Electronic-Cigarette Vehicles and Flavoring Affect Lung Function and Immune Responses in a Murine Model
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Results
2.1. VG/PG Plus Vanilla Impaired Lung Functional Parameters
2.2. VG/PG and VG/PG Plus Vanilla Did not Alter Lung Macrophage Counts
2.3. VG/PG Altered Lung Cell Immunophenotype
2.4. VG/PG Increased Levels of Lipid Mediators
2.5. Alteration of Gene Expression by VG/PG and VG/PG plus Vanilla
2.6. Immunoglobulin Levels Were Altered by VG/PG plus Vanilla
3. Discussion
4. Materials and Methods
4.1. Chemicals and Reagents
4.2. Mice
4.3. E-Cig Aerosol Exposures
4.4. Pulmonary Function Testing
4.5. Tissue Staining
4.6. Lung Immunophenotype by Flow Cytometry
4.7. Extraction of Lipid Mediators
4.8. Lung mRNA Extraction and Gene Expression Analysis by Quantitative RT-PCR
4.9. RT2 Profiler PCR Array
4.10. Immunoglobulin Level Determination by ELISA
4.11. Protein Analysis for ELISA and Lipid Mediator Extraction Standardization
4.12. Ingenuity Pathway Analysis (IPA)
4.13. Statistical Methods
5. Conclusions
Author Contributions
Funding
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
Abbreviations
12-HETE | 12-hydroxyeicosatetraenoic acid |
2AG | 2-arachidonoylglycerol |
AA | arachidonic acid |
AM | alveolar macrophages |
BALF | broncho-alveolar lavage fluid |
CD4 | cluster of differentiation 4 |
CD8 | cluster of differentiation 8 |
CD19 | cluster of differentiation 19 |
CDC | Center for Disease Control and Prevention |
DC | dendritic cells |
e-cig | electronic-cigarette |
COPD | chronic obstructive pulmonary disease |
ENDS | electronic-nicotine delivery systems |
EVALI | e-cigarette or vaping product use-associated acute lung injury |
FDA | Food and Drug Administration |
GRAS | generally recognized as safe |
IgG | immunoglobulin G |
IM | interstitial macrophages |
MAO | monoamine oxidase |
NEU | neutrophils |
NIOSH | National Institute of Occupational Safety and Health |
NK | natural killer cells |
OEA | oleoylethanolamide |
PEA | palmitoylethanolamide |
PGD2 | prostaglandin D2 |
PGE2 | prostaglandin E2 |
PG | propylene glycol |
VG | vegetable glycerin |
SP-A-D | surfactant protein A-D |
va | vanilla |
THC | tetrahydrocannabinol |
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HEPA-Filtered Air | 70% VG/30% PG | 70% VG/30% PG + Vanilla | |
---|---|---|---|
Temperature (°C) (± SD) † | 25.5 ± 1.2 | 26.4 ± 4.3 | 24.6 ± 1.6 |
Relative humidity (%RH) (± SD) † | 69.7 ± 9.3 | 68.0 ± 3.1 | 73.1 ± 4.2 |
Total particulate matter (TPM) concentration (mg/puff) (± SD) | --- | 0.041 ± 0.031 | 0.035 ± 0.028 |
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Szafran, B.N.; Pinkston, R.; Perveen, Z.; Ross, M.K.; Morgan, T.; Paulsen, D.B.; Penn, A.L.; Kaplan, B.L.F.; Noël, A. Electronic-Cigarette Vehicles and Flavoring Affect Lung Function and Immune Responses in a Murine Model. Int. J. Mol. Sci. 2020, 21, 6022. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms21176022
Szafran BN, Pinkston R, Perveen Z, Ross MK, Morgan T, Paulsen DB, Penn AL, Kaplan BLF, Noël A. Electronic-Cigarette Vehicles and Flavoring Affect Lung Function and Immune Responses in a Murine Model. International Journal of Molecular Sciences. 2020; 21(17):6022. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms21176022
Chicago/Turabian StyleSzafran, Brittany N., Rakeysha Pinkston, Zakia Perveen, Matthew K. Ross, Timothy Morgan, Daniel B. Paulsen, Arthur L. Penn, Barbara L. F. Kaplan, and Alexandra Noël. 2020. "Electronic-Cigarette Vehicles and Flavoring Affect Lung Function and Immune Responses in a Murine Model" International Journal of Molecular Sciences 21, no. 17: 6022. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms21176022