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12 pages, 1654 KB  
Article
Molecular Characterization of Fowl Adenovirus from Brazilian Poultry Farms
by André Salvador Kazantzi Fonseca, Diéssy Kipper, Nilo Ikuta and Vagner Ricardo Lunge
Poultry 2025, 4(4), 45; https://doi.org/10.3390/poultry4040045 - 28 Sep 2025
Viewed by 132
Abstract
Fowl adenovirus (FAdV) can cause different poultry diseases with economic losses in the broilers and layers commercial farms. FAdV is currently classified into five species and 12 serotypes, disseminated in poultry flocks worldwide. The present study aimed to identify FAdV species and serotypes [...] Read more.
Fowl adenovirus (FAdV) can cause different poultry diseases with economic losses in the broilers and layers commercial farms. FAdV is currently classified into five species and 12 serotypes, disseminated in poultry flocks worldwide. The present study aimed to identify FAdV species and serotypes in Brazilian poultry farms. A total of 678 chicken flocks from the main Brazilian poultry-producing regions were evaluated for FAdV infection between 2020 and 2023. FAdV was detected by a real-time PCR targeting 52K gene and further genotyped by partial sequencing of the hexon gene followed by phylogenetic analyses. The results demonstrated that FAdV was detected in 72 flocks (10.6%). In 46 of these samples, FAdV species and serotypes could be identified, including three main species: Aviadenovirus ventriculi (FAdV-A = 15), Aviadenovirus gallinae (FAdV-D = 15) and Aviadenovirus hepatitidis (FAdV-E = 16). Phylogenetic analysis based on 173 partial hexon sequences (including sequences from this study, 44 previously sequenced in Brazil, and 86 data from other countries) revealed five separate clades for FAdV species. All Brazilian FAdVs were classified into the same three species reported above (FAdV-A = 19, FAdV-D = 34, FAdV-E = 37), and also in well-supported subclades for each serotype: FAdV-A1 (n = 19), FAdV-D9 (n = 1), FAdV-D11 (n = 33), FAdV-E6 (n = 1), FAdV-E8a (n = 33), FAdV-E8b (n = 3). Amino acid substitutions in the hyper variable regions (1, 2 and 3) and conserved motifs of the Hexon protein were further analyzed, enabling discrimination between closely related serotypes. This study demonstrates the circulation of different FAdVs in Brazil, highlighting FAdV-A1, FAdV-D9, FAdV-D11, FAdV-E6, FAdV-E8a and FAdV-E8b. The findings reported here also indicate genetic and amino acid diversity in the Hexon protein of the FAdVs in Brazilian poultry farms, which are of importance for molecular surveillance and poultry diseases control strategies. Full article
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18 pages, 4565 KB  
Article
A Novel Chimeric Fiber-C4/D11 Subunit Vaccine Induces Cross-Neutralizing Antibodies and Provides Better Protection Against Fowl Adenovirus (FAdV) Type 4 and Type 11 Than the Fiber-D11/C4 Subunit Vaccine
by Xiangqin Wang, Kuan Zhao, Baishi Lei, Wenming Jiang, Yanliang Qiao and Wanzhe Yuan
Vet. Sci. 2025, 12(9), 920; https://doi.org/10.3390/vetsci12090920 - 22 Sep 2025
Viewed by 409
Abstract
The widespread prevalence of different serotypes of fowl adenoviruses (FAdVs) has led to diverse vaccine demands, especially for subunit vaccines targeting FAdV-4 and FAdV-11, which cause hydropericardium-hepatitis syndrome (HHS) and inclusion body hepatitis (IBH), respectively. Although the Fiber protein is known to elicit [...] Read more.
