Search Results (31)

Pelleting seeds to enhance sowing conditions through the incorporation of pesticides or fertilizers has become a prevalent agricultural practice. This study sought to evaluate the effect of pelletized seeds and the substances they release in the form of an extract on four species of nematophagous fungi. The fungus Pleurotus ostreatus was the most sensitive to the presence of pelletized seeds; the growth of all three evaluated strains of P. ostreatus was inhibited from 42.84 to 94.33% compared to the control. In the case of the fungi Stropharia rugosoannulata and Orbilia oligospora, a statistically significant inhibition of the growth of all three evaluated strains was observed, though this inhibition was less pronounced than in the case of P. ostreatus. In contrast, the inhibitory effect on the fungus Clonostachys rosea exhibited a lower inhibition of mycelial growth (0.65–20.41%) compared to the control. The selection of suitable strains of nematophagous fungi tolerant to substances used for seed pelletization could assist in the management of nematodes. The inoculum of nematophagous fungi can be used in sugar beet sowing as a supplement, but fungi should not be used as part of the seed coatings because their viability is most inhibited in direct contact with fungicides. Full article

Melanin is a complex natural pigment that imparts a variety of colors to the fruiting bodies of edible fungi, influencing both their nutritional quality and commercial value. Stropharia rugosoannulata is an emerging type of edible fungus that has been widely cultivated in recent years. It can be categorized into red and yellow varieties based on cap color, while its pigment characteristics remain unclear. In this study, the melanins from the two varieties were obtained using an alkaline extraction and acid precipitation method, followed by comprehensive characterization of their chemical properties and ultrastructural features. Both melanins displayed distinct absorption maxima at approximately 211 nm. The melanin extracted from the red variety consisted of 55.63% carbon (C), 7.40% hydrogen (H), 30.23% oxygen (O), 5.99% nitrogen (N), and 0.64% sulfur (S), whereas the yellow variety comprised 52.22% C, 6.74% H, 29.70% O, 5.91% N, and 0.99% S. Both types of melanin included eumelanin and phaeomelanin forms, with eumelanin being the predominant type. Variations in the quantities and relative proportions of eumelanin and phaeomelanin contributed to the observed color differences in the mushroom caps. Ultrastructural micrographs revealed the melanins were primarily localized in the cell wall, consistent with findings in other fungal species. These findings contribute valuable insights into fundamental knowledge and potential applications of mushroom pigments. Full article

The mushroom Stropharia rugoso-annulata is one of the most popular varieties in the international market because it is highly nutritious and has a delicious flavor. However, grading is still performed manually, leading to inconsistent grading standards and low efficiency. In this study, deep learning and computer vision techniques were used to develop an automated air-blown grading system for classifying this mushroom into three quality grades. The system consisted of a classification module and a grading module. In the classification module, the cap and stalk regions were extracted using the YOLOv8-seg algorithm, then post-processed using OpenCV based on quantitative grading indexes, forming the proposed SegGrade algorithm. In the grading module, an air-blown grading system with an automatic feeding unit was developed in combination with the SegGrade algorithm. The experimental results show that for 150 randomly selected mushrooms, the trained YOLOv8-seg algorithm achieved an accuracy of 99.5% in segmenting the cap and stalk regions, while the SegGrade algorithm achieved an accuracy of 94.67%. Furthermore, the system ultimately achieved an average grading accuracy of 80.66% and maintained the integrity of the mushrooms. This system can be further expanded according to production needs, improving sorting efficiency and meeting market demands. Full article

Stropharia rugosoannulata, an ecologically valuable and economically important edible mushroom, faces challenges in strain-level identification and breeding due to limited genomic resources and the lack of high-resolution molecular markers. In this study, we generated high-quality genomic data for 105 S. rugosoannulata strains and identified over 2.7 million SNPs, unveiling substantial genetic diversity within the species. Using core gene-associated multiple nucleotide polymorphism (cgMNP) markers, we developed an efficient and transferable framework for strain discrimination. The analysis revealed pronounced genetic differentiation among cultivars, clustering them into two distinct phylogenetic groups. Nucleotide diversity (π) across 83 core genes varied significantly, highlighting both highly conserved loci under purifying selection and highly variable loci potentially associated with adaptive evolution. Phylogenetic analysis of the most variable gene, Phosphatidate cytidylyltransferase mitochondrial, identified 865 SNPs, enabling precise differentiation of all 85 cultivars. Our findings underscore the utility of cgMNP markers in addressing challenges posed by horizontal gene transfer and phylogenetic noise, demonstrating their robustness in cross-species applications. By providing insights into genetic diversity, evolutionary dynamics, and marker utility, this study establishes a foundation for advancing breeding programs, conservation strategies, and functional genomics in S. rugosoannulata. Furthermore, the adaptability of cgMNP markers offers a universal tool for high-resolution strain identification across diverse fungal taxa, contributing to broader fungal phylogenomics and applied mycology. Full article

