Synergistic Effect of Beauveria bassiana and Trichoderma asperellum to Induce Maize (Zea mays L.) Defense against the Asian Corn Borer, Ostrinia furnacalis (Lepidoptera, Crambidae) and Larval Immune Response
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Results
2.1. In Vitro Pathogenicity Bioassay
2.2. Scanning Electron Microscopy
2.3. Defense Response of Maize Plant
2.3.1. Confirmation of Endophytic Colonization of Plants
2.3.2. Larval Mortality and Maize Plant Damage Rating
2.3.3. Biochemical Analysis of Maize Plants
Antioxidant Enzyme Assay
2.3.4. Chlorophyll a, b and Carotenoids Contents in Maize Plants
Proline Content of Leaves
Protease (EC 3.4.21.112) Activity
Polyphenol Oxidase (PPO, EC 1.10.3.1) Activity
2.4. Transcriptome Analysis and Identification of Deferentially Expressed Genes in ACB
2.4.1. Gene Ontology (GO) and Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes (KEGG) Classification and Enrichment Analysis
2.4.2. Expression Pattern of Immune Related Genes and qRT-PCR Validation
3. Discussion
4. Material and Methods
4.1. Source of Insect and Fungal Isolates
4.2. Conidial Suspension Preparation
4.3. In Vitro Pathogenicity Bioassay
4.4. Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM)
4.5. Defense Response of Maize Plant
4.5.1. Application of Fungal Suspensions and Sowing
4.5.2. Confirmation of Endophytic Colonization of Plants
4.5.3. Insect Infestation and Sampling
4.5.4. Larval Mortality and Maize Plant Damage Rating
4.5.5. Physiological and Biochemical Analysis of Plants
Antioxidant Enzyme Assay
Proline Content of Leaves
Protease (EC 3.4.21.112) Activity
Polyphenol Oxidase (PPO, EC 1.10.3.1) Activity
4.5.6. Chlorophyll Content of Plants
4.6. Transcriptome Analysis
4.6.1. Sample Collection and Preparation
4.6.2. Library Preparation and Illumina Sequencing
4.6.3. Assembly and Functional Annotation
4.6.4. Differential Expression Analysis
4.6.5. Go and KEGG Pathway Enrichment Analysis
4.6.6. Validation of Defense Related DEG’s by RT-qPCR
4.7. Statistical Analysis
5. Conclusions
Supplementary Materials
Author Contributions
Funding
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Fungal Strain | LC50 (%) | 95% FL | Slope ± SE | X2 (DF = 13) | p-Value |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Beauveria bassiana OFDH1-5 | 5.9 × 105 | 143015.917–1582815.025 | 0.436 ± 0.065 | 7.89 | ≤0.01 |
Trichoderma asperellum GDFS1009 | 8.4 × 108 | 273575649.988–5512644984.830 | 0.454 ± 0.079 | 6.221 | ≤0.01 |
Treatments | Mortality (%) | Tunnel Number | Tunnel Length (cm) |
---|---|---|---|
C | 0 ± 0 e | 0 ± 0 e | 0 ± 0 d |
T1 | 85 ± 1.6 a | 1.2 ± 0.79 c,d | 0.765 ± 0.75 c,d |
T2 | 71.6 ± 4.3 b,c | 1.7 ± 0.82 b,c | 1.14 ± 0.55 b,c,d |
T3 | 53.3 ± 2.2 c | 2.3 ± 0.48 b | 2.08 ± 0.81 b,c |
T4 | 46.67 ± 2.1 d | 2.3 ± 0.5 b | 2.476 ± 1.06 b |
T5 | 91.7 ± 3.7 a | 0.6 ± 0.84 d,e | 0.49 ± 0.72 d |
T6 | 81.6 ± 0.74 a,b | 1.1 ± 0.57 c,d | 1.208 ± 0.68 b,c,d |
T7 | 8.7 ± 2.7 e | 4.7 ± 1.16 a | 4.64 ± 1.96 a |
DEG Set | Total | Upregulated | Downregulated |
---|---|---|---|
CONTROL vs. BB | 218 | 168 | 50 |
CONTROL vs. BB-TH | 38 | 13 | 25 |
CONTROL vs. TH | 45 | 17 | 28 |
Gene ID | Function | Expression (Log2) | ||
---|---|---|---|---|
CONTROL vs. BB | CONTROL vs. BB+TH | CONTROL vs. TH | ||
gene-LOC114351388 | Signal transduction mechanisms | 2.891216 | --- | -- |
gene-LOC114359283 | serine/threonine-protein kinase | 1.801724 | -- | -- |
gene-LOC114365584 | Signal transduction mechanisms | 1.71629 | -- | -- |
gene-LOC114363167 | Signal transduction mechanisms | 1.111284 | -- | -- |
gene-LOC114352123 | peptidoglycan recognition protein | 1.783481 | -- | -- |
gene-LOC114359877 | chitinase-3 | 3.204765 | -- | -- |
gene-LOC114354452 | Signal transduction mechanisms | −1.1389 | -- | -- |
gene-LOC114351571 | Signal transduction mechanisms | 1.841207 | -- | -- |
gene-LOC114354308 | Defense mechanisms (ABC transporter) | 1.421725 | -- | -- |
gene-LOC114366083 | Signal transduction mechanisms | 2.038954 | -- | -- |
gene-LOC114350700 | Signal transduction mechanisms | 2.649408 | -- | -- |
gene-LOC114356220 | heat shock protein 83 | −1.72546 | −1.8703 | -- |
