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Search Results (797)

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21 pages, 679 KB  
Article
Insight into Cytotoxic Potential of Erica spiculifolia Salisb (Balkan Heath)
by Reneta Gevrenova, Rositsa Mihaylova, Nikolay Bebrivenski, Georgi Momekov and Dimitrina Zheleva-Dimitrova
Plants 2025, 14(19), 3063; https://doi.org/10.3390/plants14193063 (registering DOI) - 3 Oct 2025
Abstract
Erica spiculifolia Salisb. (Balkan heath) is an evergreen shrub growing in the mountain shrublands of Eastern Europe. E. spiculifolia was used as a diuretic, anti-inflammatory, and antioxidant herbal remedy. The present study aims to conduct an evaluation of the phytochemical composition and antitumor [...] Read more.
Erica spiculifolia Salisb. (Balkan heath) is an evergreen shrub growing in the mountain shrublands of Eastern Europe. E. spiculifolia was used as a diuretic, anti-inflammatory, and antioxidant herbal remedy. The present study aims to conduct an evaluation of the phytochemical composition and antitumor activity of the methanol–aqueous extract from E. spiculifolia aerial parts to explore its potential in cancer treatment. Overall, a total of 54 secondary metabolites, including 28 hydroxybenzoic, hydroxycinnamic acids, and phenolic glycosides, and 10 triterpene acids, together with 17 flavonoids, were identified or annotated in the assayed E. spiculifolia extract using liquid chromatography-high-resolution mass spectrometry. The cytotoxic activity of the extract, alongside gallic, protocatechuic, and oleanolic acids as its constituents, was screened against a panel of malignant human cell lines of different origin (LAMA-84, HL-60, MDA-MB-231, MCF-7, and CASKI). The most prominent antiproliferative effect of the studied extract (with IC50 16.6 μg/mL), matched with the highest tumor selectivity (SI > 120), was observed in the LAMA-84 myeloid cells. These findings were further supported by gallic and oleanolic acid (IC50 6.2 and 1.7 μg/mL, respectively), accounting for a more distinct cytotoxicity. The strongest selective antineoplastic activity was achieved towards the triple-negative breast carcinoma cell line MDA-MB-231, with an IC50 of 32.5 μg/mL. This study provided compelling evidence for a wide spectrum of E. spiculifolia antitumor activity, indicating its potential as a natural alternative for future therapeutic applications. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Phytochemical Profiling and Bioactive Potential of Plants)
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18 pages, 15842 KB  
Systematic Review
The Effects of Climate Change on Health: A Systematic Review from a One Health Perspective
by Indira A. Luza Eyzaguirre, Esley Lima de Sousa, Yago de Jesus Martins, Marcus E. B. Fernandes and Aldemir B. Oliveira-Filho
Climate 2025, 13(10), 204; https://doi.org/10.3390/cli13100204 - 29 Sep 2025
Abstract
Climate change has been occurring due to global warming since the 1950s, causing impacts on natural and social systems, including health. This review article involves the One Health approach as a holistic approach that integrates environmental, human, and animal health, since there is [...] Read more.
