Search Results (527)

Subconjunctival bleeding in neonatal calves is most commonly seen in association with birth trauma. There are currently no investigations available that examine the systemic causes of this phenomenon. In this prospective and exploratory case–control study, seven out of eighty neonatal calves examined over a two-year period were born with subconjunctival bleeding. The anatomical location of the subconjunctival bleeding and details related to the cow’s and calf’s parturitional and gestational history were recorded. Blood samples from cases and controls (n = 7) were analyzed hematologically, and the serum lysyl oxidase-like enzyme 4 (LOXL4) concentration was determined through an ELISA to establish evidence for possible structural, copper-dependent vascular abnormalities. We found no significant difference in the clinical data of both groups. Hematological examinations revealed no evidence of anemia or thrombocytopenia. Additionally, no significant differences in differential leukocyte counts were observed between the different groups. However, the neutrophil–lymphocyte ratio (NLR) demonstrated a significant difference between the calves with subconjunctival bleeding and controls. The serum LOXL4 protein concentration was not significantly different in calves with subconjunctival bleeding compared to controls. In conclusion, our clinical, hematological, and biochemical data provided no evidence for potential systemic causes of subconjunctival bleeding. However, these results must be considered in light of this study’s small sample size and thus low statistical power. Full article

Background: Neonatal sepsis is a leading cause of neonatal morbidity and mortality, particularly in low- and middle-income countries. Accurate early prediction of mortality is essential to improve clinical outcomes. The Clinical Risk Index for Babies II (CRIB II) and hematological indices such as the platelet-to-lymphocyte ratio (PLR) have emerged as potential prognostic tools, but their performance in septic neonates has not been fully established. Methods: A retrospective observational study was conducted on 80 neonates diagnosed with sepsis at a tertiary referral hospital. Demographic, maternal, and laboratory data—including CRIB II, neutrophil-to-lymphocyte ratio (NLR), PLR, mean platelet volume (MPV), and red-cell distribution width (RDW)—were analyzed. Receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curves were used to determine optimal cutoff values, and multivariate logistic regression identified independent predictors of mortality. Statistical significance was set at p < 0.05. Results: Among the 80 neonates, 40 (50%) did not survive. Non-survivors had significantly higher CRIB II scores (median 5.0 [1.0–13.0]) than survivors (2.0 [0–7.0]) (p < 0.001). PLR and MPV were also elevated in non-survivors (PLR: 88.5 vs. 51.8, p < 0.001; MPV: 10.5 vs. 9.5, p < 0.001). ROC analysis demonstrated strong predictive accuracy for mortality: CRIB II (AUC = 0.835; cutoff > 3.5; sensitivity 82.5%; specificity 78.0%) and PLR (AUC = 0.757; cutoff > 81.33; sensitivity 80.0%; specificity 70.0%). Multivariate analysis confirmed three independent predictors—PROM > 24 h (OR = 12.23; 95% CI: 2.05–73.11), PLR > 81.33 (OR = 91.02; 95% CI: 7.00–1184.29), and CRIB II > 3.5 (OR = 101.37; 95% CI: 4.50–2284.47). Conclusions: CRIB II and PLR are reliable, independent predictors of mortality in neonatal sepsis. Their integration with maternal factors such as prolonged rupture of membranes may improve early risk stratification and guide targeted interventions, particularly in resource-limited neonatal care settings. Full article

Background: Although glucagon-like peptide-1 (GLP-1) receptor agonists and sodium–glucose cotransporter 2 (SGLT2) inhibitors have gained attention for their broad therapeutic effects, their influence on hematologic malignancy remains underexplored. Given the high mortality associated with hematologic cancers, clarifying the impact of these agents on such malignancies is essential. Objectives: This pilot network meta-analysis (NMA) aimed to assess the comparative risk of hematologic malignancies—including lymphoma, leukemia, and myeloma—associated with various GLP-1 receptor agonists and SGLT2 inhibitors. Methods: Following Cochrane-recommended confirmatory methods, we systematically searched multiple databases for randomized controlled trials (RCTs) published through 4 December 2024. The primary outcome was the incidence of overall hematologic malignancies. A frequentist random-effects NMA via the netmeta package was conducted, with additional validation through Bayesian NMA for solely sensitivity analyses. Results: Fifty-five RCTs (n = 200,606) were analyzed. Dulaglutide showed a significantly higher risk of overall hematologic malignancy [odds ratio (OR) = 2.18, 95% confidence interval (95%CI) = 1.14–4.19). In contrast, tirzepatide was linked to a significantly reduced risk (OR = 0.14, 95%CI = 0.03–0.60), especially for lymphoma. No statistically significant associations were identified for SGLT2 inhibitors (i.e., 95%CI across 1.0). Conclusions: Our preliminary findings reveal distinct and agent-specific effects of GLP-1 receptor agonists on hematologic malignancy risk. While dulaglutide may elevate the risk, tirzepatide appears protective, particularly against lymphoma. These results call for further long-term mechanistic studies to clarify causality and underlying pathways. Full article

