Search Results (3,102)

Background and Clinical Significance: Roux-en-Y gastric bypass (RYGB) significantly alters glucose metabolism, yet managing glucose variability in patients undergoing bariatric surgery remains challenging. Continuous Glucose Monitoring (CGM) offers real-time insights into glucose fluctuations and may support long-term metabolic management in this population. This case highlights the utility of CGM in identifying postprandial glycemic variability and guiding dietary adjustments. Case Presentation: A 45-year-old female, 14 years post-RYGB, presented with symptoms including postprandial fatigue, nocturnal cravings, and unexplained weight gain, despite adherence to nutritional guidelines. Her BMI had decreased from 52 kg/m² (pre-surgery) to 29 kg/m². She was provided with a CGM device (FreeStyle Libre 3) by the clinical team and instructed to monitor glucose without modifying her routine initially. Data revealed significant glycemic variability, with peaks up to 220 mg/dL and hypoglycemic dips to 45 mg/dL. Based on this, she adjusted her diet by reducing non-complex carbohydrates and increasing vegetables, proteins, and complex carbohydrates. Within two weeks, her symptoms improved, including better sleep and energy levels, accompanied by a 3 kg weight loss following dietary adjustments informed by CGM feedback. Conclusions: This case suggests how CGM can empower patients having undergone bariatric surgery to manage glucose fluctuations through informed self-management. The patient’s ability to identify and address glucose variability without formal intervention highlights CGM’s potential as a supportive tool in long-term care. While further studies are needed, this case suggests CGM may benefit similar patients experiencing postprandial symptoms or weight regain after bariatric surgery. Full article

Background and Objectives: Circadian fluctuations in blood pressure, particularly the non-dipping pattern characterized by the absence of a nocturnal decline, are associated with an increased risk of microvascular complications. The retina, as a highly sensitive microvascular tissue, offers a valuable window into systemic hemodynamic alterations. However, the literature lacks detailed structural analyses that evaluate all retinal regions by segmenting nighttime into specific time intervals. Notably, the early morning period (04:00–08:00), during which stress hormones such as cortisol and catecholamines rise physiologically, leads to increased blood pressure that may significantly affect retinal microcirculation. This prospective study aims to assess retinal microvascular structures in dipper and non-dipper individuals using structural optical coherence tomography and to investigate their relationship with blood pressure parameters by dividing nighttime into distinct time segments. Materials and Methods: A total of 60 participants were classified as dipper (n = 26) or non-dipper (n = 34) based on 24 h ambulatory blood pressure monitoring results. Structural optical coherence tomography was used to evaluate superficial and deep capillary plexus densities in the foveal, parafoveal, and perifoveal regions, along with the area and perimeter of the foveal avascular zone (FAZ) and flow density (FD). Blood pressure values, including systolic, diastolic, mean arterial, and pulse pressure, were recorded during two nighttime intervals (00:00–04:00 and 04:00–08:00), and correlations with retinal parameters were analyzed. Results: No significant differences were observed in retinal microvascular parameters between the dipper and non-dipper groups. Deep capillary densities, particularly in the parafoveal and perifoveal regions, showed significant positive correlations with serum total protein, albumin, and very low-density lipoprotein (VLDL) levels. Furthermore, systolic and mean arterial pressures measured during the 04:00–08:00 interval demonstrated significant positive correlations with deep retinal vascular densities. The FAZ perimeter was negatively correlated with pulse pressure variability, while FD showed a negative correlation with mean arterial pressure variability. Conclusions: This prospective study is among the first to investigate the effects of circadian blood pressure patterns on retinal microvascular structures by segmenting nighttime into specific intervals and employing comprehensive structural optical coherence tomography across the entire retina. The findings suggest that retinal microvascular structure may be associated with fluctuations in blood pressure. Analyses of blood pressure measurements between 04:00 and 08:00 may offer supplementary insights into the evaluation of retinal microvascular structure. Full article