The widespread prevalence of different serotypes of fowl adenoviruses (FAdVs) has led to diverse vaccine demands, especially for subunit vaccines targeting FAdV-4 and FAdV-11, which cause hydropericardium-hepatitis syndrome (HHS) and inclusion body hepatitis (IBH), respectively. Although the Fiber protein is known to elicit robust immune protection, further exploration is needed to enhance the production of cross-neutralizing antibodies. This study utilized structural prediction and homology modeling techniques, employing domain-swapping strategy to integrate neutralizing epitope-containing amino acid sequences (274–451aa and 364–543aa) into the shaft domain of the Fiber protein. Two novel chimeric proteins were recombinantly expressed and developed into subunit vaccines: Fiber-C4/D11 and Fiber-D11/C4. Immunogenicity assessments revealed that the Fiber-C4/D11 vaccine group rapidly induced an antibody response against FAdV-11 within 7 days post-vaccination. By 28 days post-vaccination (dpv), the Fiber-C4/D11 vaccine group exhibited significantly higher levels of cross-neutralizing antibodies compared to the Fiber-D11/C4 group (p < 0.05). Challenge experiments demonstrated that both vaccines effectively alleviated clinical symptoms and prevented mortality in SPF chickens. Compared to Fiber-D11/C4, Fiber-C4/D11 significantly reduced body weight loss, liver lesions, viral titers in tissues, and viral shedding. Notably, no cross-neutralizing antibodies were detected following FAdV-4 or FAdV-11 infection, indicating a lack of natural cross-protection between the two serotypes. The chimeric vaccine addressed this gap, offering a promising multivalent approach to mitigate FAdV infections and advancing fowl adenoviral subunit vaccine strategies. Full article
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15 pages, 1000 KB  
Review
Advances and Prospects of Fowl Adenoviruses Vaccine Technologies in the Past Decade
by Chunhua Zhu, Pei Yang, Jiayu Zhou, Xiaodong Liu, Yu Huang and Chunhe Wan
Int. J. Mol. Sci. 2025, 26(13), 6434; https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms26136434 - 4 Jul 2025
Viewed by 891
Abstract
Over the past decade, diseases associated with fowl adenoviruses (FAdVs) have exhibited a new epidemic trend worldwide. The presence of numerous FAdVs serotypes, combined with the virus’s broad host range, positions it as a significant pathogen in the poultry industry. In the current [...] Read more.
Over the past decade, diseases associated with fowl adenoviruses (FAdVs) have exhibited a new epidemic trend worldwide. The presence of numerous FAdVs serotypes, combined with the virus’s broad host range, positions it as a significant pathogen in the poultry industry. In the current context of intensive poultry production and global trade, co-infections involving multiple FAdVs serotypes, as well as co-infections with FAdVs alongside infectious bursal disease or infectious anemia virus, may occur within the same region or even on the same farm. The frequency of these outbreaks complicates the prevention and control of FAdVs. Therefore, the development of effective, targeted vaccines is essential for providing technical support in the management of FAdVs epidemics. Ongoing vaccine research aims to improve vaccine efficacy and address the challenges posed by emerging FAdVs outbreaks. This review focuses on vaccines developed and studied worldwide for various serotypes of FAdVs in the past decade. It encompasses inactivated vaccines, live attenuated vaccines, e.g., host-adapted attenuated vaccines and gene deletion vaccines, viral vector vaccines, and subunit vaccines (including VLP proteins and chimeric proteins). The current limitations and future development directions of FAdVs vaccine development are also proposed to provide a reference for new-generation vaccines and innovative vaccination strategies against FAdVs, as well as for the rapid development of highly effective vaccines. Full article
(This article belongs to the Section Molecular Immunology)
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11 pages, 1801 KB  
Article
Presenilin-1 Familial Alzheimer Mutations Impair γ-Secretase Cleavage of APP Through Stabilized Enzyme–Substrate Complex Formation
by Sujan Devkota, Masato Maesako and Michael S. Wolfe
Biomolecules 2025, 15(7), 955; https://doi.org/10.3390/biom15070955 - 1 Jul 2025
Cited by 1 | Viewed by 644
Abstract
Familial Alzheimer’s disease (FAD) is caused by dominant missense mutations in amyloid precursor protein (APP) and presenilin-1 (PSEN1), the catalytic component of γ-secretase that generates amyloid β-peptides (Aβ) from the APP C-terminal fragment C99. While most FAD mutations increase the ratio of aggregation-prone [...] Read more.
