Mechanism of Synergy between Piceatannol and Ciprofloxacin against Staphylococcus aureus
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Results
2.1. Antibacterial Activity of PIC
2.2. The Combination of PIC and CIP Has a Synergic Effect
2.3. The Combination of PIC and CIP Shows Potently Bactericidal Activity against S. aureus
2.4. PIC Dissipates the Proton Motive Force but Does Not Increase the Membrane Permeability of S. aureus
2.5. PIC Reduces the ATP Synthesis of S. aureus
2.6. PIC Displays Low Levels of Resistance Development
2.7. PIC has Slight Hemolytic Activity on Mammalian Erythrocytes
3. Discussion
4. Materials and Methods
4.1. Materials and Bacterial Strains
4.2. Antimicrobial Activity
4.2.1. Determination of Minimum Inhibitory Concentration (MIC) and Minimum Bactericidal Concentration (MBC)
4.2.2. Antibiotic Synergism Tests
4.2.3. Time–Kill Assay
4.3. The Antibacterial Mechanism
4.3.1. Membrane Permeability Assay
4.3.2. Proton Motive Force Assay
4.3.3. Effects of pH on Antibacterial Activity
4.3.4. ATP Assay
4.4. Resistance Study
4.5. Hemolysis Assay
4.6. Statistical Analysis
5. Conclusions
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Data Availability Statement
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Strain | PIC | CIP | MET | VAN | CTX | GEN | TCY |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
ATCC 29213 | 128 | 4 | 2 | 4 | 2 | 2 | 0.25 |
J-28 | 128 | 32 | 2 | 2 | 1 | 16 | 32 |
J-6 | 64 | 4 | 2 | 4 | 1 | 0.25 | 0.25 |
J-11 | 64 | 32 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 4 | 0.25 |
J-14 | 128 | 32 | 2 | 2 | 2 | 32 | 0.25 |
J-9 | 128 | 32 | 2 | 2 | 1 | 8 | 32 |
Strains | MBC (μg/mL) | MBC/MIC |
---|---|---|
ATCC 29213 | 256 | 2 |
J-28 | 256 | 2 |
J-6 | 512 | 8 |
J-11 | 256 | 4 |
J-14 | 256 | 2 |
J-9 | 256 | 2 |
Antibiotics | ATCC 29213 | J-28 | J-6 | J-11 | J-14 | J-9 |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
CIP | 0.75 | 0.5 | 0.75 | 0.375 | 0.375 | 1 |
MET | 2 | 0.75 | 0.75 | 1 | 1 | 0.75 |
VAN | 1.25 | 1 | 0.5625 | 0.75 | 1 | 1 |
CTX | 2.5 | 1 | 2 | 1 | 1 | 0.75 |
GEN | 0.625 | 0.625 | 0.75 | 1.125 | 0.75 | 0.75 |
TCY | 0.75 | 0.75 | 0.75 | 2 | 2 | 0.75 |
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Shi, M.; Bai, Y.; Qiu, Y.; Zhang, X.; Zeng, Z.; Chen, L.; Cheng, F.; Zhang, J. Mechanism of Synergy between Piceatannol and Ciprofloxacin against Staphylococcus aureus. Int. J. Mol. Sci. 2022, 23, 15341. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms232315341
Shi M, Bai Y, Qiu Y, Zhang X, Zeng Z, Chen L, Cheng F, Zhang J. Mechanism of Synergy between Piceatannol and Ciprofloxacin against Staphylococcus aureus. International Journal of Molecular Sciences. 2022; 23(23):15341. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms232315341
Chicago/Turabian StyleShi, Mengyan, Yubin Bai, Yanhua Qiu, Xinxin Zhang, Zikang Zeng, Lingling Chen, Fusheng Cheng, and Jiyu Zhang. 2022. "Mechanism of Synergy between Piceatannol and Ciprofloxacin against Staphylococcus aureus" International Journal of Molecular Sciences 23, no. 23: 15341. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms232315341