Background: Obesity is a major public health concern that predisposes individuals to metabolic and cardiovascular complications through chronic inflammation. This study aimed to evaluate the associations between non-standard inflammatory and metabolic indices [Systemic immune-inflammation index (SII), neutrophil/lymphocyte ratio (NLR), platelet/lymphocyte ratio (PLR), monocyte/lymphocyte ratio (MLR), C-reactive protein/albumin ratio (CRP/Alb), Fibrosis-4 (FIB-4), triglyceride/high-density lipoprotein (TG/HDL), and triglyceride/glucose (TG/Glucose)] and clinical variables in individuals with obesity. Methods: This single-center retrospective study included 298 adults with varying body mass index (BMI) categories followed at Recep Tayyip Erdoğan University Training and Research Hospital between February 2023 and February 2024. Demographic, clinical, and laboratory data were collected. Hematological (leukocyte, neutrophil, lymphocyte, monocyte, and platelet) and biochemical [glucose, triglyceride, HDL, albumin, CRP, aspartate aminotransferase (AST), and alanine aminotransferase (ALT)] parameters were analyzed, and derived indices (CRP/Alb, TG/Glucose, FIB-4, and SII) were calculated. Statistical analyses were performed using SPSS 25.0, and p < 0.05 was considered significant. Results: The mean age was 38.9 ± 11.5 years, and 54% were female. A positive correlation was found between BMI and CRP/Alb (r = 0.145, p = 0.012), whereas age showed a positive correlation with FIB-4 (r = 0.409, p < 0.001) and a negative correlation with SII (r = −0.117, p = 0.044). FIB-4 and SII were negatively correlated (r = −0.294, p < 0.001). TG/HDL and TG/Glucose were higher in men, whereas PLR was higher in women (p < 0.05). CRP/Alb was elevated in diabetes, and FIB-4 was higher in hypertension and hyperlipidemia. Conclusions: Non-invasive inflammatory and metabolic indices were significantly associated with obesity-related parameters. FIB-4, CRP/Alb, and TG/HDL may serve as complementary indicators of metabolic and fibrotic burden, reflecting the inflammatory–metabolic profile of individuals with obesity. Full article

Background and Objectives: Hepatitis C virus (HCV) remains a significant cause of chronic liver disease worldwide. While direct-acting antivirals achieve high cure rates, the interplay between viral load, gender, and routine laboratory parameters remains unclear. This study aimed to investigate hematological, biochemical, and coagulation profiles, as well as derived non-invasive indices, in HCV-infected patients, stratified by gender and viremia levels. Materials and Methods: This retrospective study included 367 patients with HCV infection (223 males and 144 females). Patients were divided into four groups: high viremia males (hiVM), high viremia females (hiVF), low viremia males (loVM), and low viremia females (loVF), using 800,000 IU/mL as the threshold. Routine hematological, biochemical, and coagulation tests were conducted, and derived indices (FIB-4, APRI, AST/ALT ratio, PLR, NLR, SII, AISI, PNI, HALP, PAR, NAR) were calculated. Results: Significant gender- and viremia-specific differences were observed. hiVM showed higher erythrocyte indices and altered coagulation parameters, whereas hiVF had increased lymphocyte counts and AST/ALT ratio elevation. loVM displayed reduced hemoglobin and hematocrit, along with worse coagulation results. Biochemical analysis revealed gender differences in GGT, bilirubin, and albumin levels. Among derived indices, FIB-4 and APRI were higher in loVM, while SII and PLR were elevated in loVF. At the second visit after 17±4 weeks, when patients had no detectable HCV DNA in the peripheral blood, most indices improved significantly across groups. Conclusions: HCV infection affects laboratory profiles depending on gender and viremia levels. Non-invasive indices from routine tests offer valuable insights into inflammatory and nutritional status. Using these indices alongside traditional markers may aid hypothesis generation or clinical assessment and help prioritize further assessment for HCV patients. Full article