Familial Alzheimer’s disease (FAD) is caused by dominant missense mutations in amyloid precursor protein (APP) and presenilin-1 (PSEN1), the catalytic component of γ-secretase that generates amyloid β-peptides (Aβ) from the APP C-terminal fragment C99. While most FAD mutations increase the ratio of aggregation-prone Aβ42 relative to Aβ40, consistent with the amyloid hypothesis of Alzheimer pathogenesis, some mutations do not increase this ratio. The γ-secretase complex produces amyloid β-peptide (Aβ) through processive cleavage along two pathways: C99 → Aβ49 → Aβ46 → Aβ43 → Aβ40 and C99 → Aβ48 → Aβ45 → Aβ42 → Aβ38. Understanding how FAD mutations affect the multistep γ-secretase cleavage process is critical for elucidating disease pathogenesis. In a recent study, we discovered that FAD mutations lead to stalled γ-secretase/substrate complexes that trigger synaptic loss independently of Aβ production. Here, we further investigate this “stalled complex” hypothesis, focusing on five additional PSEN1 FAD mutations (M84V, C92S, Y115H, T116I, and M139V). A comprehensive biochemical analysis revealed that all five mutations led to substantially reduced initial proteolysis of C99 to Aβ49 or Aβ48 as well as deficiencies in one or more subsequent trimming steps. Results from fluorescence lifetime imaging microscopy support increased stabilization of enzyme–substrate complexes by all five FAD mutations. These findings provide further support for the stalled complex hypothesis, highlighting that FAD mutations impair γ-secretase function by promoting the accumulation of stalled enzyme–substrate complexes. Full article
(This article belongs to the Section Biomacromolecules: Proteins, Nucleic Acids and Carbohydrates)
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16 pages, 1976 KB  
Article
Evaluation of the Immune Effect of a Trivalent Fowl Adenovirus Inactivated Vaccine Against FAdV-4/8a/8b
by Yulan Jiao, Qianhui Zhao, Yulong Zhao, Yingjie Li, Sumin Pan, Yinming Li, Yuntao Liu and Wanyu Shi
Vet. Sci. 2025, 12(6), 549; https://doi.org/10.3390/vetsci12060549 - 5 Jun 2025
Cited by 1 | Viewed by 1222
Abstract
Fowl adenovirus can cause various diseases such as hepatitis-hydropericardium syndrome (HHS) and inclusion body hepatitis (IBH), which leads to huge economic losses for China’s poultry industry. In recent years, the prevalence of FAdV-4, FAdV-8a, and FAdV-8b has been on the rise. In this [...] Read more.
Fowl adenovirus can cause various diseases such as hepatitis-hydropericardium syndrome (HHS) and inclusion body hepatitis (IBH), which leads to huge economic losses for China’s poultry industry. In recent years, the prevalence of FAdV-4, FAdV-8a, and FAdV-8b has been on the rise. In this study, a trivalent fowl adenovirus inactivated vaccine against FAdV-4/8a/8b was generated and the immune effect was evaluated. The results showed that chickens immunized with the trivalent vaccine could effectively resist the challenge of virulent strains of FAdV-4, FAdV-8a, and FAdV-8b. All chickens in the immunized groups survived after virus injection, gained weight normally, and the lesions in tissues and organs (liver, spleen, kidney, etc.) were significantly decreased compared with the control group. The viral load in the liver of the immunized group was significantly lower than that of the challenge control group five days after the challenge (p < 0.01), and the cloacal excretion was significantly lower than that of the non-immune control group (p < 0.01). Moreover, until 16 weeks after immunization, the neutralizing antibody level against FAdV-4, FAdV-8a, and FAdV-8b remained above 8.27 log2. As a result, the trivalent vaccine generated in our study was an attractive candidate to prevent and reduce the spread of HHS and IBH in China’s poultry industry. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Exploring Innovative Approaches in Veterinary Health)
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12 pages, 1594 KB  
Communication
Theoretical Insights into Hydrogen Production from Formic Acid Catalyzed by Pt-Group Single-Atom Catalysts
by Tao Jin, Sen Liang, Jiahao Zhang, Yaru Li, Yukun Bai, Hangjin Wu, Ihar Razanau, Kunming Pan and Fang Wang
Materials 2025, 18(10), 2328; https://doi.org/10.3390/ma18102328 - 16 May 2025
Viewed by 653
Abstract
The rational development of single-atom catalysts (SACs) for selective formic acid dehydrogenation (FAD) requires an atomic-scale understanding of metal–support interactions and electronic modulation. In this study, spin-polarized density functional theory (DFT) calculations were performed to systematically examine platinum-group SACs anchored on graphitic carbon [...] Read more.
