Extrapolating the Coffee and Caffeine (1,3,7-Trimethylxanthine) Effects on Exercise and Metabolism—A Concise Review
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Coffee and Caffeine Outcomes
2.1. Caffeine Action Mechanisms
2.2. Caffeine Metabolism and Pharmacokinetics Differences between Populations
2.3. Coffee x Caffeine Effects on Physical Performance
Author(s), Year, Reference Number | Caffeine Dose | Timing | Characteristic of Study/Participants | Results |
---|---|---|---|---|
Lieberman et al., 2002 [12] | Caffeine in doses of 100, 200, or 300 mg. | The experiment commenced on Sunday night, and at the following Wednesday night at 9:30, either caffeine or placebo was administered. | Double-blind, placebo-controlled study. A total of 68 U.S. Navy Sea–Air–Land trainees, randomly allocated to receive either 100, 200, or 300 mg caffeine or placebo capsules, after 72 h of sleep deprivation and sustained exposure to other stressors. | Caffeine (200 and 300 mg) yielded statistically significant enhancements in visual vigilance, choice reaction time, repeated acquisition, self-reported fatigue, and sleepiness. Most pronounced effects were observed in assessments related to vigilance, reaction time, and overall alertness. |
Ruiz-Moreno et al., 2020 [24] | 3 mg of caffeine per kg of body mass. | 60 min before the onset of exercise. | Randomized double-blind, placebo-controlled study; 12 healthy participants undertook two acute experimental trials after ingesting of caffeine (3 mg/kg) or a placebo. Trials consisted of 1 h of uninterrupted cycling at Fatmax. Energy expenditure, fat oxidation rate, and carbohydrate oxidation rate were continuously evaluated by indirect calorimetry. | Caffeine augmented the total fat oxidized during the trial and reduced the amount of carbohydrate oxidized and the mean self-perception of fatigue in comparison to the placebo. |
San Juan et al., 2019 [25] | 6 mg of caffeine per kg of body mass. | 75 min before the start of the session. | Randomized double-blind, placebo-controlled study evaluated the effects of caffeine supplementation on anaerobic performance, neuromuscular efficiency and fatigue in upper and lower extremities in 8 Olympic-level boxers. The athletes performed 2 test bouts after the ingestion of caffeine or placebo. | Caffeine supplementation improved anaerobic performance without affecting electromiography activity and fatigue levels in the lower limbs. Other observed benefits were improved neuromuscular efficiency in some muscles and reaction speed. |
Foskett et al., 2009 [26] | 6 mg of caffeine per kg of body mass. | 60 min before exercise. | Randomized double-blind, placebo-controlled study. A total of 12 male soccer athletes participated in two 90 min sessions of soccer-specific intermittent running, with intervals dedicated to assessments of their soccer skill. | Participants incurred a significantly reduced amount of penalty time (added for erros) in the caffeine trial, resulting in a notably diminished total duration of this particular trial. The ingestion of caffeine led to enhancements in players’ passing accuracy and jump performance, with no adverse impact observed on other performance indicators. |
Jodra et al., 2020 [27] | 6 mg of caffeine per kg of body mass. | 60 min before exercise. | Randomized double-blind, placebo-controlled. 8 elite athletes (senior boxing national team) were examined alongside 10 trained recreational athletes the immediate effects of caffeine on anaerobic performance, mood, and perceived effort in both group. During two separate experimental conditions, involving either caffeine supplementation or a placebo, the athletes underwent a Wingate test. | Caffeine supplementation improved anaerobic performance in both groups. The ergogenic effect of caffeine on several mood dimensions and subjective evaluation was superior in the elite athletes. |
Domínguez et al., 2021 [28] | 6 mg of caffeine per kg of body mass. | 75 min before exercise. | Randomized double-blind, placebo-controlled study examined 15 male resistance training experience volunteers. A total of 60 min after supplement ingestion, participants filled two questionnaires, measuring subjective vitality and mood state. Participants’ performance was evaluated through a Wingate test, which was followed by measurements of rate of general perceived exertion, muscular and cardiovascular level. | Caffeine supplementation improved some components of mood assessed by POMS (tension and vigor dimensions) and subjective vitality profiles, which were succeeded by a enhanced maximum power, average power, and lower time needed to reach maximum power during the Wingate test. Caffeine supplementation yields positive effects both in psychological and physical aspects in trained volunteers. |
