Heteropolyacids@Silica Heterogeneous Catalysts to Produce Solketal from Glycerol Acetalization
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. Materials
2.2. Preparation of Catalysts
2.3. Catalyst Characterization
2.4. Catalytic Experiments
3. Results and Discussion
3.1. Catalysts Characterization
3.2. Acidity Characterization
3.3. Catalytic Activity of HPAs
3.4. HPAs@AptesSBA-15 Catalytic Performance
3.5. Catalyst Reutilization and Recycling
3.6. Comparison with Other Catalysts
3.7. Catalyst Characterization after Use
4. Conclusions
Supplementary Materials
Author Contributions
Funding
Data Availability Statement
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Material | SBET (m2/g) | Vp (cm3/g) |
---|---|---|
H3PW12@AptesSBA-15 | 129 | 0.245 |
H3PMo12@AptesSBA-15 | 188 | 0.293 |
AptesSBA-15 | 337 | 0.589 |
SBA-15 | 725 | 0.971 |
Material | pH | Acidity (mmol H+/g) |
---|---|---|
H3PMo12 | 2.2 | 9.74 |
H3PW12 | 2.2 | 1.93 |
H4SiW12 | 2.6 | 0.995 |
H3PMo12@AptesSBA-15 | 3.41 | 3.36 |
H3PW12@AptesSBA-15 | 3.39 | 0.470 |
Material | Acidity (mmol H+/g) | Catalyst Amount (µmol) |
---|---|---|
H3PMo12 | 0.373 | 0.525 |
H3PW12 | 0.373 | 1.70 |
H4SiW12 | 0.373 | 3.26 |
Catalyst | Ratio of Glycerol/Acetone | T (°C) | Time (h) | Conversion (%) | Selectivity to Solketal (%) | Ref. |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
SO4-Al-MCM-41 | 1:10 | RT | 2 | 94.8 | 99 | [33] |
PSF@SiO2 | 1:10 | RT | 1.5 | 86.6 | 98 | [34] |
Ar-SBA-15 | 1:6 | 70 | 0.5 | 82.5 | wi | [32] |
Pr-SBA-15 | 1:6 | 70 | 0.5 | 79.0 | wi | [32] |
Nb-SBA-15 | 1:3 | RT | 1 | 95 | 100 | [30] |
Zr-SBA-15 | 1:3 | RT | 1 | 92 | 98 | [30] |
Ti-SBA-15 | 1:3 | RT | 1 | 65 | 98 | [30] |
Al-SBA-15 | 1:3 | RT | 1 | 60 | 98 | [30] |
MoPo/SBA-15 | 1:3 | RT | 1 | 100 | 98 | [29] |
Cs2.5H0.5PW12O40@KIT-6 | 1:6 | RT | 0.25 | 95 | 98 | [20] |
H3PW12@AptesSBA-15 | 1:15 | RT | 0.08 | 83 | 97 | This work |
60 | 91 | 97 | ||||
H3PMo12@AptesSBA-15 | 1:15 | RT | 0.08 | 31 | 69 | This work |
60 | 40 | 76 |
H3PW12@AptesSBA-15 | Acidity (mmol H+/g) | HPA Loading (µmol/g) |
---|---|---|
Before usage | 0.469 | 159 |
after 4 catalytic cycles | 0.277 | 105 |
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Dias, C.N.; Santos-Vieira, I.C.M.S.; Gomes, C.R.; Mirante, F.; Balula, S.S. Heteropolyacids@Silica Heterogeneous Catalysts to Produce Solketal from Glycerol Acetalization. Nanomaterials 2024, 14, 733. https://doi.org/10.3390/nano14090733
Dias CN, Santos-Vieira ICMS, Gomes CR, Mirante F, Balula SS. Heteropolyacids@Silica Heterogeneous Catalysts to Produce Solketal from Glycerol Acetalization. Nanomaterials. 2024; 14(9):733. https://doi.org/10.3390/nano14090733
Chicago/Turabian StyleDias, Catarina N., Isabel C. M. S. Santos-Vieira, Carlos R. Gomes, Fátima Mirante, and Salete S. Balula. 2024. "Heteropolyacids@Silica Heterogeneous Catalysts to Produce Solketal from Glycerol Acetalization" Nanomaterials 14, no. 9: 733. https://doi.org/10.3390/nano14090733