Search Results (519)

Objectives: To systematically review and analyze electronic systems in competitive motorcycles (2020–2025), examining their technical specifications, performance impacts, and technological evolution across MotoGP, World Superbike (WSBK), MotoE, British Superbike (BSB), and Spanish Championship (ESBK) categories. Eligibility criteria: Included studies reporting technical specifications or performance data of electronic systems in professional motorcycle racing, published between January 2020 and December 2025 in English, Spanish, Italian, or Japanese. Excluded: opinion pieces, amateur racing, and studies without quantitative data. Information sources: IEEE Xplore, SAE Technical Papers, Web of Science, Scopus, and specialized motorsport databases were searched through 15 December 2025. Risk of bias: Modified Cochrane Risk of Bias tool for experimental studies and Newcastle-Ottawa Scale for observational studies. Synthesis of results: Synthesis of results: Random-effects meta-analysis using DerSimonian-Laird method for homogeneous outcomes; narrative synthesis for heterogeneous data. Included studies: 87 studies met inclusion criteria (52 experimental, 38 simulation, 23 technical descriptions, 14 comparative analyses). Electronic systems were categorized into six domains: Engine Control Units (ECU, 28 studies, 22%), Vehicle Dynamics (23 studies, 18%), Traction Control (19 studies, 15%), Data Acquisition (21 studies, 17%), Braking Systems (18 studies, 14%), and Emerging Technologies (18 studies, 14%). Note that studies could address multiple domains. Limitations of evidence: Proprietary restrictions limited access to 31% of technical details; 43% lacked cross-category comparisons. Interpretation: Electronic systems are primary performance differentiators, with computational power following Moore’s Law. Future developments point toward distributed architectures and 5G telemetry. Full article

Background/Objectives: Spanish-speaking patients face persistent barriers in accessing equitable audiological care, particularly when standardized language-appropriate tools are lacking. Two Spanish-language sentence recognition tests, the Spanish AzBio Sentence (SAzB) and the Latin American Hearing in Noise Test (LAH), are commonly used to evaluate speech perception in adults with hearing loss. However, performance differences between these measures may influence referral decisions for hearing intervention, such as cochlear implantation. This study compared test performance under varying noise and spatial conditions to guide appropriate test selection and reduce the risk of misclassification that may contribute to healthcare disparities. Methods: Twenty-one bilingual Spanish/English speaking adults with normal bilateral hearing completed speech perception testing using both the SAzB and LAH. Testing was conducted under two spatial configurations: (1) speech and noise presented from the front (0° azimuth) and (2) speech to the simulated poorer ear and noise to the better ear (90°/270° azimuth). Conditions included quiet and three signal-to-noise ratios (+10, +5, and 0 dB). Analyses included paired t-tests and one-way ANOVAs. Results: Participants scored significantly higher on the LAH than on the SAzB across all SNR conditions and configurations, with ceiling effects observed for the LAH. SAzB scores varied by language dominance, while LAH scores did not. No other differences were observed based on any further demographic information. Conclusions: The SAzB provides a more challenging and informative assessment of speech perception in noise. Relying on easier tests like the LAH may obscure real-world difficulties and delay appropriate referrals for hearing loss intervention, including cochlear implant evaluation. Selecting the most appropriate test is critical to avoiding under-referral and ensuring Spanish-speaking patients receive equitable and accurate care. Full article

Considering the new technologies, trends, and geopolitical challenges brought about by the globalization of the Internet, research on international rules in cyberspace holds theoretical urgency, practical significance, and provides guidance for real-world applications. A comparative analysis of relevant papers on the international governance of cyberspace between 1999 and 2020 was conducted using the knowledge mapping tool CiteSpace in Chinese and English databases. The analysis revealed that Chinese research exhibits a stronger focus on national policies, with distinct characteristics at different stages of research. In contrast, English literature demonstrates a clear delineation of the theoretical foundation and maintains a continuous and in-depth exploration of foundational topics. While the field of communication in Chinese has a significantly higher quantity of research compared to English, there exists a structural gap between this field and its foundational theories. In the process of a paradigm shift, it is crucial to emphasize Chinese academic perspectives in this field, pay attention to both domestic and international foundational knowledge and emerging trends, and strengthen theoretical innovation and academic community-building. Full article