Background: Delayed graft function (DGF) is a frequent early complication after deceased donor kidney transplantation (DDKT), leading to prolonged hospitalization, increased risk of acute rejection, and reduced graft survival. Reliable and easily measurable preoperative biomarkers for DGF prediction remain limited. This study aimed to evaluate the predictive value of pre-operative Absolute Eosinophil Count (AEC) and Albumin-to-Globulin Ratio (AGR) for DGF in DDKT recipients. Methods: A retrospective analysis was conducted on all DDKT procedures performed at our institution between January 2018 and December 2023. Patients were divided into two groups: Group 1 (DGF) and Group 2 (non-DGF). DGF was defined as the requirement for hemodialysis within the first seven postoperative days. Demographic, clinical, and laboratory data—including pre-operative AEC and AGR—were collected and compared between groups. Statistical analysis was performed using appropriate parametric and nonparametric tests. Receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curves were generated to assess the individual and combined predictive performance of AEC and AGR for DGF. Results: A total of 38 patients underwent DDKT, comprising 27 males (71.05%) and 11 females (28.95%), with a mean age of 43.3 ± 9.41 years. Fifteen patients (39.47%) developed DGF. The mean AEC and AGR were significantly lower in the DGF group compared to the non-DGF group (AEC: 0.20 ± 0.16 vs. 0.40 ± 0.35, p = 0.04; AGR: 1.43 ± 0.22 vs. 1.66 ± 0.39, p = 0.02). ROC analysis demonstrated that both AEC (p = 0.04) and AGR (p = 0.04) were significant predictors of DGF. Combining both parameters resulted in a higher area under the curve (AUC), improved sensitivity, and enhanced negative predictive value (NPV) compared to either marker alone. Conclusions: DGF occurred in nearly two-fifths of DDKT recipients in this cohort. Patients with lower preoperative AEC and AGR were more likely to develop DGF, suggesting that these easily available hematological and biochemical indices can serve as potential preoperative predictors of early graft dysfunction. Future multicentric prospective studies are warranted to validate these findings and explore their integration into DGF risk prediction models. Full article

Background: Post-pneumonectomy bronchopleural fistula (PPBPF), although infrequent, represents one of the most devastating complications after pneumonectomy, carrying high morbidity and mortality. Accurate risk stratification is essential for timely management. Systemic inflammation-based hematologic indices—such as neutrophil-to-lymphocyte ratio (NLR), C-reactive protein/albumin ratio (CAR), systemic inflammation response index (SIRI), systemic immune-inflammation index (SIII), prognostic immune-inflammation index (PIII), and platelet-to-lymphocyte ratio (PLR)—serve as accessible, low-cost biomarkers reflecting host immune status and inflammatory burden. This study aimed to evaluate their association with mortality risk in patients with PPBPF. Methods: A multicenter retrospective cohort of 33 PPBPF patients (2014–2023) was analyzed. Demographic, clinical, and laboratory data at diagnosis were retrieved. Inflammatory indices were calculated from hematologic parameters. Associations with mortality were assessed using receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curves and univariate logistic regression. Post hoc power analyses were performed for key biomarkers. Results: Nine patients (27.3%) died during follow-up. Non-survivors had significantly higher levels of all biomarkers (p < 0.05). ROC analysis identified NLR as the most powerful discriminatory marker (AUC: 0.862), while SIII, SIRI, and CAR also demonstrated high accuracy (AUC > 0.83). Optimal thresholds of NLR ≥ 12 and CAR ≥ 10 yielded 88.9% sensitivity, >80% specificity, and excellent negative predictive values (NLR: 94.4%; CAR: 94.7%). Post hoc power analysis demonstrated robust statistical power for SIRI (94.9%), CAR (87.2%), and SIII (84.5%). Conclusions: Systemic inflammation-based biomarkers, particularly NLR and CAR, show strong associations with mortality in PPBPF. Incorporating these indices into clinical practice may help identify patients at increased risk and facilitate tailored surveillance and management strategies. Full article