The long-distance high-voltage transmission tower-line system, frequently traversing active fault zones, is vulnerable to severe symmetry-breaking damage during earthquakes due to asymmetric permanent ground displacements. However, the seismic performance of such systems, particularly concerning symmetry-breaking effects caused by asymmetric fault displacements, remains inadequately studied. This study investigates the symmetry degradation mechanisms in a 1:40 scaled 500 kV tower-line system subjected to cross-fault ground motions via shaking table tests. The testing protocol incorporates representative fault mechanisms—strike-slip and normal/reverse faults—to systematically evaluate their differential impacts on symmetry response. Measurements of acceleration, strain, and displacement reveal that while acceleration responses are spectrally controlled, structural damage is highly fault-type dependent and markedly asymmetric. The acceleration of towers without permanent displacement was 35–50% lower than that of towers with permanent displacement. Under identical permanent displacement conditions, peak displacements caused by normal/reverse motions exceeded those from strike-slip motions by 50–100%. Accordingly, a fault-type-specific amplification factor of 1.5 is proposed for the design of towers in dip-slip fault zones. These results offer novel experimental insights into symmetry violation under fault ruptures, including fault-specific correction factors and asymmetry-resistant design strategies. However, the conclusions are subject to limitations such as scale effects and the exclusion of vertical ground motion components. Full article

This study established an efficient in vitro regeneration system using stem nodes from root collar suckers as explants. Subsequently, regenerated shoots were used to establish an in vitro medicinal production protocol that achieved ginkgolic acid production. The self-developed Ginkgo biloba medium (GBM), first reported in this study, was pivotal to system establishment. The plantlet propagation system showed that the bases of stem nodes dipped in GBM with 2 mg·L⁻¹ 6-benzyladenine (BA) and 0.2 mg·L⁻¹ 1-naphthaleneacetic acid (NAA) achieved near-complete axillary bud induction (99.56%). Adventitious shoot induction reached 82.22% (3.5 shoots/explant) using GBM with 0.2 mg·L⁻¹ BA, 0.02 mg·L⁻¹ kinetin (Kin) and 0.2 g·L⁻¹ proline (Pro). Maximum adventitious shoot elongation (92.22%, average 3.35 cm) was observed on GBM containing 0.1 mg·L⁻¹ zeatin (ZT) and 0.01 mg·L⁻¹ BA. After 3-week preculture with 15 mg·L⁻¹ phloroglucinol (PG), treatment with 0.6 mg·L⁻¹ indole-3-butyric acid (IBA) and 0.2% activated carbon (AC) yielded 96.67% rooting (6.19 roots/explant) and 85% acclimatization survival. For medicinal resource production, bud cluster induction at 94.44% (20.89 buds/explant) on GBM with 1 mg·L⁻¹ BA, 0.03 mg·L⁻¹ Kin, and 0.2 g·L⁻¹ Pro. Leaf organs in GBM with 0.3 mg·L⁻¹ BA, 0.01 mg·L⁻¹ Kin, 0.01 mg·L⁻¹ IBA, 0.3 g·L⁻¹ Pro, and 0.01 mg·L⁻¹ glutamine (Gln) accumulated 20.64 g fresh weight and 41.910 mg·g⁻¹ DW ginkgolic acids, representing a 4.93-fold increase over mother plants. This system enables large-scale Ginkgo biloba L. propagation and provides an in vitro strategy for producing medicinal compounds in endangered plants. Full article

Hand rehabilitation exoskeletons play a critical role in restoring motor function in patients with stroke or hand injuries. However, most existing designs rely on fixed-axis assumptions, neglecting the rolling–sliding coupling of finger joints that causes instantaneous center of rotation (ICOR) drift, leading to kinematic misalignment and localized pressure concentrations. This study proposes the Instant Radius Method (IRM) based on medical imaging to continuously model ICOR trajectories of the MCP, PIP, and DIP joints, followed by the construction of an equivalent ICOR through curve fitting. Crossing-type biomimetic kinematic pairs were designed according to the equivalent ICOR and integrated into a three-loop ten-linkage exoskeleton capable of dual DOFs per finger (flexion–extension and abduction–adduction, 10 DOFs in total). Kinematic validation was performed using IMU sensors (Delsys) to capture joint angles, and interface pressure distribution at MCP and PIP was measured using thin-film pressure sensors. Experimental results demonstrated that with biomimetic kinematic pairs, the exoskeleton’s fingertip trajectories matched physiological trajectories more closely, with significantly reduced RMSE. Pressure measurements showed a reduction of approximately 15–25% in mean pressure and 20–30% in peak pressure at MCP and PIP, with more uniform distributions. The integrated framework of IRM-based modeling–equivalent ICOR–biomimetic kinematic pairs–multi-DOF exoskeleton design effectively enhanced kinematic alignment and human–machine compatibility. This work highlights the importance and feasibility of ICOR alignment in rehabilitation robotics and provides a promising pathway toward personalized rehabilitation and clinical translation. Full article