This systematic literature review addresses the critical challenge of ensuring robustness and adaptability in AI-based machine health monitoring (MHM) systems. While the field has seen a surge in research, a significant gap exists in understanding how to effectively manage data scarcity, unknown fault types, and the integration of diverse data streams for real-world industrial applications. The problem is magnified by the rarity of failure events, which leads to imbalanced datasets and hampers the generalizability of predictive models. To synthesize the current state of research and identify key solutions, we followed a rigorous, modified PRISMA methodology. A comprehensive search across Scopus, IEEE Xplore, Web of Science, and Litmaps initially yielded 3235 records. After a multi-stage screening process, a final corpus of 85 peer-reviewed studies was selected. Data were extracted and synthesized based on a thematic framework of 13 core research questions. A bibliometric analysis was also conducted to quantify publication trends and research focus areas. The analysis reveals a rapid increase in research, with publications growing from 1 in 2018 to 35 in 2025. Key findings highlight the adoption of transfer learning and generative AI to combat data scarcity, with multimodal data fusion emerging as a crucial strategy for enhancing diagnostic accuracy. The most active research themes were found to be Predictive Maintenance and Edge Computing, with 12 and 10 references, respectively, while critical areas like standardization remain under-explored. Overall, this review shows that AI benefits machine health monitoring but still faces challenges in reproducibility, benchmarking, and large-scale validation. Its main limitation is the focus on English peer-reviewed studies, excluding industry reports and non-English work. Future research should develop standardized datasets, energy-efficient edge AI, and socio-technical frameworks for trust and transparency. The study offers a structured overview, a roadmap for future work, and underscores the importance of AI in Industry 4.0. Full article

Background: Engineered nanoparticles (NPs)—titanium dioxide, silver, zinc oxide and silica—are widely used in cosmetics for UV protection, antimicrobial activity and texturising effects. Chronic consumer-level exposure may impair skin-barrier integrity, disturb microbiome composition and dysregulate immune signalling via the gut–skin axis. Current regulatory frameworks typically omit chronic- or microbiome-focused safety assessments, leaving potential gaps. Objectives: This study aimed to evaluate the long-term effects of cosmetic-relevant NPs (titanium dioxide, silver, zinc oxide, silica) on skin and gut microbiota, epithelial-barrier integrity and immune signalling—including telocyte- and exosome-mediated pathways—and to identify regulatory shortcomings, particularly the absence of microbiome endpoints, validated chronic models and consideration of vulnerable populations. Methods: Following PRISMA 2020, PubMed, Scopus and Web of Science were searched for English-language in vivo animal or human studies (December 2014–April 2025) meeting chronic-exposure criteria (≥90 days in rodents or >10% of lifespan in other species; for humans, prolonged, repetitive application over months to years consistent with cosmetic use). Although not registered in PROSPERO, the review adhered to a pre-specified protocol. Two independent reviewers screened studies; risk of bias was assessed using a modified SYRCLE tool (animal) or adapted NIH guidance (zebrafish). Owing to heterogeneity, findings were synthesised narratively. Results: Of 600 records, 450 unique articles were screened, 50 full texts were assessed and 12 studies were included. Oral exposure predominated and was associated with dysbiosis, barrier impairment, immune modulation and metabolic effects. Dermal models showed outcomes from minimal change to pronounced immune activation, contingent on host susceptibility. Comparative human–animal findings are summarised; telocyte and exosome pathways were largely unexplored. Regulatory reviews (EU SCCS, US FDA and selected Asian frameworks) revealed no requirements for chronic microbiome endpoints. Limitations: Evidence is limited by the small number of eligible studies, heterogeneity in NP characteristics and exposure routes, predominance of animal models and a scarcity of longitudinal human data. Conclusions: Cosmetic nanoparticles may disrupt the microbiome, compromise barrier integrity and trigger immune dysregulation—risks amplified in vulnerable users. Existing regulations lack requirements for chronic exposure, microbiome endpoints and testing in vulnerable groups, and neglect mechanistic pathways involving telocytes and exosomes. Long-term, real-world exposure studies integrating gut–skin microbiome and immune outcomes, and harmonised global nanomaterial-safety standards, are needed to ensure safer cosmetic innovation. Full article