Climate change has been occurring due to global warming since the 1950s, causing impacts on natural and social systems, including health. This review article involves the One Health approach as a holistic approach that integrates environmental, human, and animal health, since there is a significant gap in knowledge about the impacts of climate change on health. The questions that guide this research are as follows: What is the state of the art in studies on climate change and One Health? What are the main topics addressed in studies on climate change and One Health at a global level? The main objective is to conduct a systematic review of studies on climate change and its relationship with One Health to assess the main topics studied, involving climate change and health at a global level, and identify the gaps and challenges of these studies. The review demonstrated the exponential growth of studies that relate climate change to One Health, especially in the last three decades, with more records of studies that address infectious diseases such as arboviruses. Furthermore, studies on climate and its impact on mental health were detected, causing depression, anxiety, post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD), solastalgia, and eco-anxiety, especially in vulnerable populations such as indigenous communities, women, children, family farmers, and the elderly. The One Health approach was shown to be restricted to health-related issues. Thus, theoretical and experimental studies are still needed to assess the real impact of climate change on the various axes involving human health and its relationship with anthropogenic activities, environmental health, and animal health. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Climate Impact on Human Health)
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13 pages, 735 KB  
Article
Prioritizing Pediatric Eye Care in Saudi Arabia: A National Delphi Consensus Study
by Mansour A. Alghamdi, Ali Almustanyir, Abdulmalik A. Alshuimi, Saif Hassan Alrasheed, Balsam Alabdulkader, Muteb Alanazi, Basal H. Altoaimi, Mohammad Bin Dulaym, Lama Y. Alsamnan and Waleed Alghamdi
Healthcare 2025, 13(19), 2467; https://doi.org/10.3390/healthcare13192467 - 29 Sep 2025
Abstract
Background/Objectives: Childhood eye disorders, including refractive errors, strabismus, and amblyopia, are prevalent yet often underdiagnosed in Saudi Arabia. Limited data on barriers to pediatric eye care hinder efforts to optimize service delivery. This study aimed to identify barriers to accessing pediatric eye care [...] Read more.
Background/Objectives: Childhood eye disorders, including refractive errors, strabismus, and amblyopia, are prevalent yet often underdiagnosed in Saudi Arabia. Limited data on barriers to pediatric eye care hinder efforts to optimize service delivery. This study aimed to identify barriers to accessing pediatric eye care and to develop consensus-based strategies for improvement. Methods: A Delphi technique involving three iterative rounds of questionnaires was conducted with a panel of 22 eye care experts across Saudi Arabia. Consensus was defined as ≥80% agreement among participants. In total, 30 statements were developed from thematic analysis of open-ended responses and a supporting literature review. Panelists rated each statement on a five-point Likert scale, and descriptive statistics were applied. Internal consistency across rounds was assessed using Cronbach’s alpha. Results: Of the 30 proposed statements, 25 (83.3%) reached consensus, with a mean agreement score of 4.45 ± 0.59. Internal consistency was high (Cronbach’s alpha = 0.92). High-priority recommendations included implementing mandatory vision screening, integrating optometrists into primary healthcare, and establishing specialized pediatric eye care centers. Other recommendations emphasized expanding mobile clinics and increasing public awareness. Areas that did not reach consensus included referral inefficiencies, adequacy of the current workforce, and school accommodations for children with visual impairment. Conclusions: This study presents the first national consensus on pediatric eye care in Saudi Arabia and provides actionable recommendations to strengthen services. The findings offer a strategic framework to guide policy, enhance workforce development, and reduce childhood visual impairment through early detection and intervention. Full article
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19 pages, 2190 KB  
Article
TRIZ-Based Conceptual Enhancement of a Multifunctional Rollator Walker Design Integrating Wheelchair, Pilates Chair, and Stepladder
by Elwin Nesan Selvanesan, Poh Kiat Ng, Kia Wai Liew, Jian Ai Yeow, Chai Hua Tay, Peng Lean Chong and Yu Jin Ng
Inventions 2025, 10(5), 87; https://doi.org/10.3390/inventions10050087 - 28 Sep 2025
Abstract
The development of a multifunctional invention requires several refinements for optimizing each function. This study presents a Theory of Inventive Problem Solving (TRIZ)-based conceptual framework for enhancing an innovative multifunctional assistive technology device that integrates the functionalities of a rollator walker, wheelchair, Pilates [...] Read more.