The rational development of single-atom catalysts (SACs) for selective formic acid dehydrogenation (FAD) requires an atomic-scale understanding of metal–support interactions and electronic modulation. In this study, spin-polarized density functional theory (DFT) calculations were performed to systematically examine platinum-group SACs anchored on graphitic carbon nitride (g-C3N4). The findings reveal that Pd and Au SACs exhibit superior selectivity toward the dehydrogenation pathway, lowering the free energy barrier by 1.42 eV and 1.39 eV, respectively, compared to the competing dehydration route. Conversely, Rh SACs demonstrate limited selectivity due to nearly equivalent energy barriers for both reaction pathways. Stability assessments indicate robust metal–support interactions driven by d–p orbital hybridization, while a linear correlation is established between the d-band center position relative to the Fermi level and catalytic selectivity. Additionally, charge transfer (ranging from 0.029 to 0.467 e) substantially modulates the electronic structure of the active sites. These insights define a key electronic descriptor for SAC design and offer a mechanistic framework for optimizing selective hydrogen production. Full article
(This article belongs to the Section Catalytic Materials)
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16 pages, 4018 KB  
Article
Widespread Detection of Fowl Adenovirus Serotype 2/11 Species D Among Cases of Inclusion Body Hepatitis–Hydropericardium Syndrome in Chickens in Egypt
by Doaa M. Abdellatif, Azza A. El-Sawah, Magdy F. Elkady, Ahmed Ali, Khaled Abdelaziz and Salama A. S. Shany
Microorganisms 2025, 13(5), 1107; https://doi.org/10.3390/microorganisms13051107 - 12 May 2025
Viewed by 5337
Abstract
Fowl adenoviruses (FAdVs) are important emerging pathogens affecting the poultry industry in Egypt as they are the primary etiology of inclusion body hepatitis–hydropericardium syndrome (IBH-HPS) associated with severe economic losses. This study aims to identify the circulating FAdVs from cases of IBH-HPS in [...] Read more.
Fowl adenoviruses (FAdVs) are important emerging pathogens affecting the poultry industry in Egypt as they are the primary etiology of inclusion body hepatitis–hydropericardium syndrome (IBH-HPS) associated with severe economic losses. This study aims to identify the circulating FAdVs from cases of IBH-HPS in 5 Egyptian provinces during the period from October 2020 through September 2022. Out of the 210 examined flocks, liver samples from 66 flocks were positive for FAdVs (31.4%) using conventional polymerase chain reaction targeting loop 1 of the major hexon gene, with varying rates of mortality (1% to 14%). In the positive samples detected during the study, the histopathological examination revealed pathognomonic lesions of FAdVs, including basophilic and eosinophilic intra-nuclear inclusion bodies (INIBs). The percentage of FAdV positivity increased with the flock age; from samples collected at ages 1 to10, 11 to 20, 21 to 30, and >30 days of age, 10% (5/50), 25.6% (11/43), 34.3% (23/67), and 54% (27/50) were found positive for FAdVs, respectively. Notably, the positivity percentages among the flocks reared in cages were higher than for those reared in the deep litter system of housing. The gene sequencing and phylogenetic analysis of 19 strains revealed clustering into FAdV species D serotype 2/11, demonstrating that serotype 2/11 is most prevalent in the targeted Egyptian provinces during the period of the study. Several point mutations in the sequenced region among different strains were reported. These findings underscore the prevalence of FAdV and provide a basis for further research on circulating strains to develop effective control strategies. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Poultry Pathogens and Poultry Diseases, 2nd Edition)
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12 pages, 3443 KB  
Article
Co-Infection of Chicken Infectious Anemia Virus and Fowl Adenovirus Serotype E8b Increases Mortality in Chickens
by Lin Liu, Wenming Gao, Jingjing Chang, Jingrui Liu, Zongmei Huang, Wenjie Sun, Yapeng Song and Xinsheng Li
Viruses 2025, 17(5), 620; https://doi.org/10.3390/v17050620 - 26 Apr 2025
Cited by 1 | Viewed by 788
Abstract
The chicken infectious anemia virus (CIAV) and fowl adenovirus serotype E8b (FAdV E8b) are pathogens that cause aplastic anemia and inclusion body hepatitis (IBH) in chickens, respectively. The co-infection of CIAV and FAdV E8b poses a significant threat to poultry health, potentially worsening [...] Read more.