Background: Arm swing exercise (ASE) is a simple and accessible form of physical activity that has been reported to reduce disease risk and enhance overall health across various populations. In alignment with the World Health Organization’s recommendations for promoting physical activity, ASE requires no specialized equipment or professional supervision. However, systematic evidence on its health benefits remains limited. Objective: This systematic review and meta-analysis aimed to assess the effects of ASE on body composition, glycemic control, cardiovascular health, and musculoskeletal outcomes. Methods: A comprehensive systematic search was conducted in four major databases, including PubMed, Embase, Scopus, and the Thai-Journal Citation Index Center, covering studies published from inception to October 2024. Articles published in both English and Thai were included. Two independent reviewers screened and selected eligible randomized controlled trials and quasi-experimental studies. Methodological quality was assessed using the JBI critical appraisal tool, and meta-analyses were performed using Stata software (version 18), presenting mean differences (MD) with 95% confidence intervals (CI). Results: Thirteen studies were included, comprising eight randomized controlled trials and five quasi-experimental studies, with intervention durations ranging from 5 to 24 weeks. The ASE significantly reduced waist circumference (MD = −4.76; 95% CI: −8.36 to −1.17; and p < 0.05), hemoglobin A1C (MD= −0.80%; 95% CI: −1.19 to −0.40; and p < 0.001), fasting blood glucose (MD = −17.62 mg/dL; 95% CI: −25.93 to −9.32; and p < 0.05), and diastolic blood pressure (MD = −9.74 mmHg; 95% CI: −17.84 to −1.65; and p < 0.05). The ASE showed a non-significant reduction in systolic blood pressure (MD = −3.65 mmHg; 95% CI: −10.37 to 3.08; and p = 0.29). Additionally, the ASE significantly increased high-density lipoprotein cholesterol (HDL-C) levels (MD = 6.96 mg/dL; 95% CI: 2.20 to 11.71; and p < 0.05). Conclusions: This study, representing the first systematic review and meta-analysis focusing on ASE, demonstrates that ASE is an effective intervention for improving body composition, glycemic control, and cardiovascular health. Given its simplicity, low cost, and broad applicability, ASE could serve as a practical public health strategy to promote health and prevent chronic diseases across diverse populations. Full article

We study the properties of opinion formation on Wikipedia Ising Networks. Each Wikipedia article is represented as a node, and links are formed by citations of one article to another, generating a directed network of a given language edition with millions of nodes. Ising spins are placed at each node, and their orientation up or down is determined by a majority vote of connected neighbors. At the initial stage, there are only a few nodes from two groups with fixed competing opinions up and down, while other nodes are assumed to have no initial opinion with no effect on the vote. The competition of two opinions is modeled by an asynchronous Monte Carlo process converging to a spin-polarized steady-state phase. This phase remains stable with respect to small fluctuations induced by an effective temperature of the Monte Carlo process. The opinion polarization at the steady state provides opinion (spin) preferences for each node. In the framework of this Ising Network Opinion Formation model, we analyze the influence and competition between political leaders, world countries, and social concepts. This approach is also generalized to the competition between three groups of different opinions described by three colors; for example, Donald Trump, Vladimir Putin, and Xi Jinping, or the USA, Russia, and China, within English, Russian, and Chinese editions of Wikipedia of March 2025. We argue that this approach provides a generic description of opinion formation in various complex networks. Full article