The development of a multifunctional invention requires several refinements for optimizing each function. This study presents a Theory of Inventive Problem Solving (TRIZ)-based conceptual framework for enhancing an innovative multifunctional assistive technology device that integrates the functionalities of a rollator walker, wheelchair, Pilates chair, and stepladder. The limitations of the multifunctional rollator walker were identified from the user feedback of a foundational work and were then addressed by identifying the engineering and physical contradictions and problem modeling using Su-field analysis. Through TRIZ Inventive Principles, the proposed design eliminates common trade-offs between portability, stability, and usability. The conceptual enhancement incorporates features such as deployable steps, the utilization of high strength–to–weight ratio material, foldability, a passive mechanical brake-locking system, retractable armrests, the incorporation of spring-assist hinges, and the use of large tires with vibration-dampening hubs. This study contributes a novel, user-focused, and space-saving mobility solution that aligns with the evolving demands of assistive technology, laying the groundwork for future iterations involving smart control, power assist, and modular enhancements. Full article
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29 pages, 2692 KB  
Systematic Review
Relapse Rates and Predictors Following Azathioprine Withdrawal in Inflammatory Bowel Disease: A Systematic Review, Meta-Analysis, and Meta-Regression
by Abdulrhman Al Abdulqader, Jawad S. Alnajjar, Lama Alzimami, Reem AlQarni, Fathima Raahima Riyas Mohamed, Rana AlQarni, Jomana Alnasser, Doaa Alabdulkarim, Abdullah Almaqhawi, Mohammed Abdullah Albesher and Ahmed Albadrani
J. Clin. Med. 2025, 14(19), 6868; https://doi.org/10.3390/jcm14196868 - 28 Sep 2025
Abstract
Background/Objectives: Azathioprine (AZA) is widely used for maintaining remission in inflammatory bowel disease (IBD), but the implications of its withdrawal remain unclear. This study evaluates relapse rates after AZA discontinuation in adult IBD patients in remission and identifies predictors of relapse. Methods [...] Read more.
Background/Objectives: Azathioprine (AZA) is widely used for maintaining remission in inflammatory bowel disease (IBD), but the implications of its withdrawal remain unclear. This study evaluates relapse rates after AZA discontinuation in adult IBD patients in remission and identifies predictors of relapse. Methods: A systematic review and meta-analysis were conducted according to PRISMA 2020 guidelines and registered in PROSPERO (CRD420251016594). Databases were searched from inception to 4 January 2025, including RCTs and cohort studies involving adult IBD patients who discontinued AZA in clinical remission. The main outcome assessed was relapse incidence, with additional outcomes covering time until relapse, predictors of relapse, and management following relapse. Random-effects meta-analysis, subgroup analyses, and meta-regression were performed. Results: Twenty-two studies comprising 3057 patients were included. The pooled relapse rate after AZA withdrawal was 32.5% (95% CI: 28.2–37.2%; I2 = 94.2%). UC patients exhibited higher relapse rates (41.3%) than CD patients (24.7%, p = 0.003). Shorter AZA duration, elevated CRP, and absence of mucosal healing were associated with increased relapse risk. Meta-regression identified AZA duration as a significant predictor (β = −0.18, p = 0.009). Post-relapse management often involved AZA reintroduction or escalation to biologics, with low surgery rates. The GRADE assessment revealed that the certainty of evidence for the majority of primary outcomes was classified as low to very low. Conclusions: While this meta-analysis suggests that relapse after AZA withdrawal occurs frequently in IBD patients, the low to very low certainty of evidence limits definitive recommendations. The significant heterogeneity indicates that relapse risk varies across different patient populations and different settings. Full article
(This article belongs to the Section Gastroenterology & Hepatopancreatobiliary Medicine)
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14 pages, 593 KB  
Article
BAN Score and Distinct Early Cardiometabolic Risk Signatures in a Non-Diabetic Population: A Cross-Sectional Analysis
by Yazeed Alshuweishi, Noha A. Alshuwayer, Lama Izziddeen, Arwa Abudawood, Dalal Alfayez and Ahmed M. Basudan
Healthcare 2025, 13(18), 2384; https://doi.org/10.3390/healthcare13182384 - 22 Sep 2025
Viewed by 264
Abstract
Background: The BMI–albumin–neutrophil-to-lymphocyte (BAN) score integrates adiposity, nutritional status, and systemic inflammation, but its role in detecting early cardiometabolic changes remains unclear. This study examined associations of the BAN score with vascular, glycemic, and lipid markers in non-diabetic adults. Methods: This retrospective cross-sectional [...] Read more.