The chicken infectious anemia virus (CIAV) and fowl adenovirus serotype E8b (FAdV E8b) are pathogens that cause aplastic anemia and inclusion body hepatitis (IBH) in chickens, respectively. The co-infection of CIAV and FAdV E8b poses a significant threat to poultry health, potentially worsening clinical symptoms and increasing mortality rates. This study aimed to explore the combined pathogenic effects of FAdV E8b and CIAV co-infection on one-day-old specific pathogen-free (SPF) chickens. The results showed that co-infection led to significantly higher clinical scores and mortality rates compared to FAdV E8b infection alone. Additionally, there were different tissue distribution patterns for FAdV E8b between the single infection and co-infection groups, indicating potential changes in viral tropism. Biochemical analysis revealed elevated markers of liver and/or muscle damage in both the FAdV E8b infection group and the co-infection group, consistent with the viral infection process. These findings suggest that co-infection with FAdV E8b and CIAV can intensify clinical signs and mortality, and may potentially alter viral replication and tissue tropism in chickens. This study establishes a foundation for future investigations into the underlying mechanisms governing the interaction between CIAV and FAdV E8b during co-infection. Full article
(This article belongs to the Section Animal Viruses)
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18 pages, 290 KB  
Review
Fowl Adenovirus Serotype 1: From Gizzard Erosion to Comprehensive Insights into Genome Organization, Epidemiology, Pathogenesis, Diagnosis, and Prevention
by Amina Kardoudi, Abdelouhab Benani, Abdelmounaaim Allaoui, Faouzi Kichou, Latefa Biskri, Ikram Ouchhour and Siham Fellahi
Vet. Sci. 2025, 12(4), 378; https://doi.org/10.3390/vetsci12040378 - 17 Apr 2025
Cited by 1 | Viewed by 1415
Abstract
The concerns regarding Fowl Adenoviruses have gained significance in the poultry industry due to their association with various diseases, including Inclusion Body Hepatitis, Hepatitis-Hydropericardium Syndrome, and Adenoviral Gizzard Erosion (AGE). AGE is an emerging disease reported in several countries, particularly in Asia and [...] Read more.
The concerns regarding Fowl Adenoviruses have gained significance in the poultry industry due to their association with various diseases, including Inclusion Body Hepatitis, Hepatitis-Hydropericardium Syndrome, and Adenoviral Gizzard Erosion (AGE). AGE is an emerging disease reported in several countries, particularly in Asia and Europe, causing significant economic losses in the poultry industry. In 2001, Fowl Adenovirus Serotype 1 was identified as the etiological agent of AGE in Japan. Since then, it has been spreading to other countries due to its transmission mode. Although Adenoviral Gizzard Erosion has been mostly described in broilers, it has also been observed in layers and pullets. This review offers a comprehensive analysis of Fowl Adenovirus Serotype 1, encompassing various key aspects of the virus. We also examine the pathogenesis and epidemiology of the virus, providing an overview of its distribution and prevalence in avian populations worldwide. Highlighting the most recent developments in serological and molecular techniques for virus detection, quantification, and genotyping and comparing them to conventional tests, this review aims to contribute to the understanding of the diagnostic workflow for this virus. Lastly, this review sheds light on some vaccine strategies to prevent Adenoviral Gizzard Erosion. Full article
13 pages, 3794 KB  
Article
Development of a Multiplex Conventional PCR Assay for Concurrent Detection of FAdV-4, FAdV-8b, and FAdV-11
by Su-kyung Kang, Dam-Hee Park, Kyeongcheol Min, Sung-Sik Yoo, In-Joong Yoon and Jongseo Mo
Vet. Sci. 2025, 12(2), 177; https://doi.org/10.3390/vetsci12020177 - 17 Feb 2025
Cited by 1 | Viewed by 1447
Abstract
Fowl adenovirus (FAdV) belongs to the Aviadenovirus genus within the Adenoviridae family. FAdVs are widely distributed and associated with various diseases in poultry, including adenoviral gizzard erosion (AGE), hepatitis-hydropericardium syndrome (HHS), and inclusion body hepatitis (IBH). In this study, we developed a multiplex [...] Read more.