The spirochete Borrelia is responsible for Lyme disease, a multisystemic infection and growing public health concern. This study aimed to evaluate host response dynamics to Borrelia bavariensis by analyzing hematological parameters as potential immuno-inflammatory markers in a murine model. Forty C3He/HeNCrl mice were inoculated intradermally with B. bavariensis (5 × 10⁵ spirochetes/100 µL/mouse) and monitored for 90 days. Samples were collected at defined intervals for microbiological examination, hematology, and qPCR. Microbiological and qPCR testing revealed infection between days 7–21; results were negative on days 28–42. At later stages (days 60 and 90), Borrelia was only detectable by qPCR, highlighting differences in diagnostic sensitivity. Hematological analysis showed that the neutrophil-to-lymphocyte ratio (NLR) and systemic immuno-inflammatory index (SII) peaked on day 7 (p < 0.0001), followed by gradual normalization until day 35. These markers reflected the intensity of the inflammatory response and defined three distinct phases of host reaction. Overall, results demonstrate the complexity of immune responses in B. bavariensis infection and underscore the value of monitoring hematological indices for understanding host–pathogen interactions. This approach supports the potential use of simple blood markers in diagnostic strategies with translational relevance for clinical practice. Full article

Background: Acute Kidney Injury (AKI) is characterized by rising morbidity and mortality rates, along with significant financial costs associated with its treatment, positioning it as a priority health challenge. Difficult access to accurate biomarkers for renal dysfunction poses challenges in identifying high-risk patients prone to progression to severe AKI. Therefore, this study aimed to identify clinical and laboratory variables that could contribute to future risk stratification approaches in AKI. Methods: This observational retrospective study included 106 patients diagnosed with AKI who were admitted to the emergency department of the HGZ05-IMSS Hospital between January 2020 and July 2023. Multivariate logistic regression was used to identify clinical and laboratory factors associated with in-hospital mortality. Results: Patients with AKI exhibited elevated inflammatory indices (NLR, MLR, and PLR), increased levels of glucose, urea, and C-reactive protein (CRP), and reduced lymphocyte counts, serum albumin, FiO₂, and BUN/creatinine (BCR) ratio. The hematological profile showed myeloid predominance, characterized by neutrophilia and lower eosinophil, erythrocyte, and monocyte counts, consistent with systemic inflammation. Multivariable analysis identified COVID-19 infection, thrombocytopenia, low eosinophil levels, and polypharmacy as independent predictors of mortality in AKI patients. Conclusions: These findings underscore the interplay between inflammatory, metabolic, and hematological alterations in AKI and highlight key prognostic factors that may contribute to future risk stratification. Full article

An eight-week study was conducted to evaluate the effects of dietary marine protein hydrolysates as fish meal replacements in low-fish-meal diets on the growth performance, feed utilization, and health status of Asian seabass (Lates calcarifer). The high-fish-meal (HFM) diet contained 25% fish meal, while the low-fish-meal (LFM) diet replaced 60% of the fish meal with soybean meal. Three experimental diets were formulated by supplementing the LFM diet with 5% tuna hydrolysate (TH), 2% shrimp hydrolysate (SH), and 5% salmon silage (SS), each replacing an equivalent amount of fish meal. These diets were designated as LFM + TH, LFM + SH, and LFM + SS, respectively. The results showed that the LFM + TH diet significantly improved the percentage of weight gain, average daily growth, specific growth rate, protein efficiency ratio, and feed conversion ratio compared to the LFM diet (p < 0.05), without negatively affecting feed intake or metabolic markers. Histological analysis revealed improved villus length and goblet cell count in the intestine, indicating better nutrient absorption (p < 0.05). However, no significant differences were observed in hematological and immunological parameters, blood plasma metabolic markers, or carcass proximate composition (p > 0.05). Furthermore, the LFM + TH diet exhibited superior survival rates under ammonia stress, highlighting its potential to enhance stress tolerance. These findings suggest that marine protein hydrolysates, particularly 5%TH, can serve as a sustainable and efficient alternative to fish meal protein in diets with up to 60% in soybean meal compensation, promoting better growth and survival in Asian seabass. Full article