Background: The BMI–albumin–neutrophil-to-lymphocyte (BAN) score integrates adiposity, nutritional status, and systemic inflammation, but its role in detecting early cardiometabolic changes remains unclear. This study examined associations of the BAN score with vascular, glycemic, and lipid markers in non-diabetic adults. Methods: This retrospective cross-sectional study included 162 non-diabetic subjects. Associations between the BAN score and vascular, glycemic, and lipid parameters were examined using Spearman’s correlation, ROC analysis, and regression models adjusted for age, sex, smoking status, and medication use. Results: Patients had a median age of 37 years, 72.8% were female, with median BMI 33 kg/m2, albumin 4.4 g/dL, and NLR 1.3. Higher BAN scores correlated with systolic blood pressure (SBP) (r = 0.23, p < 0.01), pulse pressure (PP) (r = 0.26, p < 0.001), and HbA1c (r = 0.22, p < 0.01). Compared with the lowest tertile, higher BAN tertiles showed significantly elevated SBP, PP, and HbA1c (p < 0.01). In adjusted models, each one-unit increase in BAN score was associated with higher SBP (β = 1.01, p = 0.037), PP (β = 0.66, p = 0.006), and HbA1c (β = 1.85, p = 0.008). No associations were found with the atherogenic index of plasma (AIP), Castelli risk index I (CRI-I), or Castelli risk index II (CRI-II). ROC analysis showed moderate discriminative ability for hypertension (AUC = 0.66) and HbA1c (AUC = 0.65). Conclusions: The BAN score is associated with a distinctive early cardiometabolic risk, particularly elevated SBP, widened PP, and early glycemic alterations. Further research should define the BAN score’s mechanisms and preventive utility. Full article
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38 pages, 27011 KB  
Article
Passable: An Intelligent Traffic Light System with Integrated Incident Detection and Vehicle Alerting
by Ohoud Alzamzami, Zainab Alsaggaf, Reema AlMalki, Rawan Alghamdi, Amal Babour and Lama Al Khuzayem
Sensors 2025, 25(18), 5760; https://doi.org/10.3390/s25185760 - 16 Sep 2025
Viewed by 550
Abstract
The advancement of Artificial Intelligence (AI) and the Internet of Things (IoT) has accelerated the development of Intelligent Transportation Systems (ITS) in smart cities, playing a crucial role in optimizing traffic flow, enhancing road safety, and improving the driving experience. With urban traffic [...] Read more.
The advancement of Artificial Intelligence (AI) and the Internet of Things (IoT) has accelerated the development of Intelligent Transportation Systems (ITS) in smart cities, playing a crucial role in optimizing traffic flow, enhancing road safety, and improving the driving experience. With urban traffic becoming increasingly complex, timely detection and response to congestion and accidents are critical to ensuring safety and situational awareness. This paper presents Passable, an intelligent and adaptive traffic light control system that monitors traffic conditions in real time using deep learning and computer vision. By analyzing images captured from cameras at traffic lights, Passable detects road incidents and dynamically adjusts signal timings based on current vehicle density. It also employs wireless communication to alert drivers and update a centralized dashboard accessible to traffic management authorities. A working prototype integrating both hardware and software components was developed and evaluated. Results demonstrate the feasibility and effectiveness of designing an adaptive traffic signal control system that integrates incident detection, instantaneous communication, and immediate reporting to the relevant authorities. Such a design can enhance traffic efficiency and contribute to road safety. Future work will involve testing the system with real-world vehicular communication technologies on multiple coordinated intersections while integrating pedestrian and emergency vehicle detection. Full article
(This article belongs to the Section Internet of Things)
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22 pages, 6478 KB  
Article
Development of a Wearable Walking and Standing Aid for Elderly People
by Weller Loo, Poh Kiat Ng, Boon Kian Lim, Chai Hua Tay and Kia Wai Liew
Appl. Sci. 2025, 15(18), 10002; https://doi.org/10.3390/app151810002 - 12 Sep 2025
Viewed by 248
Abstract
Wearable walking and standing aids have emerged as promising assistive technology devices to support elderly people in promoting mobility for sustainable healthy ageing. However, there is lack of research in this area, which necessitates the present work. In this study, a wearable walking [...] Read more.