Fowl adenovirus (FAdV) belongs to the Aviadenovirus genus within the Adenoviridae family. FAdVs are widely distributed and associated with various diseases in poultry, including adenoviral gizzard erosion (AGE), hepatitis-hydropericardium syndrome (HHS), and inclusion body hepatitis (IBH). In this study, we developed a multiplex conventional PCR for simultaneously detecting FAdV-4, -8b, and -11 by targeting the hexon gene. The multiplex PCR was optimized for primer concentrations and thermocycling conditions. The optimal primer concentration combination was set at 0.125 μM for FAdV-4, -8b, and 0.25 μM for FAdV-11. Under these conditions, the limit of detection (LOD) was 103 copies/μL of plasmid standards for FAdV-4, -8b, and -11. These results demonstrated that the developed multiplex PCR method exhibits high specificity and sensitivity, with no observed cross-reactivity among these serotypes or with other poultry viruses. Therefore, this multiplex PCR will be an effective tool for accurate serotyping of FAdV-4, -8b, and -11, enabling more precise identification and differentiation of these three serotypes. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Diagnosis, Prevention and Control in Avian Virus Infections)
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10 pages, 1673 KB  
Communication
Genomic Mosaicism in Fowl Adenovirus 3 Strains
by Zalán Homonnay, Szilvia Jakab, Szilvia Marton, Marianna Domán, Krisztina Bali, Eszter Kaszab, Gábor Kemenesi, Tamás Mató, István Kiss, Vilmos Palya and Krisztián Bányai
Animals 2025, 15(4), 508; https://doi.org/10.3390/ani15040508 - 11 Feb 2025
Viewed by 1007
Abstract
Fowl adenovirus D is the main cause of inclusion body hepatitis in chickens. Whole genome sequencing was carried out to enrich the genomic sequence database using field isolates of FAdV-D. Out of 44 newly determined genomes, 43 were classified into FAdV-2/-11 and 2 [...] Read more.
Fowl adenovirus D is the main cause of inclusion body hepatitis in chickens. Whole genome sequencing was carried out to enrich the genomic sequence database using field isolates of FAdV-D. Out of 44 newly determined genomes, 43 were classified into FAdV-2/-11 and 2 into FAdV-3; no FAdV-9 was identified. Whole-genome based phylogeny showed that FAdV-3 was more distantly related to FAdV 9 and FAdV-2/-11 than FAdV-9 and FAdV-2/-11 to each other. Whole-genome sequence homology analysis revealed that the full-length FAdV-3 genome harbored a ~12 kbp fragment of the genome that shared moderate sequence homology with representative strains of other FAdV-D serotypes but high relatedness with only the FAdV-3 strain whose full-genome is available in GenBank. A closer look onto the fiber and the penton genes of our FAdV-3 isolate identified putative recombination events; both the fiber and the penton coding genes shared fragments originating from FAdV-9. Of interest, ORF19 displayed a close relationship with the homologous genomic region of some FAdV-E strains (amino acid sequence homology, up to 82%). Thus, although FAdV-3 is classified into FAdV-D, the genomic structure of FAdV-3 appears to result from multiple heterotypic and heterologous recombination events. This study highlights the unique origin of FAdV-3. Full article
(This article belongs to the Section Poultry)
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10 pages, 2710 KB  
Article
Protective Efficacy of an Inactivated Recombinant Serotype 4 Fowl Adenovirus Against Duck Adenovirus 3 in Muscovy Duck
by Yun Lin, Wenjie Jiang, Lihua Ma, Jiayu Zhang, Ye Tang, Qiuqi Kan, Haifeng Xiong, Jiayan Wu, Jun Zhang, Yiwen Niu, Wei Zhang, Shengnan Wang, Weikang Wang, Quan Xie, Tuofan Li, Zhimin Wan, Wei Gao, Hongxia Shao, Aijian Qin and Jianqiang Ye
Vaccines 2024, 12(12), 1357; https://doi.org/10.3390/vaccines12121357 - 30 Nov 2024
Viewed by 1331
Abstract
Background: Duck adenovirus 3 (DAdV-3) is an emerging pathogen that has caused severe economic losses to the duck industry in China. Recently, the infection of ducks with serotype 4 fowl adenovirus (FAdV-4) has also been reported in China. Therefore, an efficient bivalent vaccine [...] Read more.