Stropharia rugosoannulata and Macrolepiota procera have garnered considerable attention due to their distinctive flavor profile, culinary versatility, and potential nutritional and therapeutic benefits. They are a rich source of high-quality protein, dietary fiber, vitamins, and minerals, contributing to daily nutritional requirements and promoting overall well-being. Furthermore, they contain a diverse array of bioactive compounds, including polyphenols, flavonoids, and triterpenoids, which have demonstrated antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, and antitumor properties in previous studies. However, comprehensive reviews focusing on these two species remain limited. Therefore, this review summarizes the types of nutrients and bioactive compounds found in Stropharia rugosoannulata and Macrolepiota procera, along with their respective extraction methods. Moreover, the bioactivities of these compounds were discussed, aiming to provide a theoretical framework for the development of novel functional foods and nutraceuticals derived from Stropharia rugosoannulata and Macrolepiota procera. Full article

Cross-kingdom rotation offers several agronomic and ecological benefits, including enhanced soil nutrient availability, reduced pest and disease prevalence, improved soil structure, and minimized chemical inputs, which contribute to a dynamic and resilient soil ecosystem, thereby fostering biodiversity and ecological balance. Additionally, crop diversity encourages plant root exudates that feed a wider range of beneficial soil microbes, ultimately leading to a balanced soil food web. Integrating rice cultivation with the edible mushroom Stropharia rugosoannulata further improves soil fertility and enhances organic carbon sequestration. This rotation introduces organic matter into the soil, affecting microbial community structure and supporting the decomposition of complex organic materials via lignocellulose-decomposing fungi. These processes contribute to soil organic carbon accumulation, nutrient cycling, and long-term soil health. The study emphasizes the importance of microbial communities (including live biomass and necromass) in maintaining ecosystem stability and highlights the potential of the rice–S. rugosoannulata rotation model as a sustainable agricultural practice. Further research is needed to clarify how fungal necromass contributes to soil carbon accumulation and to optimize agricultural practices for improving soil health and carbon sequestration in response to climate change. These findings provide valuable insights for developing sustainable agricultural strategies that balance productivity with environmental conservation. Full article

Stropharia rugosoannulata is a mushroom that is rich in nutrients and has a pleasant flavor. Its cultivation area is expanding rapidly due to its simplicity and diversity. However, the developmental mechanism of the fruiting body, which constitutes the edible portion of S. rugosoannulata, remains to be elucidated. To address this knowledge gap, we conducted a comprehensive study. Our approach entailed the observation of sections through the fruiting body of S. rugosoannulata and the sequencing of the transcriptomes of various fruiting body tissues. The results demonstrated significant variations in the structure of the pileipellis, pileus, gill, veil, stipe, and trama of S. rugosoannulata. The predominant metabolic pathways included the amino acid metabolism of the pileus, sugar metabolism of the stipe, tryptophan metabolism, and wax production of the pileipellis, the DNA pathway of the gill, amino sugar metabolism of the veil, and the nitrogen metabolism of the trama. The promoter cis-element analysis revealed the roles of light response, methyl jasmonate, oxygen, and temperature on the differentiation of the veil, trama, and pileipellis, respectively. In summary, the present findings offer a molecular mechanism for the development of the fruiting body and provide directions for the enhancement of cultivation techniques of S. rugosoannulata. Full article

Substantial agricultural waste, including winter jujube residues, pits, and sawdust, is generated during the planting and processing of winter jujubes. To recycle these wastes, they were used to cultivate Stropharia rugosoannulata. The nutrient composition, mineral elements, 179 pesticide residues, and heavy metals in the wastes and S. rugosoannulata were tested. Cultivating the liquid spawn of S. rugosoannulata with 40 g/L winter jujube residue as a substitute for glucose significantly increased the mycelial pellets’ biomass by 136%, resulting in more uniform pellets. Secondary strains of S. rugosoannulata were cultured using winter jujube pits, showing no significant difference in mycelial growth rate and vigor compared to the control (CK) across additive levels of 10–30%. The fruit bodies of S. rugosoannulata cultivated with winter jujube sawdust exhibited no detectable pesticide residues and a lower heavy metal content than the allowable limits, with a protein content of 36.7 g/100 g. Additionally, the mineral element potassium surpassed sodium by over 200 times, rendering it a potassium-rich, low-sodium food source. Utilizing winter jujube wastes for S. rugosoannulata cultivation effectively repurposed these wastes through sustainable recycling. This approach not only reduces cultivation costs but also yields safe and nutritious edible fungal products. Full article