Wearable walking and standing aids have emerged as promising assistive technology devices to support elderly people in promoting mobility for sustainable healthy ageing. However, there is lack of research in this area, which necessitates the present work. In this study, a wearable walking and standing aid was developed for elderly people using the Design for Manufacture and Assembly (DFMA) method, and the device was tested for its effectiveness based on lifting capability. Through a series of engineering design processes, including conceptual design, detailed design, simulation, analysis, fabrication, and assembly, a prototype was developed and tested. The results reveal that the prototype, which supports thighs and calves, is capable of helping the user to stand and sit. The experimental results indicated a lifting capability surpassing the expected theoretical model by almost 43%. Nevertheless, several recommendations are suggested to further improve the prototype in an effort to develop a more effective and reliable wearable walking and standing aid for elderly people. Full article
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13 pages, 2571 KB  
Article
Exploratory Analysis of Differentially Expressed Genes for Distinguishing Adipose-Derived Mesenchymal Stroma/Stem Cells from Fibroblasts
by Masami Kanawa, Katsumi Fujimoto, Tania Saskianti, Ayumu Nakashima and Takeshi Kawamoto
Appl. Sci. 2025, 15(18), 9881; https://doi.org/10.3390/app15189881 - 9 Sep 2025
Viewed by 315
Abstract
Adipose-derived mesenchymal stromal/stem cells (AT-MSCs) can be typically isolated from adipose tissue using a minimally invasive procedure. However, since AT-MSCs are usually obtained from subcutaneous tissue, there is a risk of contamination with fibroblasts (FBs), which can reduce the differentiation potential of AT-MSCs. [...] Read more.
Adipose-derived mesenchymal stromal/stem cells (AT-MSCs) can be typically isolated from adipose tissue using a minimally invasive procedure. However, since AT-MSCs are usually obtained from subcutaneous tissue, there is a risk of contamination with fibroblasts (FBs), which can reduce the differentiation potential of AT-MSCs. To avoid this contamination, it is crucial to identify specific markers to effectively distinguish AT-MSCs from FBs. Analysis of microarray data obtained from three studies (GSE9451, GSE66084, GSE94667, and GSE38947) revealed 123 genes expressed at levels more than 1.5-fold higher in AT-MSCs compared to FBs. Using STRING, a protein-protein interaction (PPI) network consisting of 80 nodes and 197 edges was identified within the 123 genes. Further investigation using Molecular Complex Detection in Cytoscape identified a module of 12 genes: COL3A1, FBN1, COL4A1, COL5A2, POSTN, CTGF, SPARC, HSPG2, FSTL1, LAMA2, LAMC1, COL16A1. Gene Ontology analysis revealed that these genes were enriched in extracellular region (GO: 0005576). Additionally, these 12 genes corresponded to the top 12 of the 15 hub genes calculated using the Maximal Clique Centrality algorithm. The results of this study suggest that these 12 genes may serve as markers for distinguishing AT-MSCs from FBs, offering potential applications in regenerative medicine. Full article
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25 pages, 942 KB  
Article
Visual eWOM and Brand Factors in Shaping Hotel Booking Decisions: A UK Hospitality Study
by WinnieSiewKoon Chu, Kim Piew Lai and Robert Jeyakumar Nathan
Tour. Hosp. 2025, 6(4), 171; https://doi.org/10.3390/tourhosp6040171 - 8 Sep 2025
Viewed by 648
Abstract
This study aims to bridge the research gap emerging from the relationships between Visual electronic Word-of-Mouth (VeWOM) and brand factors, and their impact on consumers’ behavior by exploring the causal effects of eWOM attributes on hotel brand factor spreading through Brand Awareness (BA) [...] Read more.
