Molecular Machinery of Lipid Droplet Degradation and Turnover in Plants
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Degradation of the LD Structural Proteins and the Phospholipid Monolayer
2.1. Proteolytic Degradation of the LD Structural Proteins in Plants
2.2. The Degradation of the Phospholipid Monolayer
3. Storage Triacylglycerols (TAGs) Mobilization in LDs
3.1. SDP1 and SDP1-L Mediated TAG Mobilization
3.2. Delivery of SDP1 from Peroxisomes to LDs
3.3. Lipid Mobilization by LOX
4. Diacylglycerol (DAG) and Monoacylglycerol (MAG) Mobilization
5. Roles of Autophagy in LD Breakdown in Plants
5.1. Involvement of Autophagy in LD Metabolism in Eukaryotic Cells
5.2. Autophagy-Mediated LD Degradation in Plants
5.3. Possible Proteins Involved in Autophagy-Mediated LD Degradation in Plants
6. Role of the LD Degradation in Pathogen Infection in Plants
7. Concluding Remarks and Future Perspectives
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Protein | TAIR Locus | Localization | Putative Function | Reference |
---|---|---|---|---|
PUX10 | AT4G10790 | LD | Acts as an adaptor to recruit CDC48A to ubiquitinated oleosins | [8,18] |
CDC48A | AT3G09840 | LD | AAA-type ATPase that facilitates oleosin dislocation from LDs | [8,18] |
MIEL1 | AT5G18650 | Peroxisome | Targets and ubiquitinates seed oleosins for degradation during seedling lipid mobilization | [52] |
PLA2 | AT2G06925 AT2G19690 AT4G29460 AT4G29470 | Cytosol | Hydrolysis of the sn-2 fatty acyl bond of phospholipids, involved in lipid catabolism and phospholipid metabolisms | [62,63] |
PLD α1 | AT3G15730 | Intracellular membranes | Hydrolysis of membrane phospholipids | [160] |
OLE1 | AT4G25140 | ER, LD | Might be involved in lipid metabolism | [161] |
OLE3 | AT5G51210 | LD | Exhibits both monoacylglycerol acyltransferase and PLA2 activities | [59,60] |
SDP1 | AT5G04040 | Peroxisome | Hydrolyze LD TAGs | [12] |
SDP1-L | AT3G57140 | Unknown | Hydrolyze LD TAGs | [12] |
AtOBL1 | At3G14360 | LD | Hydrolyze LD TAGs | [72] |
LOX | AT1G17420 | Cytosol | Catalyzes the oxygenation of FAs | [21,101] |
ATGLL | AT1G33270 | Chloroplast | Catalyzes DAG hydrolysis and plays important roles in maintaining lipid homeostasis in plants | [106] |
MAGL 8 | AT2G39420 | ER and/or Golgi network | Associated with the LD surface and catalyzes MAG hydrolysis during seed germination | [107] |
CGI-58 | AT4G24160 | Peroxisome | Soluble acyltransferase, with lipase and phospholipase functions; participates in the regulation of lipid turnover | [77] |
PXA1 | AT4G39850 | Peroxisome | Imports polyunsaturated FAs into peroxisomes for β-oxidation | [78] |
LACS6 | AT3G05970 | Peroxisome | Activates fatty acids into long-chain acyl-CoA for further β-oxidation in peroxisomes. | [81] |
LACS7 | AT5G27600 | Peroxisome | Activates fatty acids into long-chain acyl-CoA for further β-oxidation in peroxisomes. | [81] |
VPS29 | AT3G47810 | MVBs | Mediates peroxisome tubulation to deliver the lipase SDP1 to the LD surface | [83,162] |
FREE1 | AT1G20110 | Peripheral membrane | Mediates the movement of SDP1 from peroxisomes to LD | [88] |
PEX11e | AT3G61070 | Peroxisome | Mediates the movement of SDP1 from peroxisomes to LD | [33] |
RABE1d | AT5G03520 | Peroxisome | Small GTPases which might promote LD turnover | [90] |
RABC2a | AT5G03530 | LDs, peroxisome | Small GTPases which might promote LD turnover | [89] |
ARF1 | AT1G23490 | Cytosol, endomembrane | Might play a role in the delivery of ATGL to the LD surface for lipolysis | [94] |
SAR1 | AT1G56330 | ER, cytosol, | Might play a role in the delivery of ATGL to the LD surface for lipolysis | [94] |
CLO1 | AT4G26740 | LD | Regulates the normal modification of the vacuole membrane and the interaction of LDs with vacuoles | [26] |
RABG3f | AT3G18820 | PVCs, tonoplast | Small GTPases that may promote direct interactions between MVBs/lysosomes and LDs | [147] |
CCZ1 | AT1G16020 | PVCs | Vacuolar fusion protein | [149] |
SAND/MON1 | AT2G28390 | PVCs, tonoplast | Essential for the fusion of MVBs with the vacuole | [149] |
SH3P2 | AT4G34660 | autophagosome membrane | Critical non-ATG regulator of plant autophagy | [139] |
ATG2 | AT3G19190 | autophagosome precursors | Participate in phagophore expansion and LD breakdown | [163] |
ATG5 | AT5G17290 | Autophagosomes | Involved in ATG8 lipidation in autophagy and LD breakdown | [128] |
ATG7 | AT5G45900 | Cytosol | E1 enzyme for ATG12 and ATG8-family proteins in autophagy and involved in breakdown of LDs | [163] |
ATG8e | AT2G45170 | Autophagosomes | Ubiquitin-like protein that decorates the phagophore via conjugation to phosphatidylethanolamine and involved in breakdown of LDs | [27] |
ATG12 | AT1G54210 | Autophagosomes | Involved in ATG8 lipidation in autophagy and LD breakdown | [125] |
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Qin, Z.; Wang, T.; Zhao, Y.; Ma, C.; Shao, Q. Molecular Machinery of Lipid Droplet Degradation and Turnover in Plants. Int. J. Mol. Sci. 2023, 24, 16039. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms242216039
Qin Z, Wang T, Zhao Y, Ma C, Shao Q. Molecular Machinery of Lipid Droplet Degradation and Turnover in Plants. International Journal of Molecular Sciences. 2023; 24(22):16039. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms242216039
Chicago/Turabian StyleQin, Zhaoxia, Tianyu Wang, Yanxiu Zhao, Changle Ma, and Qun Shao. 2023. "Molecular Machinery of Lipid Droplet Degradation and Turnover in Plants" International Journal of Molecular Sciences 24, no. 22: 16039. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms242216039