Enhancement of Hydrophilicity of Nano-Pitted TiO2 Surface Using Phosphoric Acid Etching
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. Preparation of Titanium Discs
2.2. Preparation of Nano-Pitted (NP) TiO2 Surfaces
2.3. Preparation of Samples
2.4. Experimental Groups
2.5. Optical Profilometry
2.6. Contact Angle Measurement
2.7. Atomic Force Microscopy
2.8. X-ray Photoelectron Spectroscopy
2.9. Statistical Analysis
3. Results
4. Discussion
5. Patents
Author Contributions
Funding
Data Availability Statement
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Workpiece | NP TiO2 Disc | |||
---|---|---|---|---|
Etchant | Dilute orthophosphoric acid | Concentrated orthophosphoric acid | Dilute nitric acid | Concentrated nitric acid |
Etchant composition | (1 g 85 wt% H3PO4 + 98.9 g dist. H2O) | (85 wt% H3PO4) | (1 g 65 wt% HNO3 + 98.9 g dist. H2O) | (65 wt% HNO3) |
Test group name | NP + H3PO4 | NP + ccH3PO4 | NP + HNO3 | NP + ccHNO3 |
Etching time | 3 min | |||
Etching temperature | 20–60 °C | |||
Agitation | None. | |||
Cleaning Step 1 Step 2 Step 3 | Rinsing in ultrasonic bath: In distilled for 4 min at room temperature. In acetone for 5 min at room temperature. In absolute ethanol for 5 min at room temperature. | |||
Storage of samples | In hermetically sealed containers |
Treatments | Surface Roughness | |
---|---|---|
Ra (nm) | Rq (nm) | |
NP | 149 | 191 |
NP + HNO3 | 153 | 199 |
NP + ccHNO3 | 126 | 166 |
NP + H3PO4 | 137 | 178 |
NP + ccH3PO4 | 196 | 249 |
Average Standard deviation Median | 152.2 26.7 149 | 196.6 31.9 191 |
Treatments | Contact Angle (°) | Reciprocal of Contact Angle (1/Degree) | |||
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Mean | SD | CV | Mean | SD | |
tgeNP | 88.0 | 9.3 | 10.6 | 0.0115 | 0.0012 |
NP + HNO3 | 97.0 | 1.4 | 1.4 | 0.0103 | 0.0001 |
NP + ccHNO3 | 99.0 | 6.1 | 6.2 | 0.0102 | 0.0006 |
NP + H3PO4 | 78.0 | 2.5 | 3.2 | 0.0128 | 0.0004 |
NP + ccH3PO4 | 30.0 * | 4.1 | 13.7 | 0.0338 | 0.0057 |
Treatments | Surface Roughness | |
---|---|---|
Ra (nm) | Rq (nm) | |
NP (ROI 1) | 36 | 45 |
NP (ROI 2) | 43.4 | 61.1 |
NP (ROI 3) | 37.6 | 46.7 |
NP + ccH3PO4 (ROI 1) | 45.7 | 71.8 |
NP + ccH3PO4 (ROI 2) | 39.1 | 49.3 |
Sample Name | Sputtering [min] | Depth [nm] | C | Ti | O | P | N | Ca |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
NP + ccH3PO4 | 0 | 0 | 38.7 | 5.8 | 43.0 | 7.5 | 2.4 | 2.0 |
NP + ccH3PO4 | 10 | 5 | 6.0 | 15.7 | 60.0 | 9.1 | 4.2 | 3.5 |
NP | 0 | 0 | 66.1 | 2.6 | 26.9 | 0.6 | 1.9 | 0.5 |
NP | 10 | 5 | 18.9 | 18.3 | 56.9 | 0.9 | 3.5 | 1.5 |
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Koppány, F.; Csomó, K.B.; Varmuzsa, E.M.; Bognár, E.; Pelyhe, L.; Nagy, P.; Kientzl, I.; Szabó, D.; Weszl, M.; Dobos, G.; et al. Enhancement of Hydrophilicity of Nano-Pitted TiO2 Surface Using Phosphoric Acid Etching. Nanomaterials 2023, 13, 511. https://doi.org/10.3390/nano13030511
Koppány F, Csomó KB, Varmuzsa EM, Bognár E, Pelyhe L, Nagy P, Kientzl I, Szabó D, Weszl M, Dobos G, et al. Enhancement of Hydrophilicity of Nano-Pitted TiO2 Surface Using Phosphoric Acid Etching. Nanomaterials. 2023; 13(3):511. https://doi.org/10.3390/nano13030511
Chicago/Turabian StyleKoppány, Ferenc, Krisztián Benedek Csomó, Edvárd Márton Varmuzsa, Eszter Bognár, Liza Pelyhe, Péter Nagy, Imre Kientzl, Dániel Szabó, Miklós Weszl, Gábor Dobos, and et al. 2023. "Enhancement of Hydrophilicity of Nano-Pitted TiO2 Surface Using Phosphoric Acid Etching" Nanomaterials 13, no. 3: 511. https://doi.org/10.3390/nano13030511