Stropharia rugosoannulata is a valuable medicinal and food fungus with high nutritive value. Freeze-drying addresses the storage and transportation challenges of fresh Stropharia rugosoannulata, expanding its market while preserving its flavor and quality more effectively than other drying methods. This study optimizes the vacuum freeze-drying process for Stropharia rugosoannulata using an orthogonal experiment method. The process parameters were optimized to determine their effects on the quality of the vacuum freeze-dried product, including pre-freezing temperature, pre-freezing time, and freeze-drying time. The optimal conditions were identified as a pre-freezing time of 60 h, a pre-freezing temperature of −80 °C, and a freeze-drying time of 72 h. The optimal product exhibited a bright color close to its natural state, with minimal browning and its natural white color maintained post-drying. During the drying process, the internal structure of the raw materials remained intact. After drying, the finished product retained its natural form, making it suitable for sale on the market. The soluble protein content of the vacuum freeze-dried Stropharia rugosoannulata reached 68 mg/g. Optimizing the freeze-drying process can better preserve the tissue structure and bioactive substances of Stropharia rugosoannulata, providing a reference for high-quality food processing and showing potential for sustainable development. Full article

Protein–peptide-based materials typically possess high nutritional value and various physiological regulatory activities. This study evaluated the digestion, metabolism, and activity of Stropharia rugosoannulata protein–peptide-based materials. After the S. rugosoannulata protein–peptide-based materials were digested (simulated) orally, in the stomach, and in the intestines, the proportions of >10,000 Da, 5000~10,000 Da, and <180 Da in the digestion products increased, and the peptide content was maintained at more than 120 mg/g dry weight. The digestion products of eight test groups with different oral–gastrointestinal digestion-level settings all had suitable ACE inhibitory activity (IC₅₀ range 0.004~0.096 mg/mL). The main metabolite groups were lipid-like molecules, fatty acids, carboxylic acids, their derivatives, amino acids, peptides, and analogs. Bile and glycosylated amino acids were the main compounds that caused differences between groups. KEGG pathways enriched in differentially expressed metabolites included eight significantly upregulated pathways, including valine, leucine, and isoleucine biosynthesis, etc., and six significantly downregulated pathways, including the citric acid cycle (tricarboxylic acid cycle), etc. The arginine and proline metabolism pathways and the aminoacyl-tRNA biosynthesis pathways were upregulation and downregulation pathways that enriched multiple differentially expressed metabolites. Twenty-six metabolites, including bile acids, total bile acids, and the essential amino acids L-isoleucine and L-leucine, were differentially expressed metabolite markers of the protein–peptide-based material oral–gastrointestinal digestion products. Full article

The classification of Stropharia rugoso-annulata is currently reliant on manual sorting, which may be subject to bias. To improve the sorting efficiency, automated sorting equipment could be used instead. However, sorting naked mushrooms in real time remains a challenging task due to the difficulty of accurately identifying, locating and sorting large quantities of them simultaneously. Models must be deployable on resource-limited devices, making it challenging to achieve both a high accuracy and speed. This paper proposes the APHS-YOLO (YOLOv8n integrated with AKConv, CSPPC and HSFPN modules) model, which is lightweight and efficient, for identifying Stropharia rugoso-annulata of different grades and seasons. This study includes a complete dataset of runners of different grades in spring and autumn. To enhance feature extraction and maintain the recognition accuracy, the new multi-module APHS-YOLO uses HSFPNs (High-Level Screening Feature Pyramid Networks) as a thin-neck structure. It combines an improved lightweight PConv (Partial Convolution)-based convolutional module, CSPPC (Integration of Cross-Stage Partial Networks and Partial Convolution), with the Arbitrary Kernel Convolution (AKConv) module. Additionally, to compensate for the accuracy loss due to lightweighting, APHS-YOLO employs a knowledge refinement technique during training. Compared to the original model, the optimized APHS-YOLO model uses 57.8% less memory and 62.5% fewer computational resources. It has an FPS (frames per second) of over 100 and even achieves 0.1% better accuracy metrics than the original model. These research results provide a valuable reference for the development of automatic sorting equipment for forest farmers. Full article

Flavonoids are a diverse family of natural compounds that are widely distributed in plants and play a critical role in plant growth, development, and stress adaptation. In recent years, the biosynthesis of flavonoids in plants has been well-researched, with the successive discovery of key genes driving this process. However, the regulation of flavonoid biosynthesis in fungi remains unclear. Stropharia rugosoannulata is an edible mushroom known for its high nutritional and pharmacological value, with flavonoids being one of its main active components. To investigate the flavonoid content of S. rugosoannulata, a study was conducted to extract and determine the total flavonoids at four stages: young mushroom (Ym), gill (Gi), maturation (Ma), and parachute-opening (Po). The findings revealed a gradual increase in total flavonoid concentration as the fruiting body developed, with significant variations observed between the Ym, Gi, and Ma stages. Subsequently, we used UPLC-MS/MS and transcriptome sequencing (RNA-seq) to quantify the flavonoids and identify regulatory genes of Ym, Gi, and Ma. In total, 53 flavonoid-related metabolites and 6726 differentially expressed genes (DEGs) were identified. Through KEGG pathway enrichment analysis, we identified 59 structural genes encoding flavonoid biosynthesis-related enzymes, most of which were up-regulated during the development of the fruiting body, consistent with the accumulation of flavonoids. This research led to the establishment of a comprehensive transcriptional metabolic regulatory network encompassing flavonoids, flavonoid synthases, and transcription factors (TFs). This represents the first systematic exploration of the molecular mechanism of flavonoids in the fruiting of fungi, offering a foundation for further research on flavonoid mechanisms and the breeding of high-quality S. rugosoannulata. Full article

