A Cross-Sectional Study on the Occurrence of the Intestinal Protist, Dientamoeba fragilis, in the Gut-Healthy Volunteers and Their Animals
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Results
2.1. Prevalence of Dientamoeba fragilis Based on Two Molecular Approaches
2.2. Comparison of the Sensitivity of cPCR and qPCR for Dientamoeba fragilis Detection
2.3. Influence of the Specific Factors on the Occurrence of Dientamoeba fragilis
2.3.1. Lifestyle
2.3.2. Contact with Animals
2.3.3. Age and Gender
2.4. Occurrence of Dientamoeba fragilis in the Family Environment
2.5. Coinfection of Dientamoeba fragilis with Blastocystis spp.
2.6. Genetic Diversity of Dientamoeba fragilis Based on Molecular Phylogenies
3. Discussion
4. Materials and Methods
4.1. Sample Collection and Ethical Approval
4.2. DNA Extraction and Samples Processing
4.3. Conventional PCR
4.4. Real-Time Diagnostics
4.5. Cloning and Sequencing of Positive Samples
4.6. Phylogenetic Analysis
4.7. Statistical Analysis
5. Conclusions
Supplementary Materials
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Data Availability Statement
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Host | Category | N | N Positive in cPCR | N Positive in qPCR |
---|---|---|---|---|
Homo sapiens | human | 296 | 22 | 72 |
Canis lupus familiaris | dog | 54 | 0 | 4 |
Felis silvestris catus | cat | 19 | 0 | 1 |
Equus caballus | horse | 15 | 0 | 2 |
Oryctolagus cuniculus domesticus | rabbit | 13 | 1 | 5 |
Ovis aries | sheep | 6 | 0 | 1 |
Capra aegagrus hircus | goat | 4 | 0 | 1 |
Cavia aperea porcellus Bos primigenius taurus | guinea pig cow | 2 2 | 0 0 | 1 0 |
Sus scrofa domestica | pig | 3 | 0 | 0 |
Gallus gallus domesticus | poultry | 8 | 0 | 0 |
Testudo horsfieldii | turtle | 2 | 0 | 0 |
Psittacus erithacus | parrot | 1 | 0 | 0 |
Columba livia domestica | pigeon | 1 | 0 | 0 |
Phodopus sungorus | hamster | 1 | 0 | 0 |
Atelerix albiventris | hedgehog | 1 | 0 | 0 |
Anas platyrhynchos domesticus | duck | 1 | 0 | 0 |
Anser anser domesticus | goose | 1 | 0 | 0 |
Phelsuma madagascariensis | felsuma | 1 | 0 | 0 |
Age | N | N Positive | Incidence (%) | SD |
---|---|---|---|---|
0–3 | 18 | 2 | 11 | 0.323 |
4–6 | 14 | 7 | 50 | 0.519 |
7–12 | 16 | 7 | 44 | 0.512 |
13–17 | 4 | 1 | 25 | 0.500 |
18–30 | 73 | 15 | 21 | 0.407 |
31–49 | 88 | 21 | 24 | 0.429 |
50–60 | 36 | 9 | 25 | 0.439 |
60+ | 47 | 10 | 21 | 0.414 |
Sample | Methods | Sample | Methods | ||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
cPCR | qPCR | Ct Value | Host | cPCR | qPCR | Ct Value | Host | ||
B45 | − | + | 15 | human | B437 | − | + | 34 | human |
B9 | + | + | 16 | human | B286 | − | + | 35 | human |
B13 | + | + | 17 | human | B289 | − | + | 35 | human |
B126 | + | + | 17 | human | B372 | − | + | 35 | human |
B226 | − | + | 17 | human | B375 | − | + | 35 | human |
B288 | + | + | 17 | human | B49 | − | + | 36 | human |
B312 | − | + | 17 | human | B34 | − | + | 37 | human |
B328 | + | + | 18 | human | B378 | − | + | 37 | human |
B24 | + | + | 19 | human | B246 | − | + | 37 | human |
B373 | + | + | 19 | human | B31 | − | + | 38 | human |
B224 | + | + | 20 | human | B150 | − | + | 38 | human |
B339 | + | + | 20 | human | B287 | − | + | 38 | human |
B371 | + | + | 20 | human | B41 | − | + | 39 | human |
B32 | − | + | 22 | human | B121 | − | + | 39 | human |
B345 | + | + | 22 | human | B227 | − | + | 39 | human |
B418 | + | + | 23 | human | B234 | − | + | 39 | human |
B82 | + | + | 24 | human | B245 | − | + | 39 | human |
B113 | + | + | 24 | human | B291 | − | + | 39 | human |
B238 | + | + | 24 | human | B325 | − | + | 39 | human |
B347 | − | + | 24 | human | B327 | − | + | 39 | human |
