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Microorganisms
Volume 12
Issue 7
10.3390/microorganisms12071300
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Review

Phaseolotoxin: Environmental Conditions and Regulatory Mechanisms Involved in Its Synthesis

by
Jackeline Lizzeta Arvizu-Gómez
1,*,
Alejandro Hernández-Morales
2,*,
Juan Campos-Guillén
3,
Christian González-Reyes
4 and
Juan Ramiro Pacheco-Aguilar
3
1
Secretaría de Investigación y Posgrado, Centro Nayarita de Innovación y Transferencia de Tecnología (CENITT), Universidad Autónoma de Nayarit, Tepic 63000, Mexico
2
Facultad de Estudios Profesionales Zona Huasteca, Universidad Autónoma de San Luis Potosí, Ciudad Valles 79060, Mexico
3
Facultad de Química, Universidad Autónoma de Querétaro, Santiago de Querétaro 76010, Mexico
4
Unidad Académica de Ciencias Químico Biológico y Farmacéuticas, Universidad Autónoma de Nayarit, Tepic 63000, Mexico
*
Authors to whom correspondence should be addressed.
Microorganisms 2024, 12(7), 1300; https://doi.org/10.3390/microorganisms12071300
Submission received: 19 April 2024 / Revised: 12 June 2024 / Accepted: 24 June 2024 / Published: 26 June 2024
(This article belongs to the Section Plant Microbe Interactions)
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Abstract

Phaseolotoxin is an antimetabolite toxin produced by diverse pathovars of Pseudomonas syringae which affects various plants, causing diseases of economic importance. Phaseolotoxin contributes to the systemic dissemination of the pathogen in the plant, therefore it is recognized as a major virulence factor. Genetic traits such as the Pht cluster, appear defining to the toxigenic strains phaseolotoxin producers. Extensive research has contributed to our knowledge concerning the regulation of phaseolotoxin revealing a complex regulatory network that involves processes at the transcriptional and posttranscriptional levels, in which specific and global regulators participate. Even more, significant advances in understanding how specific signals, including host metabolites, nutrient sources, and physical parameters such as the temperature, can affect phaseolotoxin production have been made. A general overview of the phaseolotoxin regulation, focusing on the chemical and physical cues, and regulatory pathways involved in the expression of this major virulence factor will be given in the present work.
Keywords: phaseolotoxin; Pseudomonas syringae pathovars phaseolotoxin-producers; regulation; Pht cluster; Pbo cluster; thermoregulation phaseolotoxin; Pseudomonas syringae pathovars phaseolotoxin-producers; regulation; Pht cluster; Pbo cluster; thermoregulation

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MDPI and ACS Style

Arvizu-Gómez, J.L.; Hernández-Morales, A.; Campos-Guillén, J.; González-Reyes, C.; Pacheco-Aguilar, J.R. Phaseolotoxin: Environmental Conditions and Regulatory Mechanisms Involved in Its Synthesis. Microorganisms 2024, 12, 1300. https://doi.org/10.3390/microorganisms12071300

AMA Style

Arvizu-Gómez JL, Hernández-Morales A, Campos-Guillén J, González-Reyes C, Pacheco-Aguilar JR. Phaseolotoxin: Environmental Conditions and Regulatory Mechanisms Involved in Its Synthesis. Microorganisms. 2024; 12(7):1300. https://doi.org/10.3390/microorganisms12071300

Chicago/Turabian Style

Arvizu-Gómez, Jackeline Lizzeta, Alejandro Hernández-Morales, Juan Campos-Guillén, Christian González-Reyes, and Juan Ramiro Pacheco-Aguilar. 2024. "Phaseolotoxin: Environmental Conditions and Regulatory Mechanisms Involved in Its Synthesis" Microorganisms 12, no. 7: 1300. https://doi.org/10.3390/microorganisms12071300

APA Style

Arvizu-Gómez, J. L., Hernández-Morales, A., Campos-Guillén, J., González-Reyes, C., & Pacheco-Aguilar, J. R. (2024). Phaseolotoxin: Environmental Conditions and Regulatory Mechanisms Involved in Its Synthesis. Microorganisms, 12(7), 1300. https://doi.org/10.3390/microorganisms12071300

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