.81 3.80 3.89 |
MRP1 | ND +0.50/--- +0.13/--- +0.41/--- | Docetaxel Kaempferol Quercetin Biflavonoid | ND --- --- --- | ND --- --- --- | ND --- --- --- | ND --- --- --- | ND --- --- --- | ND --- --- --- |
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Anguiano-Sevilla, L.A.; Lugo-Cervantes, E.; Ordaz-Pichardo, C.; Rosas-Trigueros, J.L.; Jaramillo-Flores, M.E. Apoptosis Induction of Agave lechuguilla Torrey Extract on Human Lung Adenocarcinoma Cells (SK-LU-1). Int. J. Mol. Sci. 2018, 19, 3765. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms19123765
Anguiano-Sevilla LA, Lugo-Cervantes E, Ordaz-Pichardo C, Rosas-Trigueros JL, Jaramillo-Flores ME. Apoptosis Induction of Agave lechuguilla Torrey Extract on Human Lung Adenocarcinoma Cells (SK-LU-1). International Journal of Molecular Sciences. 2018; 19(12):3765. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms19123765
Chicago/Turabian StyleAnguiano-Sevilla, Luis Alberto, Eugenia Lugo-Cervantes, Cynthia Ordaz-Pichardo, Jorge Luis Rosas-Trigueros, and María Eugenia Jaramillo-Flores. 2018. "Apoptosis Induction of Agave lechuguilla Torrey Extract on Human Lung Adenocarcinoma Cells (SK-LU-1)" International Journal of Molecular Sciences 19, no. 12: 3765. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms19123765