Background: Duck adenovirus 3 (DAdV-3) is an emerging pathogen that has caused severe economic losses to the duck industry in China. Recently, the infection of ducks with serotype 4 fowl adenovirus (FAdV-4) has also been reported in China. Therefore, an efficient bivalent vaccine to control the diseases caused by DAdV-3 and FAdV-4 is extremely urgent. In our previous study, a recombinant FAdV-4 expressing Fiber-2 of DAdV-3 was generated and designated as rFAdV-4-Fiber-2/DAdV-3. Methods: Here, the recombinant virus rFAdV-4-Fiber-2/DAdV-3 was inactivated to serve as a bivalent vaccine, and its immunogenicity and protective efficacy against DAdV-3 were evaluated in Muscovy ducks. Results: The subcutaneous injection of rFAdV-4-Fiber-2/DAdV-3 could efficiently induce antibodies against Fiber-2 of DAdV-3 and neutralize antibodies against FAdV-4. After challenges with DAdV-3, in comparison with the non-immunized ducks, the immunized ducks did not show any bodyweight loss, gross lesions, or histopathologic change. Moreover, viral loads in livers and kidneys from immunized ducks were undetectable, whereas those in non-immunized ducks with challenge were significantly high. Conclusions: All these data demonstrate that the inactivated recombinant virus rFAdV-4-Fiber-2/DAdV-3 has the potential to be an efficient vaccine candidate against both FAdV-4 and DAdV-3, although efficacy for FAdV-4 needs to be confirmed experimentally. Full article
(This article belongs to the Section Vaccine Design, Development, and Delivery)
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17 pages, 1029 KB  
Study Protocol
One-Step Multiplex Real-Time Fluorescent Quantitative Reverse Transcription PCR for Simultaneous Detection of Four Waterfowl Viruses
by Chenchen Wang, Huixin Liu, Junze Cheng, Sijia Pan, Wenwen Yang, Xiaofang Wei, Yue Cheng, Ting Xu and Hongbin Si
Microorganisms 2024, 12(12), 2423; https://doi.org/10.3390/microorganisms12122423 - 25 Nov 2024
Viewed by 1194
Abstract
Duck Tembusu virus (DTMUV), duck hepatitis virus (DHV), Muscovy duck reovirus (MDRV), and Muscovy duck parvovirus (MDPV) represent four emergent infectious diseases impacting waterfowl, which can be challenging to differentiate due to overlapping clinical signs. In response to this, we have developed a [...] Read more.
Duck Tembusu virus (DTMUV), duck hepatitis virus (DHV), Muscovy duck reovirus (MDRV), and Muscovy duck parvovirus (MDPV) represent four emergent infectious diseases impacting waterfowl, which can be challenging to differentiate due to overlapping clinical signs. In response to this, we have developed a one-step multiplex real-time fluorescence quantitative reverse transcription PCR (qRT-PCR) assay, capable of simultaneously detecting DTMUV, DHV, MDRV, and MDPV. This method exhibits high specificity, avoiding cross-reactivity with other viruses such as Fowl adenoviruses (FADV), infectious bursal disease virus (IBDV), infectious bronchitis virus (IBV), infectious laryngotracheitis virus (ILTV), Haemophilus paragallinarum (Hpg), duck circovirus (DUCV), goose astrovirus (GoAstV), and mycoplasma gallisepticum (MG). The limit of detection (LOD) established for DTMUV, DHV, MDRV, and MDPV was determined to be 27 copies/μL. In the repeatability test, the intra-assay and inter-assay coefficients of variation (CVs) of the recombinant plasmid standard were less than 2%. Utilizing this method, we analyzed 326 clinical specimens sourced from Guangxi over the period spanning October 2021 through December 2023, yielding promising and precise outcomes. The qRT-PCR method established herein exhibits commendable specificity, sensitivity, and repeatability. Furthermore, it boasts a high clinical detection rate, making it a highly effective tool for diagnosing these pathogenic agents in waterfowl. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Detection and Identification of Pathogenic Bacteria and Viruses)
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17 pages, 2379 KB  
Article
The Knob Domain of the Fiber-1 Protein Affects the Replication of Fowl Adenovirus Serotype 4
by Xiaofeng Li, Zhixun Xie, You Wei, Zhiqin Xie, Aiqiong Wu, Sisi Luo, Liji Xie, Meng Li and Yanfang Zhang
Microorganisms 2024, 12(11), 2265; https://doi.org/10.3390/microorganisms12112265 - 8 Nov 2024
Viewed by 1318
Abstract
Fowl adenovirus serotype 4 (FAdV-4) outbreaks have caused significant economic losses in the Chinese poultry industry since 2015. The relationships among viral structural proteins in infected hosts are relatively unknown. To explore the role of different parts of the fiber-1 protein in FAdV-4-infected [...] Read more.