(1) Introduction: The clinical success of dental implants depends on rapid osseointegration, which can be impaired by hydrocarbon contamination and biological aging of titanium surfaces. Chairside plasma surface treatment has emerged as a practical method to restore surface hydrophilicity and enhance early bone–implant integration. (2) Materials and Methods: This retrospective cohort study evaluated 73 plasma-treated implants placed in 47 patients from June 2023 to October 2024. Non-thermal atmospheric pressure plasma was applied immediately before placement using the ACTILINK™ Reborn system. Implant stability was assessed baseline, weekly for the first four weeks, and again at week 8 using resonance frequency analysis (ISQ). Subgroup analyses were conducted according to initial ISQ, jaw location, implant length/diameter, and final insertion torque. (3) Results: All implants healed uneventfully without a stability dip. Mean ISQ increased from 78.97 ± 5.52 at placement to 83.74 ± 4.36 at week 8 (p < 0.001). Implants with lower initial stability demonstrated the greatest relative gains, while those with very high initial stability showed minimal changes. Mandibular and shorter implants demonstrated higher stability gains compared to maxillary and longer fixtures. (4) Conclusions: Chairside plasma surface treatment was associated with progressive ISQ increases during the 8-week healing period. The greatest gains occurred in implants with lower initial stability, while very stable implants showed little change. Stability improvements were also greater in mandibular sites, shorter fixtures, and those with higher insertion torque. These findings are limited to short-term ISQ outcomes and require validation in prospective controlled trials with standardized protocols. Full article

Hydraulic fracturing is currently the main technical means to form complex fracture systems in shale gas development. To explore the influence of fracture dip, fracture length and fracture filling degree on the propagation of hydraulic fractures under complex fracture conditions, this paper establishes a 20 cm × 20 cm two-dimensional numerical model by inserting global cohesive elements and conducting triaxial hydraulic fracturing experiments to verify the model. The results show that the fracture filling degree plays a major role in the fracture pressure and the propagation of hydraulic fractures, while the fracture dip plays a minor role. The experimental results are consistent with the model results in terms of the law, but due to the existence of other natural fractures in the test block, the fracture pressure is smaller than that of this model. This model can provide some theoretical basis and technical support for situations where there are complex natural fractures in hydraulic fracturing. Full article

This study presents a comparative analysis of a “design” speaker cabinet shape and a conventional block enclosure, both having identical internal volumes. Both enclosures were built from birch wood, and for comparison, block-shaped baffles were also made from medium-density fiberboard (MDF). While the designer’s new shape was handcrafted using a lathe, a cube baffle was made using a CNC machine. The block-shaped sound box was made as a representative of the classic shape that occurs most often in the world of music. For this reason, it is offered as an ideal reference sample of the enclosure for comparison with the new design proposal, which was produced based on the shape predispositions and the interest of potential customers. The loudspeaker systems were then subjected to anechoic chamber testing using the exponential sine sweep (ESS) technique to assess and compare their resonance characteristics. The box-shaped enclosure showed a smoother course of the frequency response, but the differences are not significant. A potential improvement in acoustic performance was offered by an acoustic dampening material that was incorporated into each enclosure, and the measurement was repeated. The drop shape from solid birch benefits most from filling, with an 8 dB reduction in low-end boom and 2 dB smoothing, resulting in more controlled bass. The cuboid of solid birch is quite stable even without filling, but filling still improves deep bass by ~3 dB and smooths mid-bass by ~2 dB. For comparison, the cuboid made of MDF shows the largest improvement with filling, with a 10 dB reduction in sub-bass peaks and 4 dB smoothing in dips. With the acoustic filling, the frequency curves are even more smoothed, and it can be said that the damping material can eliminate some of the imperfections of the enclosures. Full article