China possesses abundant wild germplasm resources and a wide range of cultivated strains of Stropharia rugosoannulata. However, issues such as genetic diversity and unclear genetic relationships have had an impact on the classification and preservation of germplasm resources, the breeding of new varieties, and the promotion of superior strains. There is an urgent need for genetic diversity analysis and assessment of germplasm resources. In this study, we conducted whole-genome resequencing of 50 cultivated and wild strains collected from various regions across the country. After applying a series of filtering parameters, we obtained 888,536 high-quality Single Nucleotide Polymorphism (SNP) markers. Using these SNP markers, we performed principal component analysis, population structure analysis, and phylogenetic clusters analysis on the 50 strains. Most cultivated strains exhibited high genetic similarity, while significant genetic diversity was observed among wild strains. Based on factors such as marker distribution throughout the entire genome and marker quality, we selected 358 core SNP markers to construct SNP fingerprints. Two-dimensional barcodes were generated for each strain to enable specific identification. Additionally, the mycelial growth rate of strains was evaluated on Potato Dextrose Agar (PDA) and substrate culture media. We also assessed their lignin degradation capability using guaiacol agar plates assay. It was observed that the mycelial growth rate on PDA and substrate culture medium exhibited a significant correlation with the diameter of the mycelial colony on guaiacol agar medium. Additionally, the correlation between the mycelial growth rate on the substrate medium and that on the guaiacol agar plate was stronger than that on PDA medium. This study provided molecular-level identification and assessment of germplasm resources. It clarified the genetic relationships among strains and the characteristics of mycelium growth-related agronomic traits of each strain. This research contributed to the enrichment and development of utilizable germplasm resources and breeding materials for S. rugosoannulata, offering a scientific basis for further research. Full article

The potential of Stropharia rugosoannulata as a microbial remediation material for cadmium (Cd)-contaminated soil lies in its capacity to absorb and accumulate Cd in its mycelia. This study utilized the TMT and LC−MS techniques to conduct integrated proteomic and metabolomic analyses with the aim of investigating the mycelial response mechanisms of S. rugosoannulata under low- and high-Cd stresses. The results revealed that mycelia employed a proactive defense mechanism to maintain their physiological functions, leading to reduced sensitivity to low-Cd stress. The ability of mycelia to withstand high levels of Cd stress was influenced primarily by the comprehensive regulation of six metabolic pathways, which led to a harmonious balance between nitrogen and carbohydrate metabolism and to reductions in oxidative stress and growth inhibition caused by Cd. The results provide valuable insights into the molecular mechanisms involved in the response of S. rugosoannulata mycelia to Cd stress. Full article

Undecapeptide is the central peptide molecule in the peptide base material of Stropharia rugosoannulata, and angiotensin-converting enzyme (ACE) plays a crucial role in hypertension. To fully explore the interaction mechanism and ACE-inhibitory activity of long-chain peptides from Stropharia rugosoannulata, the binding conformations of twenty-seven undecapeptides with the ACE receptor were revealed by molecule docking. The undecapeptide GQEDYDRLRPL with better receptor binding capacity and higher secondary mass spectral abundance was screened. All amino acid residues except proline in GQEDYDRLRPL interacted with the ACE receptor. GQEDYDRLRPL interfered with the receptor’s overall structure, with significant fluctuations in amino acid residues 340–355, including two residues in the receptor’s active pockets. The binding constants of GQEDYDRLRPL to the ACE receptors were at the μM level, with a kinetic binding constant of 9.26 × 10⁻⁷ M, which is a strong binding, and a thermodynamic binding constant of 3.06 × 10⁻⁶ M. Intermolecular interaction were exothermic, enthalpy-driven, and specific binding reactions. GQEDYDRLRPL had an IC₅₀ value of 164.41 μmol/L in vitro and superior antihypertensive effects at low-gavage administration in vivo. Obtaining information on the interaction mechanism of ACE-inhibitory undecapeptides from S. rugosoannulata with the ACE receptor will help to develop and utilize ACE inhibitors of natural origin. Full article