Identifying the Risk Factors for Malignant Mammary Tumors in Dogs: A Retrospective Study
Abstract
:Simple Summary
Abstract
1. Introduction
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. Ethics Aspects
2.2. Data Collection
2.3. Statistical Analysis: Descriptive Statistics and Univariate Analysis
2.4. Statistical Analysis: Multivariate Analysis and Prediction Model
- Female dogs;
- Absence of nodules or suspicion of neoplasms;
- Have not been spayed before 3 years of age.
3. Results
3.1. Histopathological Diagnosis
3.2. Size Tumor, Classification of Malignant Tumors (TNM), and Staging
3.3. Univariate Analysis
3.4. Descriptive Statistics
3.4.1. Age
3.4.2. Breed and Size Dog
3.4.3. Housing
3.4.4. Body Score
3.4.5. Reproductive Status
3.5. Multivariate Analysis and Creation of the Prediction Model
4. Discussion
5. Conclusions
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Data Availability Statement
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Histological Diagnosis | Frequency | % | |
---|---|---|---|
Simple benign tumors | Adenoma simple | 36 | 4.18 |
Non-simple benign tumors | Benign mixed tumor | 37 | 4.30 |
Fibroadenoma | 4 | 0.46 | |
Complex adenoma | 24 | 2.79 | |
Ductal-associated benign tumors | Ductal adenoma | 2 | 0.23 |
Intraductal papillary adenoma | 2 | 0.23 | |
Carcinoma in situ | Carcinoma in situ | 27 | 3.14 |
Simple carcinomas | Tubular carcinoma (including cribriform carcinoma) | 104 | 12.1 |
Tubulopapillary carcinoma | 135 | 15.70 | |
Solid carcinoma | 46 | 5.34 | |
Invasive micropapillary carcinoma | 15 | 1.74 | |
Comedocarcinoma | 5 | 0.58 | |
Anaplastic carcinoma | 9 | 1.05 | |
Non-simple carcinomas | Mixed carcinoma | 207 | 24.00 |
Complex carcinoma | 144 | 16.72 | |
Carcinoma-and-malignant myoepithelioma | 6 | 0.69 | |
Ductal-associated carcinomas | Intraductal papillary carcinoma (including papillary-cystic carcinoma) | 5 | 0.58 |
Malignant Tumors–Special Types | Squamous cell carcinoma | 16 | 1.86 |
Adenosquamous carcinoma | 1 | 0.12 | |
Mucinous carcinoma | 2 | 0.23 | |
Lipid-rich carcinoma | 2 | 0.23 | |
Malignant myoepithelioma * | 1 | 0.12 | |
Inflammatory mammary carcinoma histological type not specified | 4 | 0.46 | |
Other Tumors Arising at the Site of the Mammary Gland | Osteosarcoma | 12 | 1.40 |
Chondrosarcoma | 7 | 0.81 | |
Carcinosarcoma | Carcinosarcoma | 8 | 0.93 |
Total | 861 | 100 |
Subtype | Stage I (T1 < 3 cm) | Stage II (T2: 3–5 cm) | Stage III (T3: >5 cm) | Stage IV (AnyT N1 M0) | Stage V (AnyT AnyN M1) |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Tubular carcinoma | 27% (3/11) | - | 9% (1/11) | 55% (6/11) | 9% (1/11) |
Tubulopapillary carcinoma | 45% (5/11) | - | - | 55% (6/11) | - |
Solid carcinoma | 25% (2/8) | - | - | 75% (6/8) | - |
Invasive micropapillary carcinoma | - | - | - | 75% (3/4) | 25% (1/4) |
Anaplastic carcinoma | 50% (1/2) | - | - | 50% (1/2) | - |
Osteosarcoma | 100% (1/1) | ||||
Chondrosarcoma | 100% (1/1) | ||||
Mixed carcinoma | 31% (7/23) | 4% (1/23) | 4% (1/23) | 57% (13/23) | 4% (1/23) |
Complex carcinoma | 10% (1/10) | 10% (1/10) | - | 80% (8/10) | - |
Lipid-rich carcinoma | 100% (1/1) | ||||