Objectives: This study aimed to compare the clinical, functional, and radiological outcomes of three different fixation techniques—dorsal locking plate, crossed cortical screw, and a combination of both—used in first metatarsophalangeal (MTP) joint arthrodesis for advanced-stage hallux rigidus. The goal was to provide evidence-based guidance for surgical technique selection. Methods: This retrospective cohort study included 52 patients with advanced hallux rigidus (stage III–IV, Coughlin–Shurnas classification) who underwent surgical treatment between 2023 and 2025 at the Department of Orthopedics and Traumatology of Ankara Etlik City Hospital, with a minimum follow-up of one year. Patients were categorized into three groups according to the fixation technique used. Visual Analog Scale (VAS), American Orthopaedic Foot & Ankle Society (AOFAS) score, and Foot Function Index (FFI) were assessed using validated Turkish-language versions of the questionnaires. Radiological parameters included hallux valgus angle, first toe dorsiflexion angle, distal interphalangeal (DIP) arthritis, and radiographic union—defined as trabecular bridging across at least three cortices on weight-bearing anteroposterior and lateral radiographs. ANCOVA was performed with age as a covariate. Results: A total of 52 patients were included: Group 1 (dorsal plate fixation, n = 19), Group 2 (crossed cortical screw fixation, n = 16), and Group 3 (combined fixation, n = 17). Group 1 patients were significantly older (mean age: 64 ± 6 vs. 55 ± 6 and 59 ± 5 years; p < 0.001). After age adjustment, VAS pain scores were significantly higher in Group 1 compared to Group 3 (mean VAS: 2.8 ± 0.6 vs. 1.9 ± 0.5; p = 0.010). AOFAS scores did not differ significantly (p = 0.166), although Group 2 showed the highest median value (90 [70–93]). FFI scores differed significantly (p < 0.001), with Group 1 reporting worse outcomes (19 [17–31]) than Group 2 (15 [13–22], p = 0.03) and Group 3 (15 [11–16], p = 0.01). Dorsiflexion angle was significantly lower in Group 2 than Group 1 (median 19° vs. 27°; p = 0.04), though all remained within the physiological range. Radiographic union was achieved in 50/52 patients (96.2%), without significant intergroup differences (p = 0.612). Complications included two cases of wound dehiscence in Group 1; no infections, symptomatic non-union, malalignment, or hardware irritation were observed. Conclusions: Crossed cortical screw fixation yielded the most favorable functional outcomes, whereas the combined technique achieved the lowest postoperative pain scores. Dorsal plate fixation alone consistently underperformed. While outcomes were adjusted for age, residual confounding cannot be excluded. These results highlight the importance of tailoring fixation strategy to patient profile, with crossed screw and combined methods representing reliable choices for optimizing postoperative outcomes in advanced hallux rigidus. Full article

This study presents a comprehensive dataset developed to monitor coastal water quality in the south-central region of Vietnam, focusing on Nha Trang Bay. Environmental data were collected from four research cruises conducted between 2013 and 2024. Water samples were taken at two depths: surface samples at approximately 0.5–1.0 m below the water surface, and bottom samples 1.0 to 2.0 m above the seabed, depending on site-specific bathymetry. These samples were analyzed for key water quality parameters, including biological oxygen demand (BOD₅), dissolved inorganic nitrogen (DIN), dissolved inorganic phosphorus (DIP), and Chlorophyll-a (Chl-a). The data establish a valuable baseline for assessing both spatial and temporal patterns of water quality, and for calculating eutrophication index to evaluate potential environmental degradation. Importantly, it also demonstrates practical applications for environmental management. The dataset can support assessments of how seasonal tourism peaks contribute to nutrient enrichment, how aquaculture expansion affects dissolved oxygen dynamics, and how water quality trends evolve under increasing anthropogenic pressure. These applications make it a useful resource for evaluating pollution control efforts and for guiding sustainable development in coastal areas. By promoting open access, the dataset not only supports scientific research but also strengthens evidence-based management strategies to protect ecosystem health and socio-economic resilience in Nha Trang Bay. Full article

