Focus on Biochemical and Clinical Predictors of Response to Immune Checkpoint Inhibitors in Metastatic Urothelial Carcinoma: Where Do We Stand?
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Immune Checkpoints
2.1. PD-1/PDL-1 Pathway in Normal Cells
2.2. PD-1/PDL-1 Pathway in Tumor Cells
2.3. Anti PD-1 Antibodies
2.4. Anti PD-1 Antibodies Conjugations
2.5. Anti PD-L1 Antibodies
2.6. CTLA-4 Pathway
3. Biochemical and Clinical Predictors for the ICI Response
3.1. PD-L1 Expression
3.2. TMB and Ne-Oantigens
3.3. Copy Number Variant (CNV)
3.4. Microsatellte Instability
3.5. Gene Expression Profiles (GEP)
3.6. Tumor Infiltrating Cytotoxic T Lymphocytes (TILs)
3.7. Clinical Predictors
4. Conclusions
Author Contributions
Funding
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
Abbreviations
(BCG) | Bacillus Calmette-Guérin |
(mUC) | metastatic urothelial cancer |
(ICIs) | immune checkpoint inhibitors |
(PD-1/PD-L1) | programmed cell death-1/programmed death ligand-1 |
(FDA) | Food and Drug Administration |
(TURBT) | transurethral bladder tumor resection |
(CTLA-4) | cytotoxic T-lymphocyte-associated-4 |
(IgV) | immunoglobulin V |
(TCR) | T cell receptor |
(TILs) | tumor-infiltrating lymphocytes |
(EMA) | European Medicines Agency |
(OS) | overall survival |
(PFS) | progression-free survival |
(ORR) | objective response rate |
(MMAE) | monomethyl auristatin E |
(EV) | enfortumab vedotin |
(DOR) | diagnostic odds ratio |
(TEAEs) | treatment-emergent adverse events |
(MSI-H) | microsatellite instability-high |
(dMMR) | mismatch repair deficiency |
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Roviello, G.; Catalano, M.; Nobili, S.; Santi, R.; Mini, E.; Nesi, G. Focus on Biochemical and Clinical Predictors of Response to Immune Checkpoint Inhibitors in Metastatic Urothelial Carcinoma: Where Do We Stand? Int. J. Mol. Sci. 2020, 21, 7935. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms21217935
Roviello G, Catalano M, Nobili S, Santi R, Mini E, Nesi G. Focus on Biochemical and Clinical Predictors of Response to Immune Checkpoint Inhibitors in Metastatic Urothelial Carcinoma: Where Do We Stand? International Journal of Molecular Sciences. 2020; 21(21):7935. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms21217935
Chicago/Turabian StyleRoviello, Giandomenico, Martina Catalano, Stefania Nobili, Raffaella Santi, Enrico Mini, and Gabriella Nesi. 2020. "Focus on Biochemical and Clinical Predictors of Response to Immune Checkpoint Inhibitors in Metastatic Urothelial Carcinoma: Where Do We Stand?" International Journal of Molecular Sciences 21, no. 21: 7935. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms21217935