Search Results (39)

Port seaside scheduling, involving berth allocation, quay crane, and tugboat scheduling, is central to intelligent port operations. This survey reviews and statistically analyzes 152 academic publications from 2000 to 2025 that focus on optimization techniques for port seaside scheduling. The reviewed methods span mathematical modeling and exact algorithms, heuristic and simulation-based approaches, and agent-based and learning-driven techniques. Findings show deterministic models remain mainstream (77% of studies), with uncertainty-aware models accounting for 23%. Heuristic and simulation approaches are most commonly used (60.5%), followed by exact algorithms (21.7%) and agent-based methods (12.5%). While berth and quay crane scheduling have historically been the primary focus, there is growing research interest in tugboat operations, pilot assignment, and vessel routing under navigational constraints. The review traces a clear evolution from static, single-resource optimization to dynamic, multi-resource coordination enabled by intelligent modeling. Finally, emerging trends such as the integration of large language models, green scheduling strategies, and human–machine collaboration are discussed, providing insights and directions for future research and practical implementations. Full article

Ports represent the point of intersection between sea and land, as well as a crucial node for the integration of maritime and land transport in the global logistics chain. Consequently, it is crucial to consider an articulated system that includes dry ports, freight interchange and intermodal logistics platforms, since the relationships between the port and the city, as well as those between the different decision-makers involved, are multiple and complex. Maritime transport and port operations have a direct and indirect impact on the surrounding contexts, with significant effects, particularly from an environmental point of view. Therefore, the green transition in logistics, port, and maritime systems is essential for reducing these impacts. In this context, the aspects related to operational practices and terminal design are of great importance. This paper aims to explore sustainable strategies for ports and maritime logistics in order to provide a methodological approach to green transition. The proposed methodology was divided into phases. First, an analysis of international and European legislation was conducted in order to identify the main critical issues. Subsequently, a review of the existing literature and best practices was carried out to identify tested solutions. The third phase included a Stakeholder Engagement Process, centred on the use of a thematic focus group to foster a collaborative approach to the definition of priorities and operational strategies. Part of the proposed methodology was implemented as part of the DEMASTER—Design of Maritime Sustainable Terminals—project, and it can allow for the evaluation of the different options and the identification of more effective and innovative solutions for the green transition. Full article

Under the “Dual Carbon” strategy, collaborative governance of port atmospheric pollutants and carbon emissions is critical for low-carbon transformation. Focusing on Ningbo-Zhoushan Port (48% regional ship emissions), this study examines government, port enterprises, and public interactions. A tripartite evolutionary game model with numerical simulation reveals dynamic patterns and key factors. The results show the following: (1) A substitution effect exists between government incentive costs and penalty intensity—increased environmental governance budgets reduce the probability of government incentives, whereas higher public reporting rewards accelerate corporate emission reduction convergence. (2) Public supervision exhibits cyclical fluctuations due to conflicts between individual rationality and collective interests, with excessive reporting rewards potentially triggering free-rider behavior. (3) The system exhibits two stable equilibria: a low-efficiency equilibrium (0,0,0) and a high-efficiency equilibrium (1,1,1). The latter requires policy cost compensation, corporate emission reduction gains exceeding investments, and a supervision benefit–cost ratio greater than 1. Accordingly, the study proposes a three-dimensional “Incentive–Constraint–Collaboration” governance strategy, recommending floating penalty mechanisms, green financial instrument innovation, and community supervision network optimization to balance environmental benefits with fiscal sustainability. This research provides a dynamic decision-making framework for multi-agent collaborative emission reduction in ports, offering both methodological innovation and practical guidance value. Full article