Pulmonary arterial hypertension (PAH) and chronic thromboembolic pulmonary hypertension (CTEPH) are characterized by high morbidity and mortality. We retrospectively analyzed 468 hospital admissions from 80 patients to evaluate the prognostic value of inflammation-based hematologic indices, including the neutrophil-to-lymphocyte ratio (NLR), platelet-to-lymphocyte ratio (PLR), neutrophil-percentage-to-albumin ratio (NPAR), lymphocyte-to-monocyte ratio (LMR), and systemic immune-inflammation index (SII). All biomarker–outcome associations were specified a priori as exploratory in this hypothesis-generating design. In PAH, both NPAR and SII were associated with in-hospital mortality (odds ratio [OR] 1.129, 95% confidence interval [CI] 1.011–1.261, p = 0.031; OR 1.001, 95% CI 1.000–1.002, p = 0.002), post-discharge mortality (NPAR OR 1.181, 95% CI 1.062–1.313, p = 0.002), and poorer overall survival (log-rank p = 0.002 and p = 0.012, respectively). Higher LMR was associated with reduced in-hospital mortality (OR 0.291, 95% CI 0.108–0.790, p = 0.015), while NLR predicted increased in-hospital mortality. In CTEPH, NLR and LMR were the strongest predictors, correlating with worse survival (log-rank p = 0.007 and p = 0.044) and higher post-discharge mortality (NLR OR 1.289, 95% CI 1.029–1.615, p = 0.027). Receiver operating characteristic (ROC) analysis suggests the potential value of SII in PAH and the promising performance of NPAR in CTEPH. Inflammation-based hematologic indices, particularly NPAR, SII, and NLR, may provide valuable prognostic information and may serve as practical, non-invasive tools for predicting hospitalization duration and mortality in PAH and CTEPH. Full article

Background/Objectives: The COVID-19 pandemic significantly disrupted healthcare systems and blood supply chains. This study aimed to analyze blood transfusion trends across three distinct clinical departments in a Hungarian tertiary care clinical center and to examine the relationship between these trends and the pandemic waves. Methods: A retrospective analysis of hospitalization and transfusion data from the Departments of Anesthesiology and Intensive Therapy, Surgery, and the Division of Hematology at the University of Pécs Clinical Centre was performed between 1 January 2020, and 31 December 2023. Generalized additive models were employed to assess the association between available predictors and the odds and volume of red blood cell transfusions. Results: At the Department of Anesthesiology and Intensive Therapy, the median weekly ratio of transfused patients fell from 50% (pre-pandemic) to 9.76% (third wave of pandemic). COVID-19 diagnosis was associated with lower odds of receiving transfusion (OR: 0.23) and with a lower incidence rate ratio of transfused red blood cells (IRR: 0.22). At the Department of Surgery, the median weekly ratio of transfused patients was consistently low and stable (9–10%) throughout the study period. The number of patients remained relatively stable at the Division of Hematology during the study period, expressing a higher odds of receiving transfusion during the second (OR: 2.63) and fourth (OR: 1.52) pandemic waves. Conclusions: The pandemic’s impact on transfusion practice, driven by indirect various consequences of patient redirection and protocol modifications, was most expressed at the Department of Anesthesiology and Intensive Therapy. Similar changes in transfusion practice may be anticipated in the event of another pandemic outbreak. Full article