Agrivoltaics integrates agricultural production with solar energy generation to address challenges related to land use, food security, and renewable energy development. This study provides the most comprehensive evaluation to date of global agrivoltaic research, aiming to classify the literature, identify strengths and gaps, and guide future work. We systematically screened over 3000 English-language publications through 2023 for relevant agrivoltaic publications. A total of 670 studies were categorized in the InSPIRE Data Portal across five agrivoltaic activities and multiple hierarchical themes, including physical, biological, technological, social, and crosscutting domains. We found that research was concentrated on crop production, microclimate dynamics, and PV performance, with gaps in areas like human health, wildlife, policy, and standardized methodologies. Although the U.S. emphasizes animal grazing and habitat-based systems in practice, most U.S.-based studies focused disproportionately on crop production. The analysis revealed uneven geographic and topical representation and highlighted a lack of integrated, interdisciplinary approaches. This study concludes that while agrivoltaic research has grown rapidly, more coordinated efforts could support standardized data collection, address overlooked ecological and social impacts, and align research focus with real-world system implementation, ultimately improving the scalability and successful deployment of agrivoltaic systems. Full article

Background: Atopic dermatitis (AD) in elderly patients presents unique clinical challenges due to comorbidities, polypharmacy, and an increased risk of adverse events. Janus kinase inhibitors (JAKis) have emerged as effective oral treatments, but limited data are available for their use in older adults. Methods: A narrative review was conducted through a comprehensive search of PubMed/MEDLINE, Ovid, Scopus, Embase, Cochrane Library, Web of Science, and Google Scholar up to July 2025. Only English-language studies evaluating abrocitinib, baricitinib, or upadacitinib in elderly patients (≥65 years) with moderate-to-severe AD were included. Results: RCTs enrolled few elderly patients and lacked dedicated subgroup analyses. Abrocitinib showed similar efficacy in older and younger adults, but higher rates of adverse events, especially at the 200 mg dose. Real-world studies, mainly on upadacitinib, demonstrated rapid and sustained clinical improvements, including in difficult-to-treat areas. Safety outcomes were generally favorable; most adverse events were mild and manageable. Herpes zoster and hematological changes were more frequent in elderly patients, while serious cardiovascular events were rare. Conclusions: JAK inhibitors are effective therapeutic options for elderly patients with moderate-to-severe AD. Careful patient selection, dose tailoring, and close monitoring are essential. Further age-specific RCTs and long-term real-world data are needed to guide clinical practice. Full article

Background: Hematopoietic cell transplantation (HCT) and chimeric antigen receptor T-cell (CAR-T) therapy have markedly improved survival in pediatric patients with hematological malignancies. However, these treatments cause profound immunosuppression, leading to significant susceptibility to vaccine-preventable diseases (VPDs), including invasive pneumococcal disease and measles. Timely and tailored immunization strategies are crucial to mitigate infectious risks in this vulnerable population. Methods: We conducted a narrative review of the English-language literature from 2000 to 2024, including clinical guidelines, surveys, and original studies, to evaluate immune reconstitution and vaccination practices in pediatric patients undergoing HCT and CAR-T therapy. Literature searches in PubMed, Scopus, and Web of Science used disease-specific, therapy-specific, and pathogen-specific terms. Data synthesis focused on vaccine schedules, immune recovery markers, and adherence challenges. Results: Profound immune deficits post-HCT and CAR-T therapy compromise both innate and adaptive immunity, often necessitating revaccination. Key factors influencing vaccine responses include time since therapy, graft source, immunosuppressive treatments, and chronic graft-versus-host disease. Although inactivated vaccines are generally safe from three to six months post-HCT, live vaccines remain contraindicated until documented immune recovery. CAR-T therapy introduces unique challenges due to prolonged B-cell aplasia and hypogammaglobulinemia, leading to delayed or reduced vaccine responses. Despite established guidelines, real-world adherence to vaccination schedules remains suboptimal, driven by institutional, logistic, and patient-related barriers. Conclusions: Effective vaccination strategies are essential for reducing infectious morbidity in pediatric HCT and CAR-T recipients. Personalized vaccine schedules, immune monitoring, and multidisciplinary coordination are critical to bridging gaps between guidelines and practice, ultimately improving long-term outcomes for immunocompromised children. Full article