Against the backdrop of rapidly expanding international trade and escalating environmental challenges, the development of green ports has emerged as a pivotal element of sustainable development. This study addresses the critical issues of insufficient corporate motivation for transformation and inadequate regulatory mechanisms by establishing a tripartite evolutionary game model involving government, customs, and port enterprises. Key findings demonstrate that customs supervision significantly reduces enterprises’ transition costs and enhances environmental compliance willingness, though its effectiveness depends on complementary government policies including environmental taxation and fiscal incentives. When regulatory intensity is weak, enterprises persist with conventional practices; conversely, strengthened supervision accelerates strategic convergence toward sustainable governance. This research provides a theoretical foundation for policymakers to formulate green port initiatives while offering practical guidance for enterprises to align with sustainability objectives, thereby contributing to environmentally responsible port development. Full article

This paper focuses on operational practices that can reduce emissions in port services, especially within nautical operations. By using theoretical and empirical approaches, the research adopts a mixed-method design that integrates desk research, stakeholder surveys, and case study analysis. This study identifies and classifies twelve optimal operational practices through an innovative multidimensional framework, which considers environmental, economic, social, technical, and institutional dimensions. The findings highlight the relevant importance of promoting behavioural changes among port service operators to ensure the effective adoption of sustainable practices. To this end, the study highlights the need to develop specific and targeted training programs. They aim to raise public awareness of environmental issues and improve personnel operational efficiency. Such programs are identified as crucial elements to facilitate the transition towards more sustainable and efficient operating models. This fosters a long-term positive impact on both environmental performance and the entire maritime logistics chain. This research concludes by recommending how ports can incorporate these practices into training programs that promote sustainable behaviour and improve operational decision-making. Full article

Ports play a crucial role in Indonesia’s economy, yet many, particularly smaller ports, lack standardized port performance indicators (PPIs) to assess and improve operational efficiency. Existing studies primarily focus on financial and operational performance, often employing either the balanced scorecard (BSC) or PESTLE analysis in isolation, with limited integration of sustainability concepts, such as smart port and green port frameworks. This study bridges this gap, aiming to develop and validate a comprehensive PPI framework that combines BSC, PESTLE, and circular economy smart and green port principles to create holistic performance assessment tools for ports. The research used a three-round Delphi method, incorporating expert evaluations and consensus from academics, consultants, port authorities, and customers to validate key performance indicators. A total of 127 PPIs were initially identified through a literature review and expert consultations, using strict selection criteria—standard deviation ≤ 1.5, interquartile range (Q3–Q1) ≤ 2.5, and ≥51% expert agreement (ratings 8–10). The final validated framework includes 114 indicators covering financial, operational, environmental, and strategic dimensions. This study provides valuable insights for port authorities to optimize performance and align with global best practices by integrating internal and external factors into a comprehensive model. Full article

The maritime industry is crucial in mitigating global warming and advancing sustainable maritime development worldwide. As essential nodes in maritime supply chains and key energy hubs, ports must undergo decarbonization to support global sustainability efforts. Research on port decarbonization (PD) has gained increasing attention in recent years, with several reviews revisiting this topic. However, most existing studies have focused on specific aspects such as measures or policies rather than a holistic perspective. This study adopts a comprehensive approach by examining three key perspectives: PD measures, PD facilitation activities, and PD macro-environmental factors. By systematically analyzing 218 articles retrieved from the Scopus database through bibliometric and content analysis, this study identifies trends over time, geographic distribution, key journals, leading authors, prominent themes, research clusters, researched countries, and methodologies. Key findings highlight the following priorities: (i) broadening the focus to include various port types; (ii) more studies on ports in lower-middle-income economies; (iii) promoting cross regional and international research collaboration; (iv) studying alternative fuels and diversified PD measures through theoretical lenses, innovative, practical, and multifaceted perspectives, and within the context of green corridors and global and regional PD efforts; (v) identifying effective governance models, human resources strategies, infrastructure development, and collaboration mechanisms; and (vi) addressing the direct and indirect impacts of political, legal, and macro-environmental factors on PD. Full article