This study aims to bridge the research gap emerging from the relationships between Visual electronic Word-of-Mouth (VeWOM) and brand factors, and their impact on consumers’ behavior by exploring the causal effects of eWOM attributes on hotel brand factor spreading through Brand Awareness (BA) and Brand Perceived Value (BV) and its consequences on Purchase Decisions (PD) in the hospitality context. Attribution Theory was extended to incorporate brand-mediated effects and crisis-specific factors. The study investigates the impact of VeWOM on consumer Purchase Decisions (PD) in terms of hotel room bookings in the British hospitality market, emphasizing the mediating role of brand-related constructs. Drawing on Attribution Theory, the research proposes a structural model to assess both direct and indirect pathways through which VeWOM influences behavioral outcomes. A stratified, non-probability sampling approach yielded 443 valid responses from hotel bookers who engaged with user-generated visual content prior to booking. The Partial Least Squares Structural Equation Model (PLS-SEM) was employed to test the hypothesized relationships. The findings reveal that VeWOM significantly influences Brand Value (BV), eWOM Credibility, and Information Quality, which in turn shape consumer purchase behavior. Crucially, Brand Value emerges as a key mediating variable, bridging VeWOM and Purchase Decisions, while VeWOM alone does not directly affect booking behavior. Moreover, Brand Awareness showed no significant mediating effect. The study underscores the indirect attribution process in visual review contexts, demonstrating that the influence of VeWOM is channeled primarily through brand perception mechanisms rather than direct persuasion. These insights extend Attribution Theory by highlighting the distinct cognitive pathways activated by visual content compared to text-based reviews. Practically, the research suggests that hoteliers should focus on enhancing Brand Value via bundled offerings and relationship-based marketing rather than relying solely on visual appeal or awareness to drive bookings. The study contributes to the growing body of VeWOM literature by clarifying its nuanced effects on decision-making in digital hospitality environments. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Customer Behavior in Tourism and Hospitality)
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15 pages, 1304 KB  
Article
Conv-ScaleNet: A Multiscale Convolutional Model for Federated Human Activity Recognition
by Xian Wu Ting, Ying Han Pang, Zheng You Lim, Shih Yin Ooi and Fu San Hiew
AI 2025, 6(9), 218; https://doi.org/10.3390/ai6090218 - 8 Sep 2025
Viewed by 441
Abstract
Background: Artificial Intelligence (AI) techniques have been extensively deployed in sensor-based Human Activity Recognition (HAR) systems. Recent advances in deep learning, especially Convolutional Neural Networks (CNNs), have advanced HAR by enabling automatic feature extraction from raw sensor data. However, these models often struggle [...] Read more.
Background: Artificial Intelligence (AI) techniques have been extensively deployed in sensor-based Human Activity Recognition (HAR) systems. Recent advances in deep learning, especially Convolutional Neural Networks (CNNs), have advanced HAR by enabling automatic feature extraction from raw sensor data. However, these models often struggle to capture multiscale patterns in human activity, limiting recognition accuracy. Additionally, traditional centralized learning approaches raise data privacy concerns, as personal sensor data must be transmitted to a central server, increasing the risk of privacy breaches. Methods: To address these challenges, this paper introduces Conv-ScaleNet, a CNN-based model designed for multiscale feature learning and compatibility with federated learning (FL) environments. Conv-ScaleNet integrates a Pyramid Pooling Module to extract both fine-grained and coarse-grained features and employs sequential Global Average Pooling layers to progressively capture abstract global representations from inertial sensor data. The model supports federated learning by training locally on user devices, sharing only model updates rather than raw data, thus preserving user privacy. Results: Experimental results demonstrate that the proposed Conv-ScaleNet achieves approximately 98% and 96% F1-scores on the WISDM and UCI-HAR datasets, respectively, confirming its competitiveness in FL environments for activity recognition. Conclusions: The proposed Conv-ScaleNet model addresses key limitations of existing HAR systems by combining multiscale feature learning with privacy-preserving training. Its strong performance, data protection capability, and adaptability to decentralized environments make it a robust and scalable solution for real-world HAR applications. Full article
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17 pages, 551 KB  
Review
Stabilin-1 in Tumor-Associated Macrophages: A Potential Therapeutic Target in Cancer Immunotherapy
by Jampa Lhamo Gurung, Raju Lama Tamang, Lepakshe Madduri, Robert G. Bennett, Edward N. Harris, Paul W. Denton and Benita McVicker
Biology 2025, 14(9), 1198; https://doi.org/10.3390/biology14091198 - 5 Sep 2025
Viewed by 1030
Abstract
Stabilin-1 (STAB1) is a multifunctional scavenger receptor expressed by endothelial cells of the liver, spleen, lymph nodes, bone marrow and a subset of macrophages. STAB1 interacts with different ligands and modulates a wide range of functions including cell trafficking, endocytosis, homeostasis, angiogenesis, and [...] Read more.