This study presents a comprehensive bibliometric review of 136 academic publications on smart grids, microgrids, and semiconductor technologies in the context of sustainable energy management. Data were collected from the Web of Science Core Collection and analyzed using VOSviewer to identify intellectual structures, thematic clusters, and research trajectories. The results demonstrate the increasing prominence of semiconductor-enabled solutions in advancing renewable energy integration, grid optimization, and energy storage systems. Five major research themes are identified: renewable energy and smart grid integration; distributed microgrid systems; optimization models; control strategies; and system-level resilience and cybersecurity. The analysis reveals a temporal evolution from foundational engineering (2020–2021) to intelligent, digitally enhanced energy systems (2022–2025), with a growing emphasis on electric mobility, digital twins, and advanced energy management techniques, such as convex optimization. Beyond mapping trends, this study underscores critical research gaps in the non-English literature, multi-database integration, and practical deployment. The findings provide actionable insights for researchers, policymakers, and industry leaders by highlighting technological maturity, real-world applications, and strategic implications for energy transition. By aligning digital intelligence, semiconductor innovation, and sustainable energy goals, this review advances a forward-looking agenda for resilient and equitable energy systems. Full article

Ireland, historically a country of emigration, has transformed into a hub of immigration. Today, over 200 languages are spoken among its 5.25 million residents, with approximately 750,000 individuals speaking a language other than English or Irish at home. This growing linguistic diversity is increasingly reflected in Irish primary classrooms, where teachers are called upon to support students from a wide range of linguistic and cultural backgrounds). In response, Teaching English as an Additional Language (EAL) modules have expanded across initial teacher education (ITE) programs in Ireland. This study examines over two decades of teacher development initiatives, tracing a shift from an earlier bilingual model—where multilingualism was viewed primarily as second language acquisition—to a more expansive, European-informed vision of plurilingualism. Drawing on recommendations for reflexive, linguistically and culturally responsive education, this research adopts an insider/outsider discursive case study approach to explore student teachers’ preparedness to support multilingual learners in Irish primary schools. Conducted through a collaboration between an Irish teacher educator/module coordinator and an intercultural education specialist, this study employs reflexive thematic analysis) of student teachers’ self-reports from a twelve-week elective module on linguistic and cultural diversity within a Primary Bachelor of Education program. Data were drawn from surveys (n = 35) across three module iterations in 2019, 2021, and 2023. Findings indicate student teachers’ growing awareness of language teaching strategies and resources, developing positive orientations toward inclusive and plurilingual pedagogy, and emerging skills in professional collaboration. However, areas for further development include strengthening agency in navigating real-world multilingual teaching scenarios and embedding deeper reflexivity around linguistic identities, integrating students’ home language and intercultural learning. The paper concludes with recommendations to expand access to language teaching resources for diverse student profiles and support collaborative, shared EAL leadership through professional learning communities as part of teacher education reform. Full article