B414 | − | + | 24 | human | B331 | − | + | 39 | human |
B329 | + | + | 25 | human | B416 | − | + | 39 | human |
B343 | − | + | 25 | human | B3 | − | + | 40 | human |
B413 | + | + | 25 | human | B23 | − | + | 40 | human |
B326 | + | + | 26 | human | B35 | − | + | 40 | human |
B341 | + | + | 26 | human | B42 | − | + | 40 | human |
B393 | + | + | 26 | human | B106 | − | + | 40 | human |
B225 | − | + | 27 | human | B232 | − | + | 40 | human |
B361 | − | + | 27 | human | B174 | − | + | 23 | rabbit |
B338 | + | + | 28 | human | B263 | − | + | 28 | rabbit |
B377 | + | + | 28 | human | B262 | − | + | 29 | guinea pig |
B424 | − | + | 28 | human | B151 | − | + | 31 | rabbit |
B346 | − | + | 29 | human | B163 | − | + | 32 | rabbit |
B367 | − | + | 29 | human | B422 | − | + | 33 | goat |
B124 | − | + | 30 | human | B285 | − | + | 34 | rabbit |
B231 | − | + | 30 | human | B229 | − | + | 38 | cat |
B338 | − | + | 31 | human | B351 | − | + | 38 | sheep |
B374 | − | + | 31 | human | B137 | − | + | 39 | dog |
B425 | − | + | 31 | human | B152 | − | + | 39 | rabbit |
B430 | − | + | 31 | human | B171 | − | + | 39 | horse |
B431 | − | + | 31 | human | B337 | − | + | 39 | dog |
B406 | − | + | 32 | human | B369 | − | + | 39 | dog |
B280 | − | + | 33 | human | B205 | − | + | 40 | horse |
B419 | − | + | 33 | human | B273 | − | + | 40 | dog |
Category | Samples N * | Prevalence | Category | Samples N * | Prevalence | Category | Samples N * | Prevalence |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
living locality | non-travelers | |||||||
village | 83/296 | 29% | city | 213/296 | 23% | only in the Czechia | 52/296 | 15% # |
(24/83) | (48/213) | (8/52) | ||||||
contact with animals | travelers | |||||||
in contact with animals | 252/296 | 25% | no contact with animals | 44/296 | 23% | inside Europe | 140/296 | 24% # |
(62/252) | (10/44) | (34/140) | ||||||
in contact with pets | 180/252 * | 20% # | in contact with farm animals | 72/252 * | 36% # | outside Europe | 104/296 | 29% # |
(36/180) | (26/72) | (30/104) |
N Family Members | N Positive Members (Sample) | Contact Animal (Sample) |
---|---|---|
3 | 3 (B371, B372, B373) | dog (B369), horse (B337) |
4 | 3 (B338, B339, B341) | sheep (B351) |
3 | 2 (B418, B419) | goat (B422) |
4 | 1 (B150) | rabbit (B151) |
4 | 1 (B49) | rabbit (B285) |
1 | 1 (B227) | cat (B229) |
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Jirků, M.; Kašparová, A.; Lhotská, Z.; Oborník, M.; Brožová, K.; Petrželková, K.J.; Samaš, P.; Kadlecová, O.; Stensvold, C.R.; Jirků, K. A Cross-Sectional Study on the Occurrence of the Intestinal Protist, Dientamoeba fragilis, in the Gut-Healthy Volunteers and Their Animals. Int. J. Mol. Sci. 2022, 23, 15407. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms232315407
Jirků M, Kašparová A, Lhotská Z, Oborník M, Brožová K, Petrželková KJ, Samaš P, Kadlecová O, Stensvold CR, Jirků K. A Cross-Sectional Study on the Occurrence of the Intestinal Protist, Dientamoeba fragilis, in the Gut-Healthy Volunteers and Their Animals. International Journal of Molecular Sciences. 2022; 23(23):15407. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms232315407
Chicago/Turabian StyleJirků, Milan, Andrea Kašparová, Zuzana Lhotská, Miroslav Oborník, Kristýna Brožová, Klára J. Petrželková, Peter Samaš, Oldřiška Kadlecová, Christen Rune Stensvold, and Kateřina Jirků. 2022. "A Cross-Sectional Study on the Occurrence of the Intestinal Protist, Dientamoeba fragilis, in the Gut-Healthy Volunteers and Their Animals" International Journal of Molecular Sciences 23, no. 23: 15407. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms232315407