Intraductal papillary carcinoma (including papillary-cystic carcinoma) | 50% (1/2) | - | - | 50% (1/2) | - |
Inflammatory mammary carcinoma histological type not specified | 100% (1/1) | ||||
Carcinosarcoma | 100% (1/1) | ||||
Comedocarcinoma | 100% (1/1) | ||||
Carcinoma-and-malignant myoepithelioma | - | - | - | 100% (1/1) | - |
Total | 20/78 | 2/78 | 2/78 | 48/78 | 6/78 |
Factor | Cases (n = 449) | Controls (n = 460) | p-Value * |
---|---|---|---|
Age (years): | 0.324 | ||
Mean | 10.35 | 10.15 | |
Std Dev | 3.03 | 2.90 | |
Weight (Kg): | 0.056 | ||
Mean | 11.74 | 10.58 | |
Std Dev | 9.26 | 9.06 |
Factor | Cases (n = 449) | Controls (n = 460) | p-Value * |
---|---|---|---|
Age groups | 0.593 | ||
0–4 years | 10 | 10 | |
5–8 years | 109 | 125 | |
9–12 years | 196 | 232 | |
>13 years | 99 | 93 | |
Not reported + | 35 | 0 | |
Size dog: | <0.001 | ||
Small | 265 | 330 | |
Medium | 130 | 91 | |
Large | 54 | 39 | |
Body score | <0.001 | ||
Underweight | 19 | 39 | |
Ideal weight | 145 | 220 | |
Overweight | 127 | 109 | |
Obesity | 50 | 78 | |
Not reported + | 108 | 14 | |
Breed type | 0.115 | ||
Mixed | 220 | 194 | |
Poodle | 60 | 69 | |
Pinscher | 32 | 37 | |
Dachshund | 26 | 18 | |
Shihtzu | 22 | 34 | |
Labrador Retriever | 10 | 10 | |
Yorkshire terrier | 23 | 15 | |
Cocker spaniel | 10 | 13 | |
Maltese dog | 10 | 11 | |
Other Breeds | 36 | 59 | |
Hosing | <0.001 | ||
Inside home | 317 | 417 | |
Outside home/farm | 89 | 43 | |
Not reported + | 43 | 0 | |
Type of diet: | 0.848 | ||
Homemade food | 17 | 22 | |
Dry food | 180 | 193 | |
Homemade and dry food | 228 | 245 | |
Not reported + | 24 | 0 |
Factor | Odds Ratio (OR) | 95 % CIs | p-Value |
---|---|---|---|
Body score | |||
Ideal weight (Ref) | |||
Underweight | 0.82 | 0.44–1.52 | 0.355 |
Overweight | 1.71 | 1.20–2.43 | 0.003 |
Obesity | 0.84 | 0.53–1.33 | 0.465 |
Size dog | |||
Small (Ref) | |||
Medium | 2.26 | 1.48–3.44 | <0.001 |
Large | 2.81 | 1.46–5.40 | 0.002 |
Breed type | |||
Other Breeds (Ref) | |||
Mixed | 2.55 | 1.41–4.61 | 0.002 |
Poodle | 3.66 | 1.79–7.51 | <0.001 |
Pinscher | 3.25 | 1.45–7.29 | 0.004 |
Dachshund | 3.62 | 1.46–8.94 | 0.005 |
Shihtzu | 2.62 | 1.11–6.15 | 0.027 |
Labrador Retriever | 1.61 | 0.52–4.93 | 0.405 |
Yorkshire terrier | 7.22 | 2.85–18.25 | <0.001 |
Cocker spaniel | 1.21 | 0.39–3.73 | 0.738 |
Maltese dog | 3.93 | 1.30–11.87 | 0.015 |
Housing | |||
Inside home (Ref) | |||
Outside home/farm | 2.05 | 1.30–3.22 | 0.002 |
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da Silva, E.M.G.; dos Santos, T.R.; Silva, M.J.B. Identifying the Risk Factors for Malignant Mammary Tumors in Dogs: A Retrospective Study. Vet. Sci. 2023, 10, 607. https://doi.org/10.3390/vetsci10100607
da Silva EMG, dos Santos TR, Silva MJB. Identifying the Risk Factors for Malignant Mammary Tumors in Dogs: A Retrospective Study. Veterinary Sciences. 2023; 10(10):607. https://doi.org/10.3390/vetsci10100607
Chicago/Turabian Styleda Silva, Elis Maressa Gonçalves, Thaisa Reis dos Santos, and Marcelo José Barbosa Silva. 2023. "Identifying the Risk Factors for Malignant Mammary Tumors in Dogs: A Retrospective Study" Veterinary Sciences 10, no. 10: 607. https://doi.org/10.3390/vetsci10100607