As one of the most important urban public spaces, the design and management of streets have shifted from “two-dimensional plan” to “three-dimensional space”, and higher requirements have been put forward for the scale and precision of urban design. The core research question of this research is how to refine street spatial quality measurement and evaluation based on multitemporal street view images, while providing basic data and corresponding decision support for updates and renovations. “One Garden and Twelve Fangs” in Jinan old city is the core area of the Jinan Commercial Port District. It integrates diverse cultural elements of tradition and modernity, local and foreign, and is of great significance to the cultural inheritance and urban development of Jinan. Nowadays, there is a lack of vitality, lagging development, and shorting of high-quality living service facilities here. How to enhance the overall vitality of the region and drive regional social value is an urgent problem that needs to be solved at present. This research takes the old city area of Jinan as the research scope, constructs a street space quality evaluation model through street view images and machine learning, and establishes the connection between quantitative research on street space quality and urban renewal practice. In this research, the standard system will be supplemented and improved, and the practicality of the application will be enhanced through more refined evaluation models. The evaluation indicators include walkability, green visibility, enclosure, openness, imaginability, coordination, extreme boundary area, and interface transparency. This article provides a feasible framework and paradigm for measuring the quality of large-scale and high-precision street spaces through the combination of big data and artificial intelligence, effectively bridging the gap between spatial quantification research and urban renewal practices. Full article

Based on containers as heavy objects, a framework-based gravitational energy storage system is designed, where the container is lifted to a certain height to store gravitational potential energy, which is then released to drive a generator for power generation. The system utilizes existing port infrastructure, reducing the manufacturing cost of heavy blocks and offering good environmental adaptability. The results show that framework-based gravitational energy storage systems have high feasibility in port energy supply, providing stable power output and improving energy efficiency. Through optimization analysis of storage efficiency, power generation efficiency, and other parameters, this study provides theoretical and technical support for achieving sustainable green development in ports. This paper firstly describes the design and operating principles of the system, followed by a detailed indoor test analysis. Subsequently, the test results are specifically analyzed. Finally, practical implications and future development directions are discussed. Full article

When vessels are docked at ports, traditional auxiliary engines produce substantial pollutants and noise, exerting pressure on the port environment. Shore power technology, as a green, energy-efficient, and emission-reducing solution, can effectively mitigate ship emissions. However, its widespread adoption is hindered by challenges such as high costs, compatibility issues, and connection complexity. This study develops a multi-objective optimization model for the coordinated allocation of shore power and berth scheduling, integrating economic benefits, environmental benefits, and operational efficiency. The NSGA-III algorithm is employed to solve the model and generate a Pareto-optimal solution set, with the final optimal solution identified using the TOPSIS method. The results demonstrate that the optimized shore power distribution and berth scheduling strategy can significantly reduce ship emissions and port operating costs while enhancing overall port resource utilization efficiency. Additionally, an economically feasible shore power allocation scheme, based on 80% of berth capacity, is proposed. By accounting for variations in ship types, this study provides more targeted and practical optimization strategies. These findings offer valuable decision support for port management and contribute to the intelligent and sustainable development of green ports. Full article

Automated Guided Vehicles (AGVs) for automated container terminals are mainly used for horizontal transportation at the forefront of the terminal. They shoulder the responsibility of container transportation between the quay cranes and yard cranes. Optimizing their scheduling can not only improve operational efficiency, but also help reduce energy consumption and promote green development of the port. This article first constructs a mathematical model with the goal of minimizing the total energy consumption of AGVs, considering the impact of different states of AGVs on energy consumption during operation. Secondly, by using the variable neighborhood search algorithm, the AGV allocation for container operation tasks is optimized, and the operation sequence is adjusted to reduce energy consumption. The algorithm introduces five types of operators and a random operator usage order to expand the search range and avoid local optima. Finally, the influence of the number and speed of AGVs on the total energy consumption is discussed, and the optimization performance of the variable neighborhood search algorithm and genetic algorithm is compared through computational experiments. The research results show that the model and variable neighborhood search algorithm proposed in this paper have a significant effect on reducing the total energy consumption of AGVs and show good stability and practical application potential. Full article