Fowl adenovirus serotype 4 (FAdV-4) outbreaks have caused significant economic losses in the Chinese poultry industry since 2015. The relationships among viral structural proteins in infected hosts are relatively unknown. To explore the role of different parts of the fiber-1 protein in FAdV-4-infected hosts, we truncated fiber-1 into fiber-1-Δ1 (73–205 aa) and fiber-1-Δ2 (211–412 aa), constructed pEF1α-HA-fiber-1-Δ1 and pEF1α-HA-fiber-1-Δ2 and then transfected them into leghorn male hepatocyte (LMH) cells. After FAdV-4 infection, the roles of fiber-1-Δ1 and fiber-1-Δ2 in the replication of FAdV-4 were investigated, and transcriptome sequencing was performed. The results showed that the fiber-1-Δ1 and fiber-1-Δ2 proteins were the shaft and knob domains, respectively, of fiber-1, with molecular weights of 21.4 kDa and 29.6 kDa, respectively. The fiber-1-Δ1 and fiber-1-Δ2 proteins were mainly localized in the cytoplasm of LMH cells. Fiber-1-Δ2 has a greater ability to inhibit FAdV-4 replication than fiber-1-Δ1, and 933 differentially expressed genes (DEGs) were detected between the fiber-1-Δ1 and fiber-1-Δ2 groups. Functional analysis revealed these DEGs in a variety of biological functions and pathways, such as the phosphoinositide 3-kinase–protein kinase b (PI3K–Akt) signaling pathway, the mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) signaling pathway, cytokine–cytokine receptor interactions, Toll-like receptors (TLRs), the Janus tyrosine kinase–signal transducer and activator of transcription (Jak–STAT) signaling pathway, the nucleotide-binding oligomerization domain (NOD)-like receptors (NLRs) signaling pathway, and other innate immune pathways. The mRNA expression levels of type I interferons (IFN-α and INF-β) and proinflammatory cytokines (IL-1β, IL-6 and IL-8) were significantly increased in cells overexpressing the fiber-1-Δ2 protein. These results demonstrate the role of the knob domain of the fiber-1 (fiber-1-Δ2) protein in FAdV-4 infection and provide a theoretical basis for analyzing the function of the fiber-1 protein of FAdV-4. Full article
(This article belongs to the Section Molecular Microbiology and Immunology)
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Article
Transcriptional Analysis of Different Cultivars and Genome-Wide Identification of FAD Gene Family in Tree Peony
by Jian Li, Qi Wang, Chenjing Han, Zhifang Liu, Shunzhao Sui, Zheng Li, Xianli Zheng, Chunmei Hu, Wenshuang Zhao and Yu Wang
Agronomy 2024, 14(10), 2378; https://doi.org/10.3390/agronomy14102378 - 15 Oct 2024
Viewed by 1404
Abstract
The tree peony (Paeonia ostii), a newly recognized woody oil plant endemic to China, is noteworthy for its high content of unsaturated fatty acids (UFA), particularly alpha-linolenic acid (ALA). Fatty acid desaturases (FADs) are integral to plant development and defense mechanisms. [...] Read more.
The tree peony (Paeonia ostii), a newly recognized woody oil plant endemic to China, is noteworthy for its high content of unsaturated fatty acids (UFA), particularly alpha-linolenic acid (ALA). Fatty acid desaturases (FADs) are integral to plant development and defense mechanisms. Nonetheless, there is limited understanding of (i) the molecular mechanism underlying FA biosynthesis in various varieties during seed maturation and (ii) a genome-wide analysis of FAD family genes within the tree peony. We selected three distinct cultivars of tree peony for transcriptome sequencing and performed an extensive analysis of PoFAD genes. In total, 67,542 unigenes were acquired and annotated with six protein databases available to the public. Forty-one differentially expressed genes (DEGs) pertinent to FA biosynthesis and lipid metabolism were identified in this study. Notably, genes such as PoFAD2, PoFAD6, and PoSAD were found to be significantly upregulated, contributing to a differential linolenic acid and linoleic acid content across the three cultivars. Herein, 24 PoFADs from the P. ostii genome were recognized and categorized into four distinct clusters according to their conserved structural features. The distribution of PoFADs was found to be random and uneven across five chromosomes, indicating a complex genomic architecture. Six colinear gene pairs were found between P. ostii and V. vinifera, indicating a potential link due to their close relationship. Together, these findings significantly enhance our knowledge of the molecular processes governing fatty acid synthesis, elucidate the functional roles of the FAD gene family, and lay the groundwork for using genetic manipulation to boost lipid levels. Full article
(This article belongs to the Section Plant-Crop Biology and Biochemistry)
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