Chromium-doped hydroxyapatite (7CrHAp) and chromium-doped hydroxyapatite in chitosan matrix (7CrHAp-CH) coatings were synthesized in order to address the need for biomaterials with improved physico-chemical and biological properties for biomedical applications. Both chromium-doped hydroxyapatite (7CrHAp) and chromium-doped hydroxyapatite in chitosan matrix (7CrHAp-CH) coatings could represent promising materials for biomedical applications due to their superior properties. This study aims to evaluate the physico-chemical and in vitro biological properties of 7CrHAp and 7CrHAp-CH coatings to determine the impact of chitosan incorporation on the physico-chemical and biological features. The results reported in this study indicate that addition of chitosan improves surface uniformity and biological properties, highlighting their potential for uses in biomedical applications. In this study, coatings of chromium-doped hydroxyapatite (7CrHAp, with x_Cr = 0.07) and its composite variant embedded in a chitosan matrix (7CrHAp-CH) were systematically analyzed using a suite of characterization techniques: X-ray diffraction (XRD), scanning electron microscopy (SEM), energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (EDX), Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS), atomic force microscopy (AFM), and metallographic microscopy (MM). The results of the XRD analysis revealed that the average crystal size was 19.63 nm for 7CrHAp and 16.29 nm for 7CrHAp-CH, indicating a decrease in crystallite size upon CH incorporation. The films were synthesized via the dip coating method using stable suspensions, whose stability was assessed through ultrasonic measurements (double-distilled water serving as the reference medium). The values obtained for the stability parameter were 2.59·10⁻⁶ s⁻¹ for 7CrHAp, 8.64·10⁻⁷ s⁻¹ for 7CrHAp-CH, and 3.14·10⁻⁷ s⁻¹ for chitosan (CH). These data underline that all samples are stable: CH is extremely stable, followed by 7CrHAp-CH (very stable) and 7CrHAp (stable). The in vitro biocompatibility of the 7CrHAp and 7CrHAp-CH coatings was evaluated with the aid of the MG63 cell line. The cytotoxic potential of these coatings towards MG63 cells was quantified using the MTT assay after 24 and 48 h of incubation. Our results highlight that both 7CrHAp and 7CrHAp-CH coatings exhibit high biocompatibility with MG63 cells, maintaining cell viability above 90% at both incubation times, thus supporting osteoblast-like cell proliferation. Furthermore, the antimicrobial efficacy of both 7CrHAp and 7CrHAp-CH samples was evaluated in vitro against the Pseudomonas aeruginosa 27853 ATCC (P. aeruginosa) reference strain. The in vitro antibacterial activity of the 7CrHAp and 7CrHAp-CH coatings was further evaluated against Pseudomonas aeruginosa 27853 ATCC (P. aeruginosa), Escherichia coli ATCC 25922 (E. coli) and Staphylococcus aureus ATCC 25923 (S. aureus) reference strains. In addition, atomic force microscopy (AFM) analysis was also used to investigate the ability of P. aeruginosa, E. coli and S. aureus cells to adhere and to develop colonies on the surfaces of the 7CrHAp and 7CrHAp-CH coatings. The results from the biological assays indicate that both coatings exhibit promising antibacterial properties, highlighting their potential for being used in biomedical applications, particularly in the development of novel antimicrobial devices. Full article

Jujube (Ziziphus jujuba Mill.) is a nutritionally rich and economically significant fruit, highly valuable for its flavor, bioactive compounds, and therapeutic properties. However, it is highly perishable and has a short postharvest lifespan. This review aims to provide knowledge for preserving quality and improving postharvest storage by integrative strategies aimed at extending the shelf life of jujube. The literature was collected from recent peer-reviewed studies on postharvest physiology and handling technologies of jujube fruit. Key physiological factors, influencing postharvest deterioration such as water loss, softening, browning, and decay, are discussed, along with the underlying biochemical and enzymatic mechanisms driving quality decline. Conventional strategies such as cold storage, MAP, and CA effectively slow respiration, delay reddening, and extend storage up to 2–4 months, while emerging approaches such as ozone and cold plasma treatments reduce microbial decay and maintain antioxidant activity. Edible coatings like chitosan, aloe vera, and composites cut weight loss by 20–40%, and chemical regulators such as 1-MCP and calcium dips further delay ripening, preserve firmness, and enhance postharvest quality. Emphasis is placed on integrating innovative technologies with physiological insights to optimize storage conditions, control microbial contamination, and maintain nutritional integrity. The significance of this review lies in integrating physiological insights with innovative preservation methods, offering practical guidance for researchers, growers, and industry stakeholders to achieve sustainable, safe, and market-oriented solutions for jujube storage. Full article