Stabilin-1 (STAB1) is a multifunctional scavenger receptor expressed by endothelial cells of the liver, spleen, lymph nodes, bone marrow and a subset of macrophages. STAB1 interacts with different ligands and modulates a wide range of functions including cell trafficking, endocytosis, homeostasis, angiogenesis, and tumor vascularization. The role of STAB1 in cancer progression and metastasis first became evident in Stab1 knockout (KO) mice, which developed smaller primary tumors and metastatic foci for some cancers. To date, various clinical cohorts and preclinical rodent studies have shown that STAB1 inhibition is associated with elevated anti-tumor T-cell responses. Moreover, human trials using anti-STAB1 antibody treatment indicate a shift towards immune activation and the potential to overcome cancer treatment resistance experienced with other immunotherapies. Although the role of STAB1 in cancer development and metastasis remains to be defined, STAB1 signaling in tumor-associated macrophages and downstream immune modulation are thought to be crucial mechanisms. Herein, we discuss the role of STAB1 in tumor-associated macrophages in relationship to disease progression and patient outcome. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Signalling Pathways in Cancer and Disease)
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13 pages, 990 KB  
Article
Strain- and System-Specific Enhancement of Artemisinin in Artemisia annua Composite Plants Grown in Hydroponic and Aeroponic Systems
by Martina Paponov, Pembi S. Lama, Jörg Ziegler, Cathrine Lillo and Ivan A. Paponov
Horticulturae 2025, 11(9), 1070; https://doi.org/10.3390/horticulturae11091070 - 5 Sep 2025
Viewed by 507
Abstract
Efficient production of artemisinin, a valuable secondary metabolite from Artemisia annua, remains a challenge for pharmaceutical applications. This study investigated the use of ex vitro composite plants—generated by inoculation with Agrobacterium rhizogenes strains 2659 and 1523—under hydroponic and aeroponic conditions to enhance [...] Read more.
Efficient production of artemisinin, a valuable secondary metabolite from Artemisia annua, remains a challenge for pharmaceutical applications. This study investigated the use of ex vitro composite plants—generated by inoculation with Agrobacterium rhizogenes strains 2659 and 1523—under hydroponic and aeroponic conditions to enhance artemisinin and phenolic compound accumulation. In leaves, artemisinin content increased in a cultivation-specific, strain-dependent manner: strain 2659 was effective under aeroponics (+36%), while strain 1523 enhanced accumulation under hydroponics (+32%). In roots, strain 2659 led to higher artemisinin accumulation than strain 1523 under both systems, with increases of up to 145% in hydroponics and 75% in aeroponics. Strain 1523 strongly promoted artemisinin exudation, especially in hydroponics, suggesting active regulation of artemisinin export. Aeroponic cultivation increased total phenolic content (TPC) in roots, while strain 1523 reduced TPC in leaves. Although total biomass was unaffected, A. rhizogenes altered assimilate partitioning, decreasing the shoot-to-root ratio and enhancing root metabolism. These findings demonstrate that ex vitro composite plants, combined with optimized soilless cultivation, represent a flexible tool to boost accumulation and secretion of high-value compounds in A. annua. The strain and environment-specific responses emphasize the importance of selecting appropriate bacterial strain–cultivation combinations for scalable production systems. Full article
(This article belongs to the Section Protected Culture)
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22 pages, 3493 KB  
Article
NeuroFed-LightTCN: Federated Lightweight Temporal Convolutional Networks for Privacy-Preserving Seizure Detection in EEG Data
by Zheng You Lim, Ying Han Pang, Shih Yin Ooi, Wee How Khoh and Yee Jian Chew
Appl. Sci. 2025, 15(17), 9660; https://doi.org/10.3390/app15179660 - 2 Sep 2025
Viewed by 441
Abstract
This study investigates on-edge seizure detection that aims to resolve two major constraints that hold the deployment of deep learning models in clinical settings at present. First, centralized training requires gathering and consolidating data across institutions, which poses a serious issue of privacy. [...] Read more.