gene-LOC114353130 | Defense mechanisms (ABC transporter) | 2.170025 | -- | -- |
gene-LOC114358387 | heat shock protein 20.4 | −2.57941 | −2.9913 | -- |
gene-LOC114353313 | UDP-glucosidase | 1.953112 | -- | 1.78757 |
gene-LOC114362284 | Signal transduction mechanisms | 1.597204 | -- | -- |
gene-LOC114359576 | serine/threonine-protein kinase | 1.717456 | -- | -- |
gene-LOC114362676 | serine/threonine-protein kinase | 1.821126 | -- | -- |
gene-LOC114365247 | Signal transduction mechanisms | 1.355035 | -- | -- |
gene-LOC114364856 | Signal transduction mechanisms | 1.350309 | -- | -- |
gene-LOC114357915 | Signal transduction mechanisms | 1.705776 | -- | -- |
gene-LOC114357147 | Signal transduction mechanisms | 1.634834 | -- | -- |
gene-LOC114362187 | Signal transduction mechanisms | 1.942793 | -- | -- |
gene-LOC114351255 | serine/threonine-protein phosphatase | 1.745418 | -- | -- |
gene-LOC114355543 | Signal transduction mechanisms | 1.109096 | -- | -- |
gene-LOC114366552 | Insect cuticle protein | −1.75469 | -- | -- |
gene-LOC114354721 | heat shock protein 24.3 | −2.38213 | −3.15665 | -- |
gene-LOC114351436 | serine proteinase inhibitor | 2.446235 | -- | -- |
gene-LOC114352122 | peptidoglycan-recognition protein-S | 2.992085 | -- | -- |
gene-LOC114354585 | peptidoglycan-recognition protein-S | 1.810414 | -- | -- |
gene-LOC114356221 | Heat shock protein 70 | −2.19843 | −2.84068 | −1.96491 |
gene-LOC114354346 | Signal transduction mechanisms | 1.478152 | -- | -- |
gene-LOC114351799 | Signal transduction mechanisms | 1.927021 | -- | -- |
gene-LOC114351742 | Signal transduction mechanisms | 1.262353 | -- | -- |
gene-LOC114366353 | Insect cuticle protein | −2.04885 | −1.34725 | 2.27946 |
gene-LOC114362562 | Cadherin | 1.536785 | 0.9054481 | 0.7932067 |
gene-LOC114366367 | Insect cuticle protein | −1.66763 | −1.26854 | 1.5968267 |
gene-LOC114354308 | ACB transporter | 1.421725 | 1.1354 | 1.11238 |
gene-LOC114350074 | UDP-glucuronosyltransferase | −1.41575 | −0.9498 | −1.30987 |
gene-LOC114359337 | Signal transduction mechanisms | -- | 2.726825 | -- |
gene-LOC114356222 | Protein lethal essential for life (HSP-20) | -- | −2.80833 | −2.34904 |
gene-LOC114363773 | Heat shock protein 68 | −4.13625 | −3.49075 | −3.89546 |
gene-LOC114353087 | Cytochrome P450 | −0.99134 | −1.6274 | −0.23413 |
gene-LOC114354720 | Protein lethal (2) essential for life | -- | −2.25955 | −1.99824 |
gene-LOC114352113 | Peptidoglycan-recognition protein-B | −2.05588 | −2.1622 | |
gene-LOC114353764 | Protein lethal essential for life (HSP- 20) | -- | −3.00427 | −1.69466 |
gene-LOC114358386 | Protein lethal essential for life (HSP−20) | -- | −2.45793 | -- |
gene-LOC114357364 | Defense mechanisms (ABC transporter) | -- | 3.555454 | -- |
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Batool, R.; Umer, M.J.; Wang, Y.; He, K.; Zhang, T.; Bai, S.; Zhi, Y.; Chen, J.; Wang, Z. Synergistic Effect of Beauveria bassiana and Trichoderma asperellum to Induce Maize (Zea mays L.) Defense against the Asian Corn Borer, Ostrinia furnacalis (Lepidoptera, Crambidae) and Larval Immune Response. Int. J. Mol. Sci. 2020, 21, 8215. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms21218215
Batool R, Umer MJ, Wang Y, He K, Zhang T, Bai S, Zhi Y, Chen J, Wang Z. Synergistic Effect of Beauveria bassiana and Trichoderma asperellum to Induce Maize (Zea mays L.) Defense against the Asian Corn Borer, Ostrinia furnacalis (Lepidoptera, Crambidae) and Larval Immune Response. International Journal of Molecular Sciences. 2020; 21(21):8215. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms21218215
Chicago/Turabian StyleBatool, Raufa, Muhammad Jawad Umer, Yangzhou Wang, Kanglai He, Tiantao Zhang, Shuxiong Bai, Yang Zhi, Jie Chen, and Zhenying Wang. 2020. "Synergistic Effect of Beauveria bassiana and Trichoderma asperellum to Induce Maize (Zea mays L.) Defense against the Asian Corn Borer, Ostrinia furnacalis (Lepidoptera, Crambidae) and Larval Immune Response" International Journal of Molecular Sciences 21, no. 21: 8215. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms21218215