In the context of global carbon neutrality goals and the transition to clean energy, ports have become a focal point due to their significant energy consumption and pollution emissions. This heightened attention has promoted research on green ports, with comprehensive evaluations of their environmental impact serving as a key driver of sustainable transformation. This paper presents a systematic review of 15 years of literature, uncovering key research directions and emerging trends in green port evaluation. It explores the evolution of evaluation methods and indicator systems tailored to diverse evaluation subjects. The findings highlight three key trends: segmentation of evaluation subjects, refinement of evaluation methods, and dynamic adaptation of indicators. By providing a comprehensive overview of the current evaluation practices, this study offers valuable theoretical insights and actionable guidance to support future research and facilitate the practical implementation of green ports initiatives. Full article

As a key node in the transportation network, ports connect the inland hinterland with the outside world, providing strong guarantees for the sustainable development of domestic trade and economy. However, the increasing port activities, while promoting regional economic growth, have also brought increasingly serious environmental problems to the local area. Promoting port emission reduction is a key way and important lever for China’s transportation industry to promote ecological civilization construction. By using CiteSpace to systematically review the literature on port emission reductions in recent years in the China National Knowledge Infrastructure (CNKI) and Web of Science databases, it was found that significant achievements have been made in port emission reduction technology, policy system construction, and emission reduction effect evaluation. However, there are still problems such as insufficient research on regional differences and insufficient in-depth analysis of emission reduction costs and benefits. Analyzing the hotspots and trends of port emission reduction research at home and abroad can provide reference for the theoretical research and practical path of coordinated emission reduction governance in Chinese ports. Future research on port emission reduction should focus on regional differences, cost–benefit analysis, and in-depth exploration of the synergistic effects of port emission reduction and regional economic development, in order to provide more comprehensive theoretical support and practical guidance for the green sustainable development of ports. Full article

Ports are the main arteries of global trade, handling goods circulation and serving as hubs for information, capital, and technology. Integrating digital technology has become the key for green port development to achieve resource efficiency and ecological balance. The current literature overlooks how digital technology can facilitate greener port operations. This study integrates sustainable supply chain management and system dynamics theories based on an in-depth analysis of existing research results and expert interviews. The analysis focuses on three key dimensions: integrating digital technologies with infrastructure, optimizing digital management and operations, and improving environmental and safety management in a digitally driven setting. Using the fuzzy Decision Making Trial and Evaluation Laboratory (Fuzzy Dematel) methodology, we collaborated with domain experts in port logistics to identify and confirm 12 pivotal factors that support the green digital transformation of ports. The research shows that the most critical success factors for using digital technology to drive ports’ green transformation are green supply chain information platforms, intelligent vessel scheduling, traffic optimization, and digital carbon emission monitoring. This study significantly contributes to the literature on green port transformation, offering indispensable practical insights for port operators, government entities, and shipping firms in identifying and deploying these key success factors. The findings will help maritime supply chain stakeholders develop actionable digital strategies, improving port efficiency and ecological resilience. Full article

This paper aims to systematically review and analyze the literature on green shipping, focusing on research trends, key areas, and future directions. A bibliometric analysis is conducted on 1339 articles published between 2000 and 2023, using data from the SCI-EXPANDED and SSCI core collections on the Web of Science platform. Co-occurrence analyses are performed for authors, countries, institutions, and keywords. The analysis reveals exponential growth in green shipping research over the past decade, with a significant increase since 2019. China leads in publication output and international collaboration. Key research areas identified include sustainable development, green energy, green ports, and green supply chain management. Green shipping research is rapidly expanding, emphasizing sustainable practices and technological advancements. Future research is expected to integrate artificial intelligence, big data analytics, and other advanced technologies to further promote sustainability. Strengthening international cooperation and interdisciplinary integration will be crucial for advancing the global green shipping agenda. Full article