This study investigates on-edge seizure detection that aims to resolve two major constraints that hold the deployment of deep learning models in clinical settings at present. First, centralized training requires gathering and consolidating data across institutions, which poses a serious issue of privacy. Second, a high computational overhead inherent in inference imposes a crushing burden on resource-limited edge devices. Hence, we propose NeuroFed-LightTCN, a federated learning (FL) framework, incorporating a lightweight temporal convolutional network (TCN), designed for resource-efficient and privacy-preserving seizure detection. The proposed framework integrates depthwise separable convolutions, grouped with structured pruning to enhance efficiency, scalability, and performance. Furthermore, asynchronous aggregation is employed to mitigate training overhead. Empirical tests demonstrate that the network can be reduced fully to 70% with a 44.9% decrease in parameters (65.4 M down to 34.9 M and an inferencing latency of 56 ms) and still maintain 97.11% accuracy, a metric that outperforms both the non-FL and FL TCN optimizations. Ablation shows that asynchronous aggregation reduces training times by 3.6 to 18%, and pruning sustains performance even at extreme sparsity: an F1-score of 97.17% at a 70% pruning rate. Overall, the proposed NeuroFed-LightTCN addresses the trade-off between computational efficiency and model performance, delivering a viable solution to federated edge-device learning. Through the interaction of federated-optimization-driven approaches and lightweight architectural innovation, scalable and privacy-aware machine learning can be a practical reality, without compromising accuracy, and so its potential utility can be expanded to the real world. Full article
(This article belongs to the Section Computing and Artificial Intelligence)
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22 pages, 2805 KB  
Article
Enhancing PV Module Efficiency Through Fins-and-Tubes Cooling: An Outdoor Malaysian Case Study
by Ihsan Okta Harmailil, Sakhr M. Sultan, Ahmad Fudholi, Masita Mohammad and C. P. Tso
Processes 2025, 13(9), 2812; https://doi.org/10.3390/pr13092812 - 2 Sep 2025
Viewed by 528
Abstract
One of the most important applications of solar energy is electricity generation using photovoltaic (PV) panels. Yet, as the temperature of PV modules rises, both their efficiency and service life decline. A common approach to mitigate this issue is cooling with fins, a [...] Read more.
One of the most important applications of solar energy is electricity generation using photovoltaic (PV) panels. Yet, as the temperature of PV modules rises, both their efficiency and service life decline. A common approach to mitigate this issue is cooling with fins, a design that is now widely adopted. However, traditional fin-based cooling systems often fail to deliver adequate performance in hot regions with strong solar radiation. In particular, passive cooling alone shows limited effectiveness under conditions of high ambient temperatures and intense sunlight, such as those typical in Malaysia. To address this limitation, hybrid cooling strategies, especially those integrating both air and water, have emerged as promising solutions for enhancing PV performance. In this study, an experimental and economic investigations were carried out on a PV cooling system combining copper tubes and aluminium fins, tested under Malaysian climatic conditions. The economic feasibility was evaluated using the Simple Payback Period (SPP) method. An outdoor test was conducted over four consecutive days (10–13 June 2024), comparing a conventional PV module with one fitted with the hybrid cooling system (active and passive). The cooled module achieved noticeable surface temperature reductions of 2.56 °C, 2.15 °C, 2.08 °C, and 2.58 °C across the four days. The system also delivered a peak power gain of 66.85 W, corresponding to a 2.82% efficiency improvement. Economic analysis showed that the system’s payback period is 4.52 years, with the total energy value increasing by USD 477.88, representing about a 2.81% improvement compared to the reference panel. In summary, the hybrid cooling method demonstrates clear advantages in lowering panel temperature, enhancing electrical output, and ensuring favorable economic performance. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Solar Technologies and Photovoltaic Systems)
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