Suppression of Superficial Microglial Activation by Spinal Cord Stimulation Attenuates Neuropathic Pain Following Sciatic Nerve Injury in Rats
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Results
2.1. SCS and Minocycline Depressed Plantar Mechanical Hypersensitivity Following SNI
2.2. Microglial and Astroglial Activation in the L4 Dorsal Horn
2.3. Effect of SCS on L4-S1 Nociceptive Neuronal Activity Following SNI
2.4. Cortical Responses to Electrical Stimulation of the Hind Paw
3. Discussion
4. Materials and Methods
4.1. Animals
4.2. Spared Nerve Injury Model Preparation and SCS Electrode Implantation
4.3. Plantar Mechanical Sensitivity
4.4. SCS
4.5. Effect of Minocycline Administration on Plantar Mechanical Sensitivity Following SNI
4.6. Immunohistochemistry
4.7. Western Blotting
4.8. Single Neuronal Recording
4.9. In Vivo Optical Imaging With a Voltage-Sensitive Dye
4.10. Statistical Analysis
5. Conclusions
Supplementary Materials
Author Contributions
Funding
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
Abbreviations
SCS | spinal cord stimulation |
SNI | spared nerve injury |
SDH | spinal dorsal horn |
CNS | central nervous system |
i.p. | intraperitoneal |
PWT | paw withdrawal threshold |
MoT | motor threshold |
PBS | phosphate-buffered saline |
GFAP | glial fibrillary acidic protein |
IR | immunoreactive |
WDR | wide dynamic range |
SD | standard deviations |
ROI | region of interest |
ANOVA | analysis of variance |
SEM | standard error of the mean |
TNFα | tumor necrosis factor alpha |
NMDA | N-methyl-d-aspartic acid |
IL-1β | interleukin-1 beta |
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Shinoda, M.; Fujita, S.; Sugawara, S.; Asano, S.; Koyama, R.; Fujiwara, S.; Soma, K.; Tamagawa, T.; Matsui, T.; Ikutame, D.; et al. Suppression of Superficial Microglial Activation by Spinal Cord Stimulation Attenuates Neuropathic Pain Following Sciatic Nerve Injury in Rats. Int. J. Mol. Sci. 2020, 21, 2390. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms21072390
Shinoda M, Fujita S, Sugawara S, Asano S, Koyama R, Fujiwara S, Soma K, Tamagawa T, Matsui T, Ikutame D, et al. Suppression of Superficial Microglial Activation by Spinal Cord Stimulation Attenuates Neuropathic Pain Following Sciatic Nerve Injury in Rats. International Journal of Molecular Sciences. 2020; 21(7):2390. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms21072390
Chicago/Turabian StyleShinoda, Masamichi, Satoshi Fujita, Shiori Sugawara, Sayaka Asano, Ryo Koyama, Shintaro Fujiwara, Kumi Soma, Takaaki Tamagawa, Tomoyuki Matsui, Daisuke Ikutame, and et al. 2020. "Suppression of Superficial Microglial Activation by Spinal Cord Stimulation Attenuates Neuropathic Pain Following Sciatic Nerve Injury in Rats" International Journal of Molecular Sciences 21, no. 7: 2390. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms21072390