Background: The ageing population demands effective health solutions for the elderly. Wearable devices offer real-time monitoring and early alerts, but a comprehensive review of research in this field is lacking. This study uses bibliometric methods to analyse trends and advances in wearable devices for the elderly. Methods: Literature from 2014 to 2024 was retrieved from the Web of Science Core Collection using keywords related to the elderly and wearable devices. A total of 1015 English-language papers were analysed using tools including CiteSpace, VOSviewer, and R-Bibliometrix. Results: The annual growth rate of publications was 7.65%, with research increasing from 4 in 2014 to 1015 in 2024. Major contributors were the United States and China, with key authors including Bijan Najafi and Lynn Rochester. Research shifted from fall detection and activity monitoring to heart rate variability, balance, and AI integration. Key themes included “digital health”, “wearable technology”, and “cardiac health monitoring”. Conclusions: Research on wearable devices for the elderly is growing rapidly. Future studies should focus on multimodal sensor fusion, AI-enhanced analytics and personalised health interventions, and long-term, real-world validation of wearable solutions to improve elderly health management. Full article

Background: Neurodivergent students, including those with Autism Spectrum Disorder (ASD) and Attention Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD), frequently encounter challenges in several areas of foreign language (FL) learning, including vocabulary acquisition. This exploratory study aimed to investigate real-time English as a Foreign Language (EFL) word recognition using eye tracking within the Visual World Paradigm (VWP). Specifically, it examined whether gaze patterns could serve as indicators of successful word recognition, how these patterns varied across three distractor types (semantic, phonological, unrelated), and whether age and vocabulary knowledge influenced visual attention during word processing. Methods: Eye-tracking data were collected from 17 children aged 6–10 years with ADHD or ASD while they completed EFL word recognition tasks. Analyses focused on gaze metrics across target and distractor images to identify percentile-based thresholds as potential data-driven markers of recognition. Group differences (ADHD vs. ASD) and the roles of age and vocabulary knowledge were also examined. Results: Children with ADHD exhibited increased fixations on phonological distractors, indicating higher susceptibility to interference, whereas children with ASD demonstrated more distributed attention, often attracted by semantic cues. Older participants and those with higher vocabulary scores showed more efficient gaze behavior, characterized by increased fixations on target images, greater attention to relevant stimuli, and reduced attention to distractors. Conclusions: Percentile-based thresholds in gaze metrics may provide useful markers of word recognition in neurodivergent learners. Findings underscore the importance of differentiated instructional strategies in EFL education for children with ADHD and ASD. The study further supports the integration of eye tracking with behavioral assessments to advance understanding of language processing in atypical developmental contexts. Full article

Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis (ALS) is a neurodegenerative disorder that progressively impairs motor and communication abilities. Globally, the prevalence of ALS was estimated at approximately 222,800 cases in 2015 and is projected to increase by nearly 70% to 376,700 cases by 2040, primarily driven by demographic shifts in aging populations, and the lifetime risk of developing ALS is 1 in 350–420. Despite international advancements in assistive technologies, a recent national survey in Saudi Arabia revealed that 100% of ALS care providers lack access to eye-tracking communication tools, and 92% reported communication aids as inconsistently available. While assistive technologies such as speech-generating devices and gaze-based control systems have made strides in recent decades, they primarily support English speakers, leaving Arabic-speaking ALS patients underserved. This paper presents SOUTY, a cost-effective, mobile-based application that empowers ALS patients to communicate using gaze-controlled interfaces combined with a text-to-speech (TTS) feature in Arabic language, which is one of the five most widely spoken languages in the world. SOUTY (i.e., “my voice”) utilizes a personalized, pre-recorded voice bank of the ALS patient and integrated eye-tracking technology to support the formation and vocalization of custom phrases in Arabic. This study describes the full development life cycle of SOUTY from conceptualization and requirements gathering to system architecture, implementation, evaluation, and refinement. Validation included expert interviews with Human–Computer Interaction (HCI) expertise and speech pathology specialty, as well as a public survey assessing awareness and technological readiness. The results support SOUTY as a culturally and linguistically relevant innovation that enhances autonomy and quality of life for Arabic-speaking ALS patients. This approach may serve as a replicable model for developing inclusive Augmentative and Alternative Communication (AAC) tools in other underrepresented languages. The system achieved 100% task completion during internal walkthroughs, with mean phrase selection times under 5 s and audio playback latency below 0.3 s. Full article