Ensuring the stability of surrounding rock in underground excavations is a critical prerequisite for safe mining operations. This study examines the mechanisms of wedge failure formation and determines the performance of a combined support system (rock bolts + shotcrete) through probabilistic analysis. Field investigations in the Zhylandy ore field (Kazakhstan) included fracture mapping, rock mass quality assessment (RQD), fracture frequency (FF), and in situ stress measurements, which confirmed a thrust-faulting regime. Numerical modeling with Dips ver.8 and UnWedge ver.6 software (Rocscience) identified critical excavation orientations of 120° and 141° associated with maximum-volume wedge formation, as well as a “safe orientation window” of 70° ± 10°. The probabilistic analysis showed that rock bolts alone yield a factor of safety (FS) < 1.2, whereas the combined support system increases FS to 2.4–3.5, significantly reducing the likelihood of wedge failures. An adaptive framework integrating numerical modeling with intelligent monitoring (“monitor → update model → adjust support”) is proposed, allowing real-time adjustment of support parameters and optimization of material consumption. The practical significance of this work lies in providing design-ready recommendations for support selection and excavation orientation, contributing to accident prevention and sustainable mining operations. Full article

Titanium (Ti)-based implants are widely used for bone injuries but suffer from poor bioactivity. To address this, we propose an innovative synergistic approach that combines laser melting deposition (LMD) for the fabrication of titanium-based supports with laser direct writing via two-photon polymerization (LDW via TPP) for their functionalization with 3D polymeric microstructures. We functionalized Ti surfaces fabricated by LMD using Ti (99.85 wt.%) and TiC powders (79.95 wt.% Ti, 20.05 wt.% C), with 3D microstructures obtained by LDW via TPP. The 3D microstructures were made of IP-Dip photopolymer and comprised 64 vertical microtubes arranged in five layers (10 to 170 μm tall, >94% porosity). When seeded with MG-63 osteoblast-like cells, the Ti-based surfaces functionalized with 3D polymeric microstructures promoted 3D cells’ spatial organization. Moreover, the cells seeded on functionalized Ti-based surfaces showed earlier organic matrix synthesis (day 7 vs. day 14) and mineralization (higher deposits of calcium and phosphorus, starting from day 7), as compared with the cells from non-functionalized Ti. In addition, the traction forces exerted by the cells on the 3D microstructures, determined using FEBio Studio software, were of the order of hundreds of µN, whereas if the cells would have been seeded on extracellular matrix-like materials, the traction forces would have been of only few nN. These results point towards the major role played by 3D polymeric microarchitectures in the interaction between osteoblast-like cells and Ti-based surfaces. Overall, the functionalization of Ti-based constructs fabricated by LMD with 3D polymeric microstructures made by LDW via TPP significantly improved Ti bioactivity. Full article

Background/Objectives: Periradicular disease is largely microbial in origin. Even gutta-percha (GP) cones manufactured under aseptic conditions can acquire contaminants during handling or storage, undermining otherwise adequate canal preparation. To assess residual antimicrobial activity on GP cones after brief exposure to five endodontic disinfectants: sodium hypochlorite (NaOCl) 1%, 2.5%, 5.25%; chlorhexidine (CHX) 2%; and glutaraldehyde 2% against Enterococcus faecalis and Candida albicans. Methods: Standardized GP cones were dipped for 5–120 s, blotted on neutralizing gauze, and placed on agar inoculated with either organism. Using an agar diffusion approach, inhibition-zone diameters were recorded at 0, 24, and 48 h. Data were summarized using descriptive statistics (means, standard deviations, and 95% confidence intervals) for each disinfectant–dip-time combination. Results: By 24 h, inhibition zones were observed for most disinfectants; for C. albicans, glutaraldehyde 2% showed no measurable effect. At later time points, performance depended on both disinfectant and contact time. For E. faecalis, NaOCl 2.5% and 5.25% yielded the largest zones at 48 h (20–21 mm at 120 s), whereas NaOCl 1% was smaller (10 mm) and glutaraldehyde 2% modest (9 mm). For C. albicans, NaOCl 2.5% and CHX 2% were most effective at 48 h (17–19 mm at 120 s); NaOCl 5.25% was intermediate, NaOCl 1% weak, and glutaraldehyde 2% showed no measurable antifungal effect. Longer immersions (≥45 s) consistently increased inhibition zone diameters. Conclusions: Residual antimicrobial activity on GP cones depends on both the agent and the immersion time. For E. faecalis, higher concentration NaOCl produced the largest zones at short contact time, whereas for C. albicans, CHX 2% and NaOCl 2.5% provided the most reliable carryover. Selecting an appropriate concentration and allowing sufficient dip time may reduce reinfection risk at obturation. Full article