Clarke et al., 2019 [29] | 0.09g of coffee per kg providing 3 mg of caffeine per kg of body mass. | 60 min before exercise. | Randomized double-blind, placebo-controlled study. 38 recreationally active participants executed a 5 km cycling time trial on a cycle ergometer after ingestion of 0.09 g·kg−1 coffee, a placebo or control (water). Coffee intake significantly augmented salivary caffeine levels. | Coffee ingestion achieving 3 mg·kg−1 of caffeine, increased salivary caffeine levels and augmented 5 km cycling time trial performance in men and women by a similar degree (lowering by approximately 9 s and 6 s following coffee ingestion compared with placebo and control, respectively). |
Loureiro et al., 2021 [30] | The total caffeine provided with the three doses of coffee + milk treatment was 8 mg per kg of body mass. | Three doses of coffee + milk at times 0, 60 and 120 min after exercise (recovery time). | Randomized double-blind, placebo-controlled study. 14 endurance-trained men executed an exhaustive cycle ergometer exercise depleting muscle glycogen. In the following morning, subjects performed a second cycling protocol followed by a 4-h recovery, whilst they received either test beverage (coffee + milk) or control (milk) and a breakfast meal, in a simple randomization model. Blood samples and muscle biopsies were realized at the onset and by the end of recovery. | The ingestion of coffee + milk resulted in greater muscle glycogen recovery, greater glucose and insulin total AUC compared with just milk. The inclusion of coffee to a beverage with adequate quantities of carbohydrates augmented muscular glycogen resynthesis, the glycemic and insulinemic response during the 4 h recovery after exhaustive cycling exercise. |
2.4. Caffeine Thermogenic and Insulin Sensitivity Effect (Acute x Chronic)
3. Discussion
4. Conclusions
Author Contributions
Funding
Informed Consent Statement
Data Availability Statement
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Action Mechanisms of Caffeine | References |
---|---|
Increased fatty acid oxidation rate. | Varillas-Delgado et al., 2023 [8] |
Competitive antagonism of CNS adenosine receptors, resulting in diminished tiredness, pain suppression, and enhanced muscular function. | Davis et al., 2003 [9] |
Elevated systolic blood pressure and heart rate by blocking adenosine receptors. | Casiglia et al., 1991 [10] |
Greater catecholamines levels lead to CNS stimulation and intensified glycogenolysis. | Stuart et al., 2005 [11] |
Improved cognitive performance. | Lieberman et al., 2002 [12] |
Augmented release of calcium by the sarcoplasmic reticulum and greater force production. | Weber and Herz, 1968 [13] |
Thermogenesis and higher energy expenditure. | Clark, 2019 [14] |
Reduced risk of cardiovascular diseases | An inverse association has been observed between coffee consumption and coronary artery disease, stroke, and death from cardiovascular causes. | Ding et al., 2014 [63] |
Reduced risk of gallstones | Coffee consumption has been associated with a reduced risk of symptomatic gallstone disease. | Nordestgaard et al., 2019 [64] |
Reduced risk of Parkinson’s disease | There is a decreased Parkinson’s disease risk with caffeine consumption. | Qi and Li, 2014 [65] |
Reduced risk of depression and suicide | Prospective studies support an association between caffeine consumption and lower risk of suicide. | Lucas et al., 2014 [66] |
Reduced risk of cognitive decline | Higher coffee consumption was associated with slower cognitive decline in cognitively normal elderly. | Gardener et al., 2021 [67] |
Headache | Caffeine is an adjuvant for the acute treatment of headache in combination with analgesics. | Lipton et al., 2017 [68] |
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Starling-Soares, B.; Pereira, M.; Renke, G. Extrapolating the Coffee and Caffeine (1,3,7-Trimethylxanthine) Effects on Exercise and Metabolism—A Concise Review. Nutrients 2023, 15, 5031. https://doi.org/10.3390/nu15245031
Starling-Soares B, Pereira M, Renke G. Extrapolating the Coffee and Caffeine (1,3,7-Trimethylxanthine) Effects on Exercise and Metabolism—A Concise Review. Nutrients. 2023; 15(24):5031. https://doi.org/10.3390/nu15245031
Chicago/Turabian StyleStarling-Soares, Bernardo, Marcela Pereira, and Guilherme Renke. 2023. "Extrapolating the Coffee and Caffeine (1,3,7-Trimethylxanthine) Effects on Exercise and Metabolism—A Concise Review" Nutrients 15, no. 24: 5031. https://doi.org/10.3390/nu15245031