Background: Exercise-induced bronchoconstriction (EIB) is common in athletes, being more frequent in outdoor endurance-based/long-distance sports. We followed a World-Class marathon paddler’s season with recurrent episodes of EIB, which intensified during cold exposure workouts. This unique immunophenotype profile during the season and its variations were reflected in acute and chronic inflammatory markers. Methods: A longitudinal case study was conducted with blood sampling obtained from a single paddler after overnight fasting at three timepoints: T1 (beginning of season, after 15-day rest period), T2 (post-Winter National Championship), and T3 (post-Summer National Championship). Complete blood counts and lymphocyte immunophenotyping were performed using automated hematology analysis and multiparametric flow cytometry. Results: The total numbers of leukocytes (T1: 6.3; T2: 5.0; T3: 5.5 × 10⁹/L), neutrophils (3.1; 2.5; 2.8 × 10⁹/L), and lymphocytes (2.4; 1.8; 2.2 × 10⁹/L) declined between T1 and T2, followed by a partial recovery at T3. In contrast, monocyte counts exhibited the reverse pattern (0.41; 0.62; 0.31 × 10⁹/L). The two T cell subsets (αβ and γδ) remained relatively stable, showing only minor seasonal fluctuations. CD19+ B cells, initially at very low levels, increased steadily as the season progressed (0.05; 0.07; 0.16 × 10⁹/L). During T2, the proportion of memory lymphocytes (CD45RO+) rose, while naive cells (CD45RA+) declined; this trend was subsequently inverted at M3. Although the CD4+/CD8+ ratio varied over time, it consistently stayed below the normal reference range established for healthy controls (0.50; 0.83; 0.60 for T1, T2, and T3, respectively). Conclusions: The immune assessment of the World-Class marathon paddler revealed transient immunosuppression early in the season, marked by reduced neutrophils, a low CD4+/CD8+ ratio, and diminished CD19+ lymphocytes. Over time, immune parameters showed signs of recovery, indicating a temporary imbalance that did not impair the athlete’s physical performance. Conclusions: This case study of an elite marathon kayaker revealed transient immune fluctuations across a competitive season, including early immunosuppression (low neutrophils, CD4+/CD8+ ratio 0.50, and minimal CD19+ B cells) followed by partial recovery mid- and late-season. Despite persistently inverted CD4+/CD8+ ratios suggesting chronic immune dysregulation, the athlete maintained competitive performance, highlighting the temporary nature of these changes and emphasizing that regular immune monitoring can help optimize health and performance in elite athletes. Full article

Aquaculture faces challenges in reducing feed costs while promoting sustainable use of by-products. This study aimed to evaluate the effects of totally replacing soybean oil (SBO) with fish by-product oil (FBO) in the diet of Colossoma macropomum, focusing on growth performance, physiological and hepatic responses, meat composition, and economic viability. A total of 360 juveniles (9.1 ± 0.59) were distributed in a randomized design with six treatments (0–100% SBO replacement) and six replicates each, and fed to apparent satiation for 91 days. Growth performance did not differ significantly among treatments (p > 0.05), although fish receiving 40% FBO achieved the best feed conversion ratio among treatments. Hematological and biochemical analyses indicated that higher FBO levels (particularly 100%) indicating subtle yet adaptive physiological adjustments, such as moderate modulations in lipid metabolism and erythropoietic activity. Liver weight and hepatosomatic index decreased linearly with increasing FBO levels. In meat composition, FBO inclusion enhanced protein and reduced lipid contents. Although economic indicators were not statistically different (p > 0.05), offered the most favorable trade-off between biological performance and economic efficiency. These findings demonstrate that partial replacement of SBO with FBO, particularly at 40%, represents a sustainable and economically viable alternative for C. macropomum farming. Full article

Background: Leukemia comprises heterogeneous hematologic malignancies, and whether circulating metabolites contribute causally to subtype-specific risk remains uncertain. Objectives: The aim of this study was to assess the causal effects of plasma metabolites for acute myeloid leukemia (AML), chronic myeloid leukemia (CML), acute lymphoblastic leukemia (ALL), and chronic lymphocytic leukemia (CLL). Methods: A two-sample Mendelian randomization (MR) using summary-level genome-wide association study statistics was conducted. For each metabolite, a single variant showing the strongest association with the metabolite that had the largest variance explained (R²) among the independent genome-wide significant (p < 5 × 10⁻⁸) SNPs assigned to effector genes was selected as sentinel. Multiple comparisons using Bonferroni correction (0.05/83 = 6.02 × 10⁻⁴) were applied to minimize the risk of obtaining false positive results. Results: Totally, 83 metabolites and metabolite ratios were analyzed for AML, CML, ALL, and CLL. Lithocholate sulfate (1), instrumented by the rs10425975 variant in the SULT2A1 gene, was significantly associated with an increased risk of CLL (OR = 2.19; 95% CI: 1.45–3.31; p = 2 × 10⁻⁴). An additional 17 metabolite-leukemia associations showed suggestive evidence of significance. Approximately 300 drug entries linked to candidate metabolites were curated to provide a basis for mechanistic follow-up. Conclusions: Our MR result supports a causal link between higher genetically proxied lithocholate sulfate (1) and increased CLL risk. The discovery of these “metabolite-gene-drug” relationships suggests a central role in leukemia pathogenesis and warrants further functional investigation for